1. describe the difference between the deciduous forest and the coniferous forest biomes. 2. how...
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1. Describe the difference between the Deciduous Forest and the Coniferous Forest Biomes.
2. How are the TUNDRA and DESERT similar? How are they different?
WARM UP 10/18
1. Put ANSWERS INTO I-RESPOND…. (I will call you up to do so.) Not everyone can use an
i-respond at once.
2. While we are waiting, you should be working on the AQUATIC BIOMES WORKSHEET if needed. It needs to be handed in when you are finished.
3. BIOME PASSPORT FILL IN– We will work as a class to fill in any gaps in your passport books.
TODAY’S AGENDA…
BIOME PASSPORTPlease take careful notes!!
You will use the Biome books for your upcoming Biome project! AND for the BIOME
EXAM on 10/23 & 10/24
IF YOU RUN OUT OF SPACE, PUT THE INFORMATION IN YOUR IAN!
1. Deciduous Forest2. Coniferous Forest (Tiaga)3. Tropical Rainforest4. Savanna (Tropical Grassland)5. Desert6. Tundra7. Marine8. Freshwater
BIOME NAMES….FIGURE OUT WHAT YOU ARE MISSING…
You need to be QUIETLY and
independently working
Temperature: Summer: 28 Deg. C (82 F)Winter: 6 Deg. C (43 F)
Rainfall: 75-125 cm (29.5-49in)
Soil: Fertile (Allows many different types of trees to grow)
Common Plants(Flora): Trees-oak, beech, maple, elm, willowFlowering herbs
DECIDUOUS FOREST (Temperate Forest)
Plant Adaptations: Leaves fall off
the trees in order to conserve water
Common Herbivores:◦ Possums, rabbits,
squirrels, raccoons, deer
◦ Common Carnivores: Bears, snakes,
woodpeckers
Animal Adaptations:◦ Some animals
hibernate in the winter
◦ Animals gather food to store to make it through the winter
◦ Many grow thicker coats to keep warm in winter and shed in summer
Deciduous continued…
American Bald Eagle
American Black Bear
Duckbill Platypus
Endangered Species of Deciduous Forests…
Description of the Biome:
4 Seasons (summer, winter, spring, fall)
Found in the eastern half of North America, middle of Europe, Asia, New Zealand and Australia
Losing land due to farms and humans building (some areas protected)
Coniferous Forest (Taiga or Boreal Forest)
Temperature: Summer:14 Deg C(57 F)
Winter: -10 Deg. C (14 F)Rainfall: 35-75 cm (14-29.5 in)
Soil: thin, nutrient poor, and acidic
Common Plants (Flora): Conifer trees (have seeds, pinecones) Pine, Fir, Spruce
Coniferous Continued… Plant Adaptations:
◦ Conifer trees have a waxy coating to prevent them from drying out, and protects them from cold winters
◦ Trees stay green all year round– called evergreen trees
Common Animals:◦ Woodpeckers, hawks,
moose, bear, weasel, lynx, fox, deer, chipmunks, bats
◦ Animal Adaptations: Hibernation Migration Storage Body and Color
Adaptation (thicker coats in winter, different colors)
Endangered Species of Coniferous… Grizzly Bear
Great Grey Owl
Siberian Tiger
The Coniferous Forest has cold, long, snowy winters, and warm, humid summers; well-defined seasons, at least four to six frost-free months.
Description of the Coniferous Biome…
Temperature: Daytime: 34 Deg C (93 F) Nighttime: 20 Deg C (68 F) (Doesn’t have distinguished seasons)
Rainfall: up to 400cm per year (157.5 in)
Soil: Nutrient poor, acidic, topsoil is only 2 inches
Where rainforests are located:-Central America -Africa -Indo-Malaysia India -Southeast Asia, - New Guinea and Australia.
Tropical Rainforest
Common animals:
◦ Jaguar, many tropical birds, small mammals, Insects make up the largest single group of animals
Animal Adaptations:
Tropical Rainforest Continued…
Common Plants (Flora):
Highly diverse plant life, has more kinds of trees than any other area in the world, Only covers 6% of the Earth’s surface, but provides 20% of our oxygen.
Plant Adaptations:◦ plants shed water off
their leaves quickly so the branches don't get weighed down and break
To absorb as much sunlight as possible, leaves are very large
Endangered Animals in Tropical Rainforests: Jaguars
Orangutans
Macaws
Sloths
Savannas (Tropical Grasslands) Contain the greatest number of grazing animals on Earth.
Location: Found in the tropics…near equator Amount of precipitation supports tall grasses but only
occasional trees.The word savanna stems from an Amerind term for
plains http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/savanna/savanna.html
Tropical SavannaAbiotic Factors
Temperature: Dry Season- 34 Deg C (93 Degrees)Wet Season: 16 Deg. C (61Degrees)
~Rainy and dry season ~25-150 in/yr precipitation~Fire plays a large role in this ecosystem
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/savannah.html
Whistling Thorn
Umbrella Thorn AcaciaTropical Savanna
Plant Adaptations
Grows in TuftsResistance to DroughtMany plants have thorns and
sharp leaves to protect against predation.
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna_plant_page.htm
Kangaroos Paws
Baobab
Adapt for short rainy season—migrate as necessary
Limited food leads to vertical feeding
Reproduce during rainy season—ensures more young survive
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna_animal_page.htm
Zebras
Chacma Baboon
Tropical SavannaAnimal Adaptations
Threats to the Tropical Savanna
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna_animal_page.htm
Invasive species
Changes in fire management
Because of their low elevation, some savannas are threatened by minor rises in sea level associated with global climate change
Koala
Elephant
Steppe (Temperate Grassland)Dry, cold, grasslands
Location: Found in Russia and the Ukraine
Temperature: Summer: 30 Degrees C (86F)
Winter: 0 Degrees C (32 F)
Rainfall:150 cm(59 inches)http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe.htm
Steppe Abiotic Factors
www.plasmacy.de
www.wsu.edu
Precipitation: Less than 50 inches per year (50-90 cm)
Soil: Deep Dark, fertile upper layers. Nutrient rich.
Mountains often play a role in climate characteristics
* Most abundant are plants called Bunch grasses, fine bladed grasses that grow in clumps to preserve water * Trees such as cottonwoods, oaks and willows grow in river valleys.
Tumbleweed
Sweet Vernal
Plant adaptations of the Steppe
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe_plant_page.htm
Many migrate, hibernate or burrow during extremes in temperatures and precipitation.
Types of animals: gazelles, zebras, jack rabbits, coyotes, badgers, skunks, blackbirds,
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe_animal_page.htm
Adaptations of Steppe AnimalsMongolian Gerbil
Saiga Antelope
Gazelle herd
Threats to the Steppe(List under description of biome)
Overgrazing…nomadic tribes have started to spend more time in one location,
Infrastructure development (roads, buildings, etc)
Unmanaged hunting and poaching is destroying herds of animals
Corsac fox
Lynx
Milk vetchhttp://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/
steppe.htm
Desert Ecosystems
Location: Depending on type of desert, you will find them in various locations.
Desert Abiotic factors
Less than10 in/yr of rain (Less than 25 cm)
SOIL: ~Shallow, rocky or gravely~Little to no topsoil due to high winds.~Minerals not deep in soil.
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/taiga.html
While there are many types of deserts, they all share one characteristic: They are the driest places on Earth!
Temperature:Summer 38 Deg C (100 F)Winter: 7 Deg C (45 F)
Joshua Tree http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/desert_plant_page.htm
Desert Plant Adaptations:
Spines Succulents Thick, waxy
cuticle Shallow, broad
roots All adapt to
having little water
Barrel Cactus
Ocotollio
Desert Animal Adaptations: Get water from food Thick outer coat Burrow during day Large ears Smaller animals =
less surface area
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/desert_animal_page.htm
Javelina
Bob Cat
Armadillo Lizard
Threats to the DesertResidential development
Off road recreational activities destroy habitat for plants and animals.
Some plants are removed by collectors, endangering the population.
Sonoran Desert
Dry Desert
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/world_biomes.htm
Joshua Tree http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/desert_plant_page.htm
Desert Plant Adaptations:
Spines Succulents Thick, waxy
cuticle Shallow, broad
roots All adapt to
having little water
Barrel Cactus
Ocotollio
http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tundra/tundra.html
TundraTemperature: Summer:12 D Deg. C(54F)
Winter: -26 Deg. C (-15F)
Location: Found north of the Arctic Circle
Tundra Abiotic Factors Rainfall: Less than 25 inches per year Temp rarely higher than 100C Permafrost layer Short growing season
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/taiga.html
Tundra Plant AdaptationsGrowing close to the ground
Having shallow roots to absorb the limited water resources.
Trees grow less than 1 m high!
cottongrass
Reindeer lichen
Perennials
Woody shrubs
http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tundra/tundra.html
Heaths
Examples of Tundra Plants
~Breed and raise youngquickly in the summer, ~migration~Few predators
Small earsInsulation, thick
coat
Arctic foxsnowy owl
Grizzly BearTundra Animal Adaptations
Other animals:~polar bears~salmon~caribou~ falcons
Threats to the Tundra
One of the most fragile biomes on the planet
The tundra is slow to recover from damage.
Oil drilling is proposed in Alaska and other areas!
Tufted Saxifrage
Polar Bear
Freshwater Ecosystems Salinity <0.5 ppt. Lake are the deepest of fresh water systems Lakes are fed by underground aquifer or stream Ponds are fed by rainfall and may be seasonalhttp://mbgnet.mobot.org/fresh/
Ponds
Sun can reach bottom
Fed by rainfall May be seasonal Algae and plants
throughout
Microscopic Animals and Algae
Lakes and ponds—Abiotic Factors
Littoral zone: nutrient rich area found close to shore
Benthic zone: bottom of the lake where no sunlight can reach.
www.dnr.wi.gov
www.uwsp.edu
Plants are floating algae and plants along shoreline
Animals live in or near water
Lakes and ponds: Plants and Animals Adaptations
Threats to lakes and ponds
All water systems are being polluted and degraded by human impactwww.aquaticbiomes.gov
Marshhttp://mbgnet.mobot.org/fresh/wetlands/
Uses: Animal/plant
homes
Carbon “sink”
Water recharge areas, removing pollutants
Types: Brackish and freshwater
Marsh—Plant adaptations Very shallow with
land occasionally exposed
Saturated soil Low oxygen in
water and soil Emergent plants
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/world_biomes.htm
Heron
Swamp/Bogs
Location: Found on flat, poorly drained land, often near streams
Swamps/Bogs Abiotic factorsLand soaked because of poor drainageDecay is slow - Soil is acidic
SwampsLarge trees/shrubsAdapted to muddy soils
Bogs - sphagnum moss is dominant
http://mbgnet.mobot.org/fresh/wetlands/
Threats to Wetlands
Previous backfilling and clearing for farmland or development has been a concern.
www.kathimitchell.com
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/aquatic.html
River: Plant and Animal Adaptations
Will vary based on where in the river they are…at the headwaters, organisms need to hang on!
www.3d-screensaver-downloads.com
www.cs.dartmouth.edu
Threats to RiversIndustry uses
water to dispose of waste products
Runoff from homes and other places causes changes in acidity, pollution, etc.
Dams alter the flow of the water
www.nwk.usace.army.mil
Estuarieshttp://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/sandy/
Fresh and salt water meet
Plant and Animal Adaptations of Estuaries
Very productive biome because it receives lots of light and nutrients
Often used as nursery for young
www.lookoutnow.com & www.visualparadox.com
Manatee and goose
Threats to Estuaries
Many ports are found on estuaries—pollution
Human population
www.davenewbould.co.uk
pers-erf.org
Coral Reefs
Close to equator Consistent water temperature Shallow water Low in Nutrients
Breeding area for many fish
http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/coral/
Animal adaptations of the Coral Reef
Threats to the Coral Reefs
Temperature is important, too hot or too cold and the animals can’t live there to create limestone
Human intrusion (scuba diving) is damaging if you touch/step on the reef
Pollution is also a concern.
www.calacademy.org
Oceanshttp://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/sandy/
Ocean Abiotic factors
Open ocean is one of the least productive areas on earth, too little sunlight to support plant growth
Covers nearly ¾ of the Earth’s surface.
http://www.worldbiomes.com/biomes_aquatic.htm
Plants are micro and macroscopicHave floating plants (kelp shown here)
Ocean Plant adaptations
http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/eviau/edit557/oceans/norma/onfrm.htm
Ocean Animal Adaptations
Zooplankton—sea’s smallest herbivoresDeep ocean
animals feed on detritus—floating debris in the water column.
http://www.kidzworld.com/site/p1951.htm
Hammerhead
Lion fish
Threats to the Oceans
While the oceans are vast, they are becoming more polluted
Overfishing and some fishing methods are destroying fishing grounds.
http://www.worldbiomes.com/biomes_aquatic.htm
Polar Ecosystems
Can be considered marine ecosystems since the base of food chain is phytoplankton
www.defenders.org
www.awi-bremerhaven.de
Arctic vs. AntarcticArctic
Relatively shallow, lots of nutrients for large variety of animals in food web, People, seals and polar bears found here.
nmml.afsc.noaa.gov
AntarcticPenguins live here—only continent not used by humans (exc. Research)
Threats to the Polar Ecosystems
Reserves of minerals draw humans to these fragile ecosystems.
The main threat to wildlife has been the increase in tourism—garbage left behind
newt.phys.unsw.edu.au
Oceans Photic Zone– Portion of marine biome that is
shallow enough to penetrate sunlight (coastlines-shore, beaches, mudflats) Aphotic Zone– Deeper Waters that do not
receive sunlight. (Deep, least explored oceans)
Phos- Light (Greek) A- Without (Greek)
MARINE BIOMES…
Largest amounts of biomass (living materials) though often very small
Whales, seals, sea otters, sea cows
Kelp, algea, sea grass
Marine Life
Bay, sound, fjord, salt marshes, wetlands Freshwater mixes with salt water (some
land) Brackish Water (more salt than freshwater;
but less than marine) Salinity ranges
◦ Amount of freshwater vs. Saltwater◦ Tides◦ Biodiversity
Estuary
Eelgrass, smooth cordgrass, sea lavender
Shiner Perch, Starry Flounder Orange Striped Jellyfish, Purple Shore Crab, Scallop
Predators– cranes and other birds
Decay of dead organisms is quick, nutrients recycled through food web.
Estuary Life
Major abiotic factors: temperature and light
Not enough sunlight penetrates to bottom to support photosynthesis◦ Few aquatic plants or algea grow◦ Population density lower
◦Bacteria break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients
Freshwater Biomes
Concentric bands or clusters of species
Cattails, sedges
Tadpoles, aquatic insects, turtles, worms, crayfish, beetles, dragonflies, minnows, bluegill, carp.
Freshwater Life