- wordpress.com · 11.12.2017 · 4 * tlnkhopapy vojggllssj. * ,jid njhfjjth `hpnrdh; 23....

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V.THANGAM, PG TEACHER,GBHSS,KEERNUR. PUDUKKOTTAI DISTRICT.

XI - tuyhW (2017-18)

I. rpW Fwpg;G tiuf:- 2 Mark

1. ,khya kiyfs;:-

* ,e;jpahtpd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ.

* ,jd; ePsk; 2560 fpNyh kPl;lh;

* ,khyaj;jpd; caukhd rpfuk; vtnu];l;.

2. jf;fhzg;gPlG+kp:

* tpe;jpa kiyfSf;F njw;Nf mike;Js;sJ

* ,J Kf;Nfhz tbtk;nfhz;lJ

* ,jd; ,UkUq;fpYk; fpof;F njhlh;r;rp> Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;

cs;sd.

3. njd;dpe;jpa jPgfw;gj;jpd; ejpfs;:-

* kfhejp> Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh> tlngz;iz> ghyhW> njd;ngz;iz>

fhtphp> itif> jhkpuguzp.

4. gd;Kfg;gz;ghl;L rKjhak;:-

* ,e;jpah ,d;W gy;NtW rkaq;fisAila rKjhakhf kyh;e;Js;sJ.

* gd;Kfg; gz;ghl;ilg; Nghw;Wk; rKjhakhf vOr;rp ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpwJ.

* ,Ug;gpDk; mbg;gilapy; fhzg;gLk; xw;WikAzh;Tk; ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpd;

gd;Kfj;jd;ikANk mjd; xg;gw;w typikahfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.

* tUq;fhy tsh;r;rpf;Fk; mit topfhl;Ltjhf mike;Js;sd.

5. nrk;G fw;fhyk;:-

* Gjpa fw;fhyj;ijj; njhlh;e;J te;j fhyk; nrk;G fw;fhyk; vdg;gl;lJ.

* ,f;fhyj;jpy; nrk;G kw;Wk; ntz;fyk; Mfpa

cNyhfq;fs;gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

* kdpj Fy tuyhw;wpy;> cNyhfj;ij cUf;fpthh;f;Fk; njhopy; El;gj;ij

fz;Lgpbj;jJk; cNyhfj;jpyhd nghUl;fis cUthf;fp gad;gLj;jpaJk;

Kf;fpa epfo;TfshFk;.

6. ngUq;fw;fs;: (nkfhypj;)

* njd;dpe;jpahtpy;> ,Uk;Gf;fhyKk; ngUq;fy; fhyKk; (nkfhypjpf;)

rkfhyk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

* nkfhypj; vd;why; nghpafy; vd;W nghUs;

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fy;yiwapd; Nky; Rw;wp mLf;fg;gl;l fw;fis ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.

7. ngUk; Fspay; Fsk;:-

* nkhfQ;rhjhNuhtpd; rpwg;Gf;Fhpa nghJ ,lk; ngUk; Fspay; FskhFk;.

* ,J 39 mb ePsKk; 23 mb mfyKk; nfhz;ljhFk;.

* jiuapypUe;J Fsj;jpw;Fs; ,wq;f midj;J gf;fj;jpYk; gbfs;

mikf;fg;gl;L cs;sd.

8. Ntj fhy ,yf;fpak;:-

* Hpf;> a[_h;> rhk> mjh;t Ntjq;fs;

* gpuhkzq;fs;> cgepljq;fs;> Muz;aq;fs;.

* ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk;.

9. Mhpah;fspd;G+h;tPfk;:-

* Mhpah;fspd; G+h;tPfk; gw;wp gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpd;wd.

* Mh;bf; gFjp> n[h;kdp> kj;jpa Mrpah> njw;F u\;ah Nghd;wit

Mhpah;fspd; G+h;tPfkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.

* njw;F u\;ag; gFjpNa Mhpah;fspd; ,Ug;gplk; vd;w fUj;Nj Vw;fj;jf;fjhf

cs;sJ.

10. Hpf; Ntjfhy kfsph; epiy:-

* Hpf;Ntjfhyj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jk; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.

* Mz;fSf;F ,izahf ngz;fSf;Fk; rk tha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

* mgyh> tp];tthuh> Nfhrh> NyhgKj;uh Nghd;w ngz; Gyth;fs; tho;e;jdh;.

* rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;ilNaWk; tof;fk; hpf;Ntj fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy.

11. jphpuj;jpdq;fs;:-

* ey;y ek;gpf;if

* ey;y mwpT

* ey;y elj;ij

12. jphpgPlfq;fs;:-

* tpda gPlfk;

* Rj;j gPlfk;

* mgpjk;kgPlfk;

13 gjpdhW kfh[d gjq;fs;:-

* gjpdhW kfh[d gjq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; 16 ngUk; muRfs; tl

,e;jpahtpy; Ml;rpnra;jd.

* mit: mq;fk;> kfjk;> fhrp> Nfhryk;.



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* FU: ghQ;rhyk;> tj;rk;

14. i`lh];g]; Nghh;:-

* i`lh];g]; Nghh; - fp.K.326.

* ,J mnyf;rhe;jUf;Fk; NghuRf;FkpilNa eilngw;wJ.

* mnyf;rhe;jh; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

15. nfsby;ahpd; mh;j;j rh];jpuk;

* mh;j;j rh];jpuj;ij vOjpath; nfsby;ah;.

* ,J %d;W gFjpfisAk;> 15 Gj;jfq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.

* nkshpah; tuyhw;Wf;F Kf;fpa ,yf;fpa rhd;whf ,e;j E}y; jpfo;fpwJ.

16. nkf];jdp];:-

* re;jpuFg;j nkshpah; mitapy; fpNuf;fk; J}Jtuhf ,Ue;jth;.

* ,th; vOjpa E}y; ,z;bfh.

* ,J nkshpah; Ml;rp Kiwiag; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

17. nfsjkGj;u rjfh;zp:-

* rhjthfd kugpd; kpfr; rpwe;j murh;.

* *,th; 24 Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp nra;jhh;.

* *ehrpf; fy;ntl;L ,tUila rhjidfis Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

18. mRtNfh\h;:-

* mRtNfh\h; xU jj;JtQhdp> ftpQh; kw;Wk; ehlf Mrphpah;.

* Gj;jrhpjk; vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah;.

19. filnaO ts;ss;fs;:-

* ghhp> Xhp> fhhp> ey;yp> Ngfd;> Ma;> mjpakhd;.

20. rq;f fhyj;jpa ngz;Gyth;fs;-

* mt;itahh;

* er;nrs;isahh;

* fhf;ifg; ghbdpahh;

* Mjpke;jpahh;

21. Kr;rq;fk;

* Kjw;rq;fk; - njd;kJiu.

* ,uz;lhk; rq;fk; - fghlGuk;

* %d;whtJ rq;fk; - jw;Nghija kJiu.

22. myfhghj; fy;J}z; fy;ntl;L :

* ,J rKj;jpu Fg;jhpd; rhjidfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ



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* tlnkhopapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

* ,jid njhFj;jth; `hpNrdh;

23. Mhpag;gl;lh;

* Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Mhpag;gl;lh; rpwe;j fzpj Nkij kw;Wk; thd

,ay; mwpQh;.

* ,th; Mhpaigl;bak; vd;w E}iy vOjpdhhh;.

* G+kp cUz;il tbtpyhdJ vd;W Kjd; Kjypy; mwptpj;jth; Mhpagl;lNu

Mthh;.

24. `h;\h; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTk; rhd;Wfs;

* ghzupd; `h;\ rupjk;

* Athd; Rthq;fpd; gazf;Fwpg;Gfs;

* `h;\h; vOjpa uj;dhtsp > ehfej;jk;> gpupajh;rpfh

25. fNdh[; Nguit

* `h;\h; rPdg;gazp Athd; Rthq;if nfsutpg;gjw;fhf fNdh[; efhpy; xU

rka Nguitiaf; $l;bdhh;.

* ,jpy; midj;J rka gpujpepjpfSk; fye;Jf; nfhz;ldh;

* kfhahd Gj;jrkak; gw;wp Athd; Rthq; tpsf;fp $wpdhh;.

26. fhQ;rpfbif:-

* gy;yth;fs; fw;Nwhiug; Nghw;wp Mjhpj;jdh;.

* mth;fsJ jiyefuhd fhQ;rp xU fy;tp efukhFk;.

* fhQ;rp fbif vd;gJ kpfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;j fy;tpf;$lkhFk;.

* may;ehLfspypUe;Jk; khzth;fs; fhQ;rp fbiff;F te;J fy;tp gapd;wdh;.

27. gf;jp ,af;fk;:-

* gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; irtKk;> itztKk; jioj;jd.

* ehad;khh;fSk;> Mo;thh;fSk; irt> itzt rkaq;fspd; tsh;r;rpf;F

ghLgl;ldh;.

* jkpo; nkhopapy; mth;fs; gf;jpg;ghly;fis ,aw;wpg; ghbdhh;fs;.

* ,jw;F gf;jp ,af;fk; vd;W ngah;.

28 IN`hNy fy;ntl;L:-

* ,J ,uz;lhk;GypNfrp fhyj;ijg; gw;wp$WfpwJ.

* `h;\iu Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

* ,uz;lhk;GypNfrp Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; rPdg;gazp Athd; Rthq; mtdJ

ehl;bw;F tUif Ghpe;jhh;.



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29. vypghz;lh:-

* gk;gha;f;F mUfpYs;s jPT vypghd;lh.

* Kjypy; =Ghp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

* nghpa ahidapd; rpw;gj;ijf;fz;l Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; ,jw;F vypghd;lh

vd;W ngahpl;ldh;.

30.

*

gpUfjP];tuk;:-

Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; jQ;irg; nghpaNfhtpiy fl;bdhd;.

* ,J fp.gp.1010-y; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

* ,J njd;dpe;jpaf; fl;blf; fiyapd; kzpKb.

31. FlNthiy Kiw:-

* fpuhkrigf;F njhpT nra;ag;gl;lth;fspd; ngah;fis gid Xiyfspy;

vOjp xU Flj;jpw;Fs; ,Lth;.

* rpWtd; my;yJ rpWkpia tpl;L vLf;fr; nra;th;.

* ,jw;F FlNthiy Kiw vd;W ngah;.

32. mq;fhh;thl;:-

* mq;fhh; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; #hpath;kd; vOg;gpa tp\;Z Myak;.

* ,J ‘mq;fhh;thl;‛ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

* thl; vd;why; Nfhapy; vd;W nghUs;.

33. NghNuh GJ}h;:-

* ,e;Njh-[hth fiyapd; rpwe;j rpd;dk; NghNuhGJ}h;.

* ,J irNye;jpuh;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

* Fd;wpd;kPJ mike;Js;sJ.

34. ,uz;lhk; jnua;d; Nghh;:-

* ,uz;lhk; jnua;d; Nghh; - 1192.

* ,g;Nghhpy; KfkJ Nfhhp gpUjptpuh[id Njhw;fbj;J nfhd;whh;.

35. my;ngUdp:-

* f[pdp KfkJ mitia myq;fhpj;j mwpQh;.

* Gfo;kpf;f fpjhg;-,-`[e;j; vd;w E}iy vOjpdhh;.

* KfkJit ,];yhkpd; ehafd; vd;W Nghw;wpAs;shh;.

36. ehw;gjpd;kh;FO:-

* ehw;gjpd;kh; FOit cUthf;fpath; ,y;Jj;kp\;.

* ,J typik tha;e;j 40 gilj;jiyth;fis nfhz;lJ.

* ,jid xopj;jth; ghy;gd;.



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37. milahs ehzak;:-

* KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; milahs ehzaj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

* cyfk; KOtJk; nts;spf;F jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gl;lJ.

* vdNt Jf;sf; nts;sp ehzaq;fSf;F gjpyhf nrg;G ehzaq;fis

ntspapl;lhh;.

38. mkph;F];U:-

* mkph;F];U nly;yp Ry;jhdpah; fhyj;jpy; thoe;j rpwe;j ghurPf mwpQh;.

* Jf;sf; ehkh vd;w E}iy vOjpAs;shh;.

* rpy ,e;jpg; ghly;fisAk; mth; vOjpAs;shh;.

39. uhkhD[h;:-

* 12-k; E}w;whz;by; nrd;idf;F mUfpy; =ngUk;GJ}hpy; gpwe;jhh;.

* ,tuJ Nfhl;ghL tprp];lhj; itjk;.

* gilg;G gilf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs; midj;Jk; cz;ikahdit vd;W

$wpdhh;.

40. FUehdf;:-

* fgPhpd; rPlh;.

* yh$Uf;F mUfpy; jhy;tz;b vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.

* FUehdf; rPf;fpa rkaj;ij epWtpdhh;.

41. fgPh;:-

* uhkhde;jhpd; rPlh;.

* gdhu]; efhpy; gpwe;jhh;.

* rpiy topghl;il fz;bj;jhh;.

* flTs; Kd; midtUk; rkk; vd;whh;.

42. rq;fkkuG:-

* tp[aefiu Ml;rp nra;j kuGfSs; xd;W rq;fk kuG.

* ,e;j kuigr; Nrh;e;j `hp`uUk; Gf;fUk; tp[aefuj;ij epWtpdh;.

* rq;fk Ml;rpahsh;fspd; Fynja;tk; tpUg;ghl;rh;.

43. tp[aefu Nguurpy; kfsph; epiy:-

* kfsph; epiyapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

* fq;fhNjtp> `d;dk;kh MfpNahh; Gfo;ngw;w ngz;Gyth;fs;.

* Njtjhrp Kiw tof;fpypUe;jJ .

44. JRfp ghGhp:-



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* JRfp ghGhp vd;gJ ghghpd; epidTf;Fwpg;Gfs;

* ,J JUf;fp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;lJ.

* ,e;jpahitg; gw;wpa tUzidfs; mjpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

45. #h; ,ilntsp:-

* 1540-y; fd;Ndhrpg; Nghhpy; n\h;\h ckhA+id Njhw;fbj;J nly;ypapd;

muruhdhh;.

* ,t;thW Kfyha kugpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,ilNa #h; kuG Ml;rpia

ifg;gw;wpajhy; ,J #h; ,ilntsp (1540-55) vdg;gLk;.

46. jPd; ,yh`p:-

* 1582-y; mf;gh; jPd; ,yh`p vd;w Gjpa rkaj;ij mwptpj;jhh;.

* ,J xU flTs; Nfhl;ghl;il typAWj;jpaJ.

* gFj;jwpT nfhs;ifiaf; nfhz;lJ.

mf;guJ Gjpa rkak; Njhy;tp mile;jJ.

47. Gue;jh; cld;gbf;if:-

* 1665-y; rpth[p n[a;rpq;Fld; Gue;jh; cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhh;.

* mjd;gb 23 Nfhl;ilfis rpth[p Kfyhahplk; xg;gilj;jhh;.

* kPjp 12 Nfhl;ilfs; rpth[paplNk tplg;gl;ld.

48. m\;l gpujhd;:-

* rpth[p xU rpwe;j Ml;rpahsh;.

* murDf;F cjtpahf vl;L mikr;rh;fisf; nfhz;l ‘m\ ;lgpujhd;‛vd;w

mikr;ruit ,Ue;jJ.

* Xt;nthU mikr;rUk; rpth[pf;F Neub nghWg;G tha;e;jth;fshf

,Ue;jdh;.

49. gpshrpg; Nghh;:-

* gpshrpg; Nghh; 1757 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ.

* ,J tq;fhs ethGf;Fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;wJ.

* Mq;fpNyah; ntw;wp ngw;wdh;.

* ,e;j ntw;wp ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya Ml;rp mika toptFj;jJ.

II. FWfpa tilasp:- (3 Mark)

1. ,e;Njh-fq;ifr; rkntsp ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk; gw;wp xU Fwpg;G vOJf?

efu ikaq;fs; cUthtjw;F ,e;Njh-fq;ifr; rkntsp ngUk; gq;fhw;wpAs;sJ.



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ejpf;fiufspYk;> ,U ejpfs; xd;W NrUkplj;jpYk; ,j;jifa efuikaq;fs; Njhd;wp

tsh;e;jd.

rpe;J rkntspapy; ùg;gh gz;ghL rpwe;J tpsq;FfpwJ.

fq;ifr; rkntspapd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; Ntjfhyg; gz;ghL rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ.

gdhu];> myfhghj;> Mf;uh> nly;yp> ghlypGj;jpuk; Nghd;wit fq;ifr; rkntspapy;

Njhd;wp tsh;e;j Kf;fpa efuq;fshFk;.

fq;if ejpfSld; Nrhd; MW fyf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; ghlypGj;jpu efuk; mike;jpUe;jJ.

gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy;> nkshpah;fs;> Rq;fh;fs;> Fg;jh;fs; Nghd;w NguuRfspd; jiyefuhf

ghlypGj;jpuk; tpsq;fpaJ.

2. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Gtpapay; mikg;ig RUf;fp vOJf?

jf;fhz gPlG+kp:

* tpe;jpa kiyfSf;F njw;Nf mike;Js;sJ.

* ,J Kf;Nfhz tbtk; nfhz;lJ.

* ,jd; ,U kUq;fpYk; fpof;F njhlh;r;rp> Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfs

cs;sd.

*kfhejp> Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh> tlngz;iz> ghyhW> njd;ngz;iz> fhtphp> itif>

jhkpuguzp Mfpa MWfs; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gha;fpd;wd.

3. gioa fw;fhyk; gw;wpxU Fwpg;G vOJf?

,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspy; gioa fw;fhy kdpjd; tho;e;j ,lq;fs;

fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.

nrd;idf;F mUfpYs;s mj;jpuk;ghf;fk; Kf;fpa ,lkhFk;.

gioa fw;fhy kdpjd; ehNlhb tho;f;if tho;e;jhd;.

,th;fis czit Nrfhpg;Nghh; vd;W mioj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.

Ntl;ilahl fuLKulhd fw;fUtpfis gad;gLj;jpdhd;.

gioa fw;fhyk; vd;gJ fp.K. gj;jhapuk; Mz;Lf;F Kw;gl;lJ.

4. ùg;gh gz;ghl;bd;moptpw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

ùg;gh gz;ghl;bd; mopT Fwpj;J gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

G+fk;gk; my;yJ epyeLf;fk;

Nts;sg; ngUf;F



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ejpfs; twz;L Nghjy;

tpisepyk; jd; tsj;ij ,oj;jy;

,aw;ifr; rPw;wk;

Mhpah;fspd; gilnaLg;G

5. Hpf;Ntj fhy murpay; epiy gw;wp Fwpg;ngOJf:-

Fyk; my;yJ FLk;gk; vd;gNj hpf; Ntjfhy murpaYf;F mbg;gil MFk;.

gy FLk;gq;fs; ,ize;J fpuhkk; cUthfpaJ.

fpuhkj;jpd; jiyth; fpuhkzp vdg;gl;lhh;.

gy fpuhkq;fs; ,izj;J tpR vd;w mikg;G Njhd;wpaJ.

,jd; jiyth; tp\agjp.

kpfg;nghpa murpay; xUq;fpizg;G ‚[d‛ vdg;gl;lJ.

murpd; jiytd; uh[d;> hpf; Ntj fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghYk; Kbahl;rp KiwNa

tof;fpypUe;jJ.

6. gpk;gprhudpd; rhjidfis RUf;fp vOJf:-

gpk;gprhud; Mh;ahq;f tk;rj;ij Nrh;e;jth;.

kz cwTfs; %yk; jdJ typikia mth; ngUf;fpf; nfhz;lhh;.

Nfhry ehl;L mur FLk;gj;jpy; mth; KjyhtJ kz cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;.

mjdhy;> mjpf tUtha; juf;$ba fhrp mtUf;F kzg;ghprhf nry;yz;zh vd;w

,sturpia kze;J nfhz;lhh;.

,e;j kz cwtpdhy; kfjj;jpd; tl vy;iyapd; ghJfhg;G cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

NkYk;>Neghs vy;iy tiu kfjk; tphptilaTk; ,J toptFj;jJ.

kj;jpa gQ;rhgpypUe;J kj;uh mur FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jNfkh vd;w ,sturpiaAk; mth;

kze;J nfhz;lhh;.

gy;NtW gilnaLg;Gfis Nkw;nfhz;l gpk;gprhuh; jdJ Nguuir NkYk;

tphpTgLj;jpdhh;.

7. nkshpag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis Ma;f:-

gue;j NguuR

jpwikaw;w topj;Njhd;wy;fs;

mNrhfhpd; Gj;j rka MjuTf; nfhs;if.

mNrhfuJ mfpk;ir nfhs;if.

G\;akpj;u Rq;fd; jiyikapy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rp.



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mNrhfh; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd; Vw;gl;l Ml;rp KiwNfLfs;.

8. rhjthfdh;fspd; gz;ghl;Lg; gq;fspg;ig Fwpg;gpLf:-

rhjthfdh;fs; gpuhkz rkaj;ijAk; Gj;j rkaj;ijAk; Mjhpj;jdh;.

irj;jpaq;fisAk;> tpfhuq;fisAk; fl;bdh;.

Gj;j rka JwtpfSf;F epyq;fs ;kw;Wk; fpuhkq;fis khdpakhf toq;fpdh;.

trp\;lGj;u Gykhap vd;w murh;mkuhtjp ];J}gpia nrg;gdpl;lhh;.

ehfhh;[_d nfhz;lhtpYs;s mth;fsJ fl;blf; fiy Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

gpuhkz rkaj;ij kPz;Lk; caph;g;gpj;j rhjthdh;fs;mRtNkjk; kw;Wk; uh[#a

Nts;tpfisAk; elj;jpdh;.

gpuhfpUj nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk;mth;fs; Mjhpj;jdh;.

`hyh vOjpa rj;jrha; gpuhfpUj ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Nghw;wj; jf;f E}yhf

tpsq;FfpwJ.

9. Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; rhjidfis kjpg;gpLf:-

Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; fp.gp.,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jtd;.

mtdJ ,styhd ,sq;Nfh mbfs; rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij ,aw;wpdhh;.

nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; gilnaLg;Gfspy;mtd; Nkw;nfhz;l ,khyag;

gilnaLg;GFwpg;gplj; jf;fjhFk;.

gy;NtW tl ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsh;fis mtd;Kwpabj;jhd;.

jkpo;ehl;by; fw;Gf;furp fz;zfp my;yJ gj;jpdp topghl;il nrq;Fl;Ltd;

mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhd;.

,khyag; gilnaLg;gpd;NghJ gj;jpdp rpiy tbg;gjw;fhd fy;iyf; nfhz;L

te;jhd;.

Nfhapy; FlKOf;F tpohtpy; ,yq;ifmurd; ,uz;lhk; fathF cs;spl;l gy

murh;fs; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.

10. ,e;jpahtpw;F gh`pahd; tUif kw;Wk; mtuJ Fwpg;Gfs; gw;wp njhFj;J vOJf:-

,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jhpd;Ml;rpfhyj;jpy; Gfo;tha;e;j rPdg; gazpahd gh`pahd;

,e;jpahtpw;F tUifGhpe;jhh;.

,e;jpahtpy; mth; jq;fpapUe;j xd;gJ Mz;Lfspy; Fg;jg; Nguurpy; kl;Lk; MW

Mz;Lfisf; fopj;jhh;.



www.Padasalai.Net

11

epy topahf ,e;jpahtpw;F te;J fly; khh;f;fkhf rPdh jpUk;gpdhh;.

Gj;jh; gpwe;J tho;e;j ,lj;ij jhprpj;J Gj;j rka Rtbfis Nrhpj;J vLj;Jr;

nry;Yk; Nehf;fj;JlNdNa gh`pahd; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh;.

ghlypg;Gj;jpuj;jpy; %d;whz;Lfs; jq;fp tlnkhopiaf; fw;wNjhL> Gj;j

,yf;fpaq;fisAk; gbnaLj;jhh;.

gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; gh`pahdJ Fwpg;Gfs; gaDilait vd;w NghjpYk;

,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jhpd; ngaiu mth; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

murpay; tptfhuq;fspy; mth; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;ltpy;iy.

mtuJ Kjd;ik Nehf;fk; rkaj;ijg; gw;wpaNjahFk;.

mth; vjidAk; Gj;j rka Nehf;fpNyNa kjpg;gpl;lhh;.

r%f epiyik gw;wpa mtuJ $w;Wfs; kpifahdit.

,Ug;gpDk;> ehl;bd; nghJthd epiyikfis mwpe;J nfhs;s mtuJ Fwpg;Gfs;

gads;sitahfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

11. ehse;jh gy;fiyf; fofk; gw;wp RUf;fp vOJf:-

ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofk; gw;wp Athd;Rthq; tptukhff;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

ehse;jh vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ‘mwpit mspg;gth;‛ vd;W nghUs;.

Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; Kjyhk; FkhuFg;juhy; ,J epWtg;gl;lJ.

mtUf;F gpd; te;j Ml;rpahsUf;Fk; `h;\Uk; mjid Mjhpj;jdh;.

gy;fiyf;fofg; Nguhrphpah;fs; gz;bjh;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldh;.

fhQ;rpGuj;ijr; Nrh;e;j jh;kghyh; ehse;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jiytuhfTk;

,Ue;Js;shh;.

khzth;fs; jq;fp gbf;Fk; cs;spUg;G gy;fiyf;fofkhf ehse;jh tpsq;fpAs;sJ.

czTk;> ,Ug;gplKk; ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gl;ld.

12. Kjyhk; eurpk;kth;kdpd; Nghh; ntw;wpfis RUf;fp vOJf:-

Kjyhk; eurpk;k th;kd; ‘khky;yd;‛ vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhd;.

mjw;F kw;Nghhpy; ty;ytd; vd;W nghUs;.

rhSf;fpa murd; ,uz;lhk; GypNfrpAk; jdJ je;ij mile;j Njhy;tpf;Fg;

gopthq;f mtd; cWjpG+z;lhd;.

fhQ;rpf;F mUfpYs;s kzpkq;fyk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; eilngw;w Nghhpy; ,uz;lhk;

GypNfrpf;F vjpuhf mtd; ngw;w ntw;wpia $uk; nrg;NgLfs; $Wfpd;wd.

guQ;Nrhjpia gilj;jiytdhff; nfhz;l gy;ytg;gil rhSf;fpag; gilia

tpul;br; nrd;wJ.



www.Padasalai.Net

12

,uz;lhk; GypNfrp Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;.

thjhgp efuk; mopf;fg;gl;lJ.

Kjyhk; eurpk;k th;kd; ‘thjhgp nfhz;lhd;‛ vd;w tpUijr; #l;bf; nfhz;lhd;.

je;ij ,oe;j gFjpiaAk; kPl;lhd;.

Kjyhk; eurpk;kth;kdpd; kw;nwhU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjid mtd; ,yq;if kPJ

flw;gil elj;jpr; nrd;wjhFk;.

jdJ ez;gDk;> ,yq;if ,sturDkhd khzth;kDf;F ,yq;if mhpaizia

kPl;Lf; nfhLj;jhd;.

13. ,uz;lhk; GypNfrpapd; rhjidfis RUf;fp vOJf:-

rhSf;fpa kugpd; Kf;fpa murh; ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp.

IN`hNy fy;ntl;L mtuJ Ml;rp fhyj;ijg; gw;wp $WfpwJ.

fq;fh;fisAk; flk;gh;fisAk; vjph;j;J Nghhpl;lhh;.

eh;kij Mw;wq;fiuapy; `h;\iu Kwpabj;jhd;.

njd;dpe;jpahitf; ifg;gw;w epidj;j `h;\hpd; vz;zj;ij rpijj;jhh;.

,uz;lhk; GypNfrp Ml;rpfhyj;jpy; rPdg;gazp Athd;Rthq; mtdJ ehl;bw;F

tUifGhpe;jhh;.

14. Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpia gw;wp vOJf:-

Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

jkpo;> ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rp Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; mjd; cr;rj;jpw;F nrd;wJ vdyhk;.

jpUj;jf;fj; Njth; vOjpa rPtf rpe;jhkzp kw;Wk; Fz;lyNfrp.

fk;gh; vOjpa fk;guhkhazk;> Nrf;fpohhpd; nghpaGuhzk;.

n[aq;nfhz;lhh; vOjpa fypq;fj;J guzp xl;lf;$j;jhpd; %tUyh.

GfNoe;jpg;Gythpd; esntz;gh> gtde;jp Kdpthpd; ed;D}y;> Gj;jpkpj;jpuh; gilj;j

tPuNrhopak; Nghd;w E}y;fs; Nrhoh;fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jitahFk;.

15. ,e;Njh-[hth fiy gw;wp Fwpg;gp tiuf:-

,e;Njh-[hth fiyapd; rpwe;j rpd;dk; NghNuhGJ}h;.

,J irNye;jpuh;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

xU Mw;wpd;kPJ mike;Js;sJ.

mjpy; xd;gJ jsq;fs; cs;sd.

jiyg;gpd; cr;rpapy; kzp tbtpy; ];J}gp cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gbf;fl;Lfspy; 2000 rpwpa fw;rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd.

cyfpd; kpf rpwe;j Gj;j ];J}gp ,JthFk;.



www.Padasalai.Net

13

16. ,uh[Gj;jpu muRfspd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jf?

njhlh; Nghh;fspd; fhuzkhf uh[Gj;jpuh;fs; typikapoe;jdh;.

mth;fs; xUNghJk; nghJ vjphpf;F vjpuhf mzptFj;Jepw;ftpy;iy.

murpay; njhiyNehf;F mth;fsplk; fhz;ggltpy;iy.

cl;gif NkNyhq;fpapUe;jJ.

K];yPk; gilnaLg;ghsh;fSf;F vjpuhf xd;W Nrh;e;J Nghhplj; jtwpdh;.

16. myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; mq;fhbr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fis Ma;f:-

giltPuh;fSf;F Cjpak; gzkhf toq;fg;gl;ljhy; nghUl;fspd; tpiyia xOq;FgLj;j

Ntz;bajhapw;W.

,jdhy; myhTjPd; fpy;[p mq;fhbr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

nNly;ypapy; ehd;F mq;fhbfis epWtpdhh;.

1.jhdpaq;fs;> 2. Jzpkzpfs;> vz;nza; tiffs;.

3.Fjpiufs;> mbikfs;.

4.gytpjkhd nghUl;fs;.

Xt;nthU mq;fhbAk; r`hdh-,-kz;b vd;w mjpfhhpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; tplg;gl;lJ.

nghUl;fspd; tpiy eph;zak; nra;J mwptpg;Gfs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.

mq;fhb tpjpKiwfis gpd;gw;whjth;fSf;F fLikahd jz;lidfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

18.tp[aefug; NguuRf;F tUif je;j may;ehl;Lg; gazpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf:-

tp[aefug; NguuRf;F gy;NtW may;ehl;L gazpfs; tUifGhpe;jdh;.

mth;fsJ Fwpg;Gfs; gads;s rhd;WfshFk;.

nkhNuhf;fhitr; Nrh;e;j ,gd;gJ}jh.

ntdp]; gazp epf;NfhNyh-b-Nfhz;b.

ghurPfg; gazp mg;Jy; urhf;.

Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpag;gazp Nlhkpq;Nfh ga]; Nghd;Nwhh; tp[a efUf;F tUif Ghpe;jdh;.

19. Kfyhag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis Ma;f:-

nry;te;jh;fs; gl;L kw;Wk; gUj;jp Milfis mzpe;jdh;.

Mdhy; vio kf;fs; cilapd;wp jtpj;jdh;.



www.Padasalai.Net

14

jf;fhzj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; fhyzp mzpatpy;iy vd;W epfpbd; vd;w ntspehl;Lg;

gazp $wpAs;shh;.

mhprp> jpiz> gUg;G tiffs; Nghd;wit kf;fspd; Kf;fpa czthFk;.

flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; kPd; czT jhuhskhff; fpilj;jJ.

fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; ghy; kw;Wk; ghy; nghUs;fs; jhuhskhff; fpilj;jd.

20. kuhl;bahpd; vOr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisf; $Wf.

kuhl;ba Njrj;jpd; Gtpapay; $Wfs;:

,aw;ifapNyNa kuhj;jpah;fs; tPukpf;fth;fshfTk; nfhhpy;yh Nghh; Kiwapy;

rpwe;jth;fshfTk; tpsq;fpdh;.

gf;jp ,af;fk; mth;fspilNa xUkpj;j rka czh;it Cl;baJ.

Vf;ehj;> Jf;fhuhk;> uhkjh];> Nghd;w Md;kPfj; jiyth;fs; r%f xw;Wikf;F

tpj;jpl;ldh;.

rpth[pahy; murpay; xw;Wik Vw;gl;lJ.

jf;fhz Ry;jhdpaq;fspd; Ml;rpj;Jiwapy; kuhl;bah;fs; Kf;fpa nghWg;Gfis

tfpj;jdh;.

III.tphpthd tpilasp: (5 Mark)

1.’,e;jpah Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik fhZk; ehL‛ tpsf;Ff:-

‘,e;jpah Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik fhZk; ehL‛.

gy;NtW ,dk;fSk; xd;W fye;j fhyfl;lk; vd;gjdhy; gz;ila ,e;jpa tuyhW

gbg;gtUf;F gutr %l;Ltjhf cs;sJ.

Mhpah;fs;> fpNuf;fh;fs; vd gy;NtW ,dj;jtUk; ,e;jpa kz;iz jq;fsJ jhafkhff;

nfhz;ldh;.

me;j ,dq;fs; ,d;W ahh; ve;j ,dk; vd;W milahsk; fhzKbahj msTf;F xd;W

fye;J tpl;ld.

,e;jpahtpy; gy rkaq;fs; ,Ue;Js;sd.

,e;jpa kf;fs; gy kjq;fisg; gpd;gw;wpdhYk;> nkhopfisg; NgrpdhYk; ehL KOtJk;

xU rpy nghJg;gz;Gfis fhzKbfpwJ.

vdNt> ekJ ehl;by; Ntw;WikfSf;fpilNa xw;WikAzh;T NkNyhq;fpAs;sJ vd;W

Jzpe;J $wyhk;.



www.Padasalai.Net

15

goq;fhyj;jpNyNa ,e;j xw;Wikf; fhz tpij Cd;wg;gl;lJ.

nkshpah; kw;Wk; Fg;jh; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; mj;jifa murpay; xw;Wik Vw;gl;lJ.

vdNt ‘,e;jpah Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik fhZk; ehL‛ “ vd;gij ehk; Ghpe;J

nfhs;syhk;.

2.gz;ilj; jkpofj;jpd; r%f nghUshjhu epiyikfis tpthp?

rq;f fhy r%fk;:

Itif epyq;fs;

1.FwpQ;rp “ kiyAk; kiyrhh;e;j gFjp

2.Ky;iy “ Nka;r;ry; fhLfs;

3.kUjk; - Ntshz; epyq;fs;

4.nea;jy; - flw;fiug; gFjp

5.ghiy “ twz;lG+kp

flTs; kw;Wk; njhopy;fs;:-

1.FwpQ;rp “ Kjd;ikf; flTs; KUfd;

njhopy; “ Ntl;ilahLjy;> Njd; vLj;jy;.

2.Ky;iy “ flTs; khNahd; (tp\;Z)

njhopy; - ML> khL> tsh;g;G

3.kUjk; - Kjd;ikf; flTs; - ,e;jpud;

4.nea;jy; - Kjd;ikf;flTs; - tUzd;

njhopy; - kPd; gpbj;jy;> cg;G cw;gj;jp

5.ghiy “ Kjd;ikf; flTs; - nfhw;wit

njhopy; - nfhs;isabj;jy;

nghUshjhuk;:-

Ntshz;ik Kf;fpaj; njhopy; MFk;.

ney; Kf;fpag; gaph;



www.Padasalai.Net

16

Nfo;tuF> fk;G> gUj;jp> kpsF> ,Q;rp> kQ;rs;> ,ytq;fk;> gy;NtW gotiffs;

Nghd;witAk; gaphplg;gl;lJ.

gyh> kpsF ,uz;Lk; NruehL Gfo; ngw;wjhFk;.

Nrho ehl;bYk;> ghz;ba ehl;bYk; ney; Kf;fpag; gaph;MFk;.

3.,e;jpahtpy; mnyf;rhe;jh; gilnaLg;ig tpthp:-

murpay; epiy:-

ghurPfh;fs; gilnaLg;Gf;Fg; gpd; mnyf;rhe;jh; ,e;jpah kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;.

mg;NghJ tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; gy rpW muRfs; ,Ue;jd. mth;fsplk; xw;Wik

,y;iy.

gilnaLg;Gf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

jdJ je;ij gpypg; kiwe;j gpwF mnyf;rhe;jh; khrpNlhdpahtpd; muruhfg;

gjtpNaw;whh;. ,e;jpahtpd;nry;tr; nropg;G mnyf;rhe;jh; ftdj;ij <h;j;jJ.

i`lh];g]; Nghh;:- (fp.326)

fp.K.326-y; mnyf;rhe;jh; glFg;ghyk; mikj;J rpe;J ejpiaf; fle;jhh;.

jl;rrPyj;J murd; mk;gp mtiu md;Gld; tuNtw;whh;.

Nghu]; ruzila kWj;jhh;.

mnyf;rhe;jUf;Fk; NghuRf;FkpilNa i`lh];g]; Nghh; eilngw;wJ. ,jpy;

mnyf;rhe;jh; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

mnyf;rhe;jh; jdJ gilfSld; gpah]; ejptiu njhlh;e;J Kd;Ndwpdhh;. NkYk;

fq;if rkntsp Nehf;fp nry;y tpUk;gpdhh;. Mdhy; tPuh;fs; xj;Jf;ftpy;iy. ,Wjpapy;

jhafk; jpUk;Gk; topapy; ghgpNyhdpahtpy; mnyf;rhe;jh; Neha;tha;g;gl;L ,we;jhh;.

4.fpU\;z Njtuhahpd; rhjidfis tpthp:

fpU\;z Njtuhah; (1509 “ 1530)

fpU\;z Njtuhah; JSt kuigr; Nrh;e;jth;. mth; rpwe;j Nghh; Mw;wy; kpf;fth;.

fk;gPukhd Njhw;wk; nfhz;lth;.

rhjidfs;:-

ghkpdp gilfis jLj;J epWj;JtNj mthpd; Kjy; flikahf ,Ue;jJ.



www.Padasalai.Net

17

jpthd; vd;w ,lj;jpy; fpU\;z Njtuhah; K];yPk; gilfis ,Wjpahf Kwpabj;jhh;.

gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhdplkpUe;J nua;r;#h; efiu ifg;gw;wpdhh;. gpd;dh; gPlhiuAk;

ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

xhprh gilnaLg;G:-

gpujhg Uj;uid Njhw;fbj;J njYq;fhdh KOtijAk; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpaUld; el;GwT nfhz;bUe;jhh;.

fiy> ,yf;fpak;:-

midj;J rkaq;fisAk; kjpj;J ele;jhh;. fiy> ,yf;fpaj;ijg; Nghw;wp Mjhpj;jhh;.

vdNt Me;jpu Ngh[h; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

m\;ljpf;f[q;fs; vd;w vl;L mwpQh;fs; mitapy; ,Ue;jdh;. MKf;j khy;ahjk; vd;w

njYq;F nkhop E}iy vOjpdhh;. ehfyhGuk; vd;w efiu epWtpdhh;. Vuhskhd uha

NfhGuq;fisAk; mth; fl;Ltpj;jhh;.

5.Kjyhk; uh[uh[dpd; rhjidfis Ma;f:-

Kjyhk; uh[uh[d; fp.gp. (985-1014)

Kjyhk; uh[uh[d; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nrhog;NguuR Gfopd; cr;rj;ij vl;baJ.

Nghh; ntw;wpfs;:-

1. fhe;j@h; rhiy vd;w ,lj;jpy; Nru kd;did ntd;whd;.

2. ghz;ba kd;dd; mkuG[q;fd; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhd;.

3. fq;fthb> Eshk;ghb> jbifghb> Nghd;w gFjpfs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.

4. tlf;F ,yq;ifia Nrhoh;fs; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.

5. fy;ahzpr; rhSf;fpaiu Kjyhk; uh[uh[d; vjph;j;Jg; Nghhpl;L ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

6. khyj; jPTfs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.

rhjidfs;:-

Kk;Kbr;Nrhod;> n[aq;nfhz;lhd; rptghjNrfud; Nghd;w tpUJg; ngah;fis Kjyhk;

uh[uh[d; #l;bf; nfhz;lhd;. jQ;irg; nghpa NfhtpiyAk; fl;bdhd;.

6.rpth[papd; tho;f;if kw;Wk; rhjidfis tpthp:



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18

rpth[p:- (1627-1680)

rpth[p 1627-y; \pt;Ndh; vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. mtuJ je;ij \h[p Nghd;];Ny> jha;

[P[pgha;> rpth[papd; ghJfhtyh; jhjh[p nfhz;lNjt;> je;ij kiwtpw;F gpwF G+dhtpd;

[hfPuhdhh;.

rhjidfs;:-

gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhdplkpUe;J uha;fhh;> Njhh;dh Mfpa ,lq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

1659-y; mg;ry; fhid nfhiy nra;jhh;. Kfyhag; Nguurh; mTuq;frPg;ghy; mDg;gp

itf;fg;gl;l n\ap\;lfhid tPuj;Jld; vjph;nfhz;lhh;.

1664-y;Kfyhahpd; #uj; JiwKfj;ij jhf;fp #iwahbdhh;.

1665-y; rpth[p uh[hn[a;rpq;Fld; Gue;jhh; cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhh;. mjd;gb

rpth[p 23 Nfhl;ilfis Kfyhahplk; xg;gilj;jhh;. kPjp 12 Nfhl;ilfs; rpth[paplNk

tplg;gl;ld.

1670-y; #uj; JiwKfk; kPz;Lk; #iwahlg;gl;lJ. 1674-y; uha;fhpy; rpth[p Kb#l;bf;

nfhz;L rj;jpugjp vd;w gl;lj;ijAk; #l;bf; nfhz;lhh;. 1680-y; kiwe;jhh;.

fhyf;NfhL

7. fp.gp.1500 Kjy; 1600 tiu ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; eilngw;w Kf;fpa 5 epfo;TfSf;F

fhyf;NfhL xd;W tiuf.

(my;yJ)

Kfyhah; fhyj;jpy; eilngw;w VNjDk; 5 epfo;Tfis fhyf;Nfhl;by; mikj;jpLf.

epfo;r;rpfs;:-

1526 “ Kjy; ghdpgl; Nghh;

1527 “ fhd;th Nghh;

1528 “ re;Njhp Nghh;

1529 “ Nfhf;uh Nghh;

1530 “ ghgh; ,wg;G



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fhyf;NfhL

1 myF = 10 Mz;Lfs;

1500

1510

1520

1530

1540

1550

___ ___ ___ ___ ______________

___ ___ ___ ___ ______________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______________

___ Kjy; ghdpgl; Nghh; (1526)

___ fhd;th Nghh; (1527)

___ re;Njhp Nghh; (1528)

___ Nfhf;uh Nghh; (1529)

______________ ghgh; ,wg;G (1530) ___ ___ ___ ___ _________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______________



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1. fp.gp.1600 Kjy; 1700 tiu,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; eilngw;w VNjDk; 5 Kf;fpa

epfo;Tfis fhyf; Nfhl;by; mikj;jpLf

epfo;Tfs;:-

1600 – Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tzpf FO epWtg;gLjy;

1605 – mf;gh; kiwT / [`hq;fPh; murh; Mjy;

1611 – [`hq;fPh; - E}h;[`hd; jpUkzk;

1627 – [`hq;fPh; kiwT/ \h[fhd; gjtpNaw;G



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1 myF = 10 Mz;Lfs;

1600

1610

1620

1630

1640

1650

___ Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff;FO epWtg;gLjy;(1600)

___ ___ ___

______________ mf;gh; kiwT / [`hq;fPh; gjtpNaw;G(1605)

___ ___ ___ ___ ______________

___ [`hq;fPh;-E}w;[`hd; jpUkzk; (1611)

___ ___ ___ ______________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______________ ___

___ \h[fhd; gjtpNaw;G /[`hq;fPh; kiwT (1627)

___ ___ ______________ ___ ___ ___ ___ _________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ______________



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