© 2001, 1999 energy management planning. © 2001, 1999 introduction alan r. mulak, pe (978)...
TRANSCRIPT
© 2001, 1999
Energy Management Planning
© 2001, 1999
EMP Seminar Outline
Today’s Schedule:
1. Before you begin the EMP…ask who, what, when, why, how.
2. First Steps…create the team, gather materials.
3. Next Steps… benchmarking, and energy audits.
4. Study the findings and make recommendations.
5. What will it cost? What will it save?
6. Finally, pulling it all together
© 2001, 1999
Why do we need an EMP?
December 1, 2005
Electricity costs to skyrocketBy DAVID SCHOETZ
STAFF WRITER
BARNSTABLE - The cost of the electricity supply for Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard
homeowners will increase by 81 percent starting with December meter readings.
The cost of the actual electricity on residential bills will climb from 7.132 cents per kilowatt hour to 12.92 cents….
(Cape Cod Times)
© 2001, 1999
Why do we need an EMP?
Electric Costs per kwhr
$-
$0.05
$0.10
$0.15
$0.20
$0.25
86 96 06
© 2001, 1999
What if…?
What if you are
asked to develop
an Energy
Management Plan?
Is it Mission
Impossible?
© 2001, 1999
Before you begin…
•Who wants the report?
•Why do they want it?
•When do they want it
by?
•What language do they
speak?
•How much do you want
to spend?
© 2001, 1999
Before you begin…
Form a team!
Choose wisely!
© 2001, 1999
Before you begin…
Who should be on your “Dream” Team?
© 2001, 1999
First Step
Meetings1. Invite only those who need to be there
2. Send them an agenda ahead of time
3. Start on time
4. Stick to the agenda
5. Take notes
6. Assign action items – everyone should get one
7. Adjourn on time
8. Issue minutes
© 2001, 1999
First Step
Gather Materials• Energy bills: All fuels for at least 3 years.
• Graphs! Pictures are truly worth 1000 words.
• Drawings: Both building and equipment.
• Physical descriptions, occupancy patterns, age, etc.
• Pictures!
• Specifications (if available) for all major equipment.
• Preventative Maintenance program summary.
• Written O&M Procedures.
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First Step
Electric Usage
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan Dec Nov Oct
kwh
rs
Demand
0
100
200
300
400
500
Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan Dec Nov Oct
kVA
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First Step
Lighting, 39%
AC, 31%
Plug Load, 21%
DHW, 7%
Misc, 2%
Gas Usage
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Jul-0
4
Sep-0
4
Nov-0
4
Jan-
05
Mar
-05
May
-05
Jul-0
5
Sep-0
5
Second Dist
Superior
Probate
First Dist
© 2001, 1999
Next Steps
Benchmark• Compare your buildings to each other and
similar facilities.
• Good performers?
• See EPA Energy Star Building Portfolio
Manager
• https://www.energystar.gov
© 2001, 1999
Eligible Building Types
Hotels
Schools
Office Buildings Courthouse
Hospitals
Medical Offices
DormitoriesGrocery Stores
Warehouses
© 2001, 1999
Not All Buildings are Equal
Building Type Average Energy Use Intensity
(Annual BTU/sq ft.)
Unrefrigerated Warehouse 25.9
Refrigerated Warehouse 56.8
K-12 School 112.5
Economy/Budget Hotel 112.9
Residence Hall 155.2
Midscale w/o food and bev. 162.7
Office (Bank Branch) 173
Medical Office 177
Upscale Hotel 183.2
Upper Upscale Hotel 186.5
Midscale w/food and bev. 192.9
Office (Courthouse) 205
Office (General) 214.8
Office (Financial Center) 229.7
Supermarket 339
Hospital 441.4
© 2001, 1999
What Does a Rating Tell us?
Fuel Efficiency:
MPG
Energy Efficiency:
1 - 100
© 2001, 1999
Employing Portfolio Manager
Screening tool Identify poor performing buildings in need of
improvements
Scoping Tool Use the generated score to determine course
of action
Evaluation Tool Track and measure building improvements
Energy Management Tool Monitor building performance over time Track building performance across all
facilities
© 2001, 1999
Determining a Course of Action
© 2001, 1999
Before You Start: Collect Data
Mandatory Data Needs• Zip code (to normalize data for weather)• Gross square footage of facility (includes secondary
spaces)• 1 year of energy data (all fuel types)
Helpful Data • (defaults may be used in lieu of this info to generate
a rating)• Number of occupants• Number of PCs• Others (depending on space type)
© 2001, 1999
Getting Started:www.energystar.gov
© 2001, 1999
Login or New User?
© 2001, 1999
Eligible Space Types
Note: Effective Date MUST be the same as the first date of the billing cycle for which you enter information.
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Energy Meters
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Meter Type/Unit
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Beginning Date of Bills
© 2001, 1999
Electricity Usage
© 2001, 1999
Results
© 2001, 1999
Award
© 2001, 1999
Next, the Energy Audit
• Energy Audits: walk through vs.
comprehensive energy audits
• Smoking guns? Ask your team!
• What can your utility tell you?
• COM Check at www.energycodes.gov for code compliance and
energy power density
• HUD Commercial Audit info at
http://www.globalgreen.org/pha-energytoolbox/energyaudit
© 2001, 1999
Next, the Energy Audit
ComCheck demo!
© 2001, 1999
Energy Audit Survey
• Lighting – simple, biggest bang for the buck.
• Controls – roof vent fans? Exhaust hoods? Water heaters?
• Old, neglected, out-of-tune equipment.
• Leaky ductwork (air systems)
• Hot air blowers
• Steam Traps
• Lack of O&M – filters, PM, etc.
• Cooling Towers – VSD?
© 2001, 1999
Energy Audit Tools
Always…•Layout Drawing
•Clipboard
•Flashlight
•2 Pencils
•Tape Measure
•Camera
•Safety Glasses
Sometimes…Light Meter
•Magnifying Glass
•Scrubby or Wipe
•CO2 Meter
•IR Thermometer
•Hand Tools (be careful)
© 2001, 1999
Energy Audit Findings
Three categories…
1. Immediate, ASAP.
2. Time bounded…next year or two.
3. Sometime in the future. Capital planning or
further study required.
© 2001, 1999
Recommended Measures
• Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) with
paybacks and rebates.
• Automation such as PM and EMS’s.
• Operational changes such as start and stop
times, load shifting, etc.
• Maintenance improvements. BOC!
• Future upgrades (upon burnout).
© 2001, 1999
Recommended Measures
ECM Basics:
Simple Payback = Cost – Rebate / Savings
© 2001, 1999
Recommended Measures
Cost?
• This should be the total cost to install
including labor, taxes, disposal, etc.
• Sometimes, call in a contractor for a cost
estimate.
• Err on the high side.
© 2001, 1999
Recommended Measures
Savings?
• This should be the energy and if
significant, labor savings.
• When possible, have someone check your
numbers.
• Err on the low side.
© 2001, 1999
Recommended Measures
Rebates and Tax incentives?
• www.energytaxincentives.org/
• USDA
Some resources:
• www.utility.com
• www.gasnetworks.com
© 2001, 1999
• Train your building operators!
• P&P a PM System
• Throw away incandescent bulbs.
• Know thy utility reps!
• Change your filters
• Electric motor game plan
• Take a field trip
• Plan to group relamp
Low cost / no cost
© 2001, 1999
Train your building operators!
People run your building.
Would you take your car to an untrained mechanic?
Technology and codes change constantly.
Very high turnover.
Low cost / no cost
© 2001, 1999
Low cost / no cost
© 2001, 1999
Purchase & Populate a Preventative
Maintenance System
Garbage in / garbage out
Good memory
Head’s up
SchoolDude.com
Low cost / no cost
© 2001, 1999
Low cost / no cost
261
© 2001, 1999
Throw away incandescent bulbs.
CFLs are 75% more efficient
CFLs last 8x longer
CFLs are cooler
CFLs are dimmable
CFLs have a good CRI
Low cost / no cost
© 2001, 1999
Low cost / no cost
© 2001, 1999
Know thy utility reps!
Knowledgeable
New Technologies
Incentive (aka rebate) programs
Grants
Low cost / no cost
© 2001, 1999
Change your filters
NAFA - National Air Filtration Association
ANSI / ASHRAE 52.2 – 1999
MERV (min. efficiency recorded value)
Fiberglass filter MERV < 1
Pleated filter MERV > 6
Low cost / no cost
© 2001, 1999
Low cost / no cost
© 2001, 1999
Electric motor game plan
“When I die, replace me with a …”
www.MotorUpOnline.com
Low cost / no cost
© 2001, 1999
Take a field trip
Why is that running?
What is that noise?
How is that controlled?
When is that turned off?
Low cost / no cost
© 2001, 1999
Plan to Group Relamp
T8s to Super T8s
Labor more expensive than lamps
Utility incentive
Low cost / no cost
© 2001, 1999
Plan to Group RelampTypical Fluorescent Lamp
Mortality Curve
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
20 40 60 80 100 120
Percent Average Life
Pe
rce
nt
Su
rviv
ing
Low cost / no cost
© 2001, 1999
ECO #1
Gymnasium lighting: HID vs T-5’s
© 2001, 1999
ECO #1
HID vs T-5’s
•Where? Gym’s, Boiler Rooms, Hockey Rinks, Wall wash, Garages, etc
•Where not? Above 50 feet, low ceiling direct
•Competition? ST8s
•Downside? Price, metric
•Lumen? Steady
•Rebate? Yes!
© 2001, 1999
ECO #1
Gymnasium lighting: HID vs T-5’s IECC: Gym floors 1.9 watts / SF
22-400 w Metal Halide (455 Watts) 1.6 watts / SF
22 - 4LT-5HO (254 watts) 0.9 watts / SF
Energy Savings = 44%
Utility retrofit rebate = $100 *
Estimated Installed Prices: Metal Halide - $375 T-5 - $400
Additional benefits: controllable, better mean lumens, better CRI
* Rebates are subject to program criteria, availability of program funding and pre-approval by the utility.
© 2001, 1999
ECO #1
© 2001, 1999
ECO #1
© 2001, 1999
ECO #1
© 2001, 1999
ECO #2
© 2001, 1999
Use with T5s in high bay applications from Hubble
Packaged Lighting and Air Conditioning (PTAC) Occupancy Control sold by B. C. Hydro and InnKeeper
ECO #2
© 2001, 1999
ECO #2
Occupancy Sensor for Gymnasium lighting
Existing lighting: 22-4LT5HO at 254 watts each
Annual useage: 3,480 hours
Reported “unused” time: 25% or 870 hours
Savings: 4,862 kwhrs * $0.13/kwh = $632
Rebate: $55
Installed cost: $340
Payback: 0.5 years
© 2001, 1999
ECO #2
0
10
20
30
40
50
Private Office
Open Office
Conference Room
Computer Room
Restroom
Typical Energy Savings (%)
© 2001, 1999
ECO #2
Occupancy Sensors:
Where? Bathrooms, private offices, conference rooms, etc
Where not? Constantly occupied spaces
Downside? Reputation
Make Sure! Two types of detection – IR and US
Rebate? Yes!
© 2001, 1999
ECO #2
And don’t forget daylight dimming systems!
© 2001, 1999
ECO #3
T8s and Super T8s
© 2001, 1999
ECO #3
Rated fluorescent
lighting system
wattage
Typical older
system
(EE T12 lamps &
en. eff. magnetic
ballasts)
Standard T8
system
(T8 lamps/
electronic ballast)
"Super T8" system
(approved T8
lamp/programme
d start electronic
ballast)
2-lamp fixture 70 60 47
3-lamp fixture 110 88 67
4-lamp fixture 140 112 89
© 2001, 1999
ECO #3
Typical Fluorescent Lamp Mortality Curve
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
20 40 60 80 100 120
Percent Average Life
Pe
rce
nt
Su
rviv
ing
…one manufacturer’s 700 series T8 lamp is rated at 2800 lumens, while the high performance version carries an initial lumen rating of 3150 lumens, a 12.5% improvement. The Super T8 lamps make use of improved phosphor technology, so they stay brighter over time. Lastly, better phosphor increases the color rendering index of Super T8 lamps to 85 vs. 75 for standard T8 lamps.
Why?When?
© 2001, 1999
ECO #3
T8s and Super T8s:
When? At group relamping
Remember! Sometimes new ballasts are
required
Rebate? Yes!
© 2001, 1999
ECO #4
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
© 2001, 1999
ECO #4
CFLs:Where? Wall sconce, ceiling fixtures, chandeliers, most
applications.
Where not? Above 30 feet, bright applications, some dimmers
Competition? Halogens, SW HIDs
Downside? Low efficacy
Lumen? Steady
Rebate? Sometimes…hard wired yes, screw-in no.
© 2001, 1999
ECO #4
Incandescent vs CFL - Wall Sconce, hotel
Existing - 246 65 w incandescent
Retrofit – 246 28 w quad CFLs (30 watts) @ $5.35 case lot
On hours – 4,380 annually
Utility retrofit rebate – None
Savings: (246*((65-30)/1000)*$0.13)*4380 = $4,902.53
Cost: 246*$5.35 = $1,316.10, installed by hotel staff
Payback = $1,316 / $4,902 = 0.27 years
Additional benefits: 4 to 8x longer life, less heat in the hallways.
© 2001, 1999
ECO #4
© 2001, 1999
ECO #5
LED Lighting
© 2001, 1999
ECO #5
© 2001, 1999
ECO #5
Exit SignsExisting lighting: 30 watt twin incandescent
Annual usage: 8,760 hours
LED Exit: 3 watts
Savings: 27 w * 8760 = 236 kwhrs * $0.13/kwh = $31
Rebate: $12 retrofit kit, $ 20 new sign
Est. Installed cost: $65
Payback: 1.7 years 1.4 years
w/o considering labor / hassles to replace bulb periodically!
Typical life of 15 watt incandescent bulb is 1,000 hours
Typical life of LED in exit signs - 20 plus years
© 2001, 1999
ECO #5
© 2001, 1999
ECO #6
Small Wattage HIDs
Vs.
© 2001, 1999
ECO #6
Small HIDs:
•Where? Ceiling fixtures in auto showrooms and foyers. High ceilings.
•Where not? Frequent on/off, dimmers.
•Competition? Halogens, CFLs, huge incandescent.
•Downside? Expense.
•Lumen? Some depreciation.
•Rebate? Yes.
© 2001, 1999
ECO #6
Incandescent vs SW HID - Auto Showroom
Existing - 84 200 w incandescent
Retrofit – 84 70 w SW MH (80 watts) @ $130
On hours – 3,120 annually
Utility retrofit rebate* – $90
Savings: (84*((200-80)/1000)*$0.13)*3120 = $4,088.45
Cost: 84*$130 = $10,920 installed
Payback = ($10,920-(90*84)) / $4,088 = 0.82 years
Additional benefits: 3x longer life, more light.
*where applicable
© 2001, 1999
ECO #7
Demand Control Ventilation
© 2001, 1999
ECO #7
© 2001, 1999
ECO #7
Demand Control Ventilation:
•Where? RTUs, see next slide. Schools!
•Where not? Whole building, one zone systems. Not factories.
•Competition? None.
•Downside? Be careful not to drop below required ventilation.
•Upside? IAQ
•Rebate? Yes.
© 2001, 1999
ECO #7
© 2001, 1999
ECO #7
DCV Savings? Occupancy fluctuations* in retail stores and other commercial facilities can amount to as much as $1.00 per square foot (ft2).
DCV Costs? CO2 sensor technology has improved substantially in recent years, and prices have dropped dramatically. From more than $800 to as low as $200, and several manufacturers offer CO2 sensors bundled with temperature and humidity or dew point sensors in the same housing, which further reduces total costs.
*from NSTAR’s Energy Advisor found at http://www.nstaronline.com/your_business/energy_advisor/PA_53.html
© 2001, 1999
ECO #7
DCV Additional Resources:Each of these programs can be used to evaluate potential energy cost savings from demand-controlled ventilation (DCV). They are all available free of charge.
Carrier – Energy Analysis Program
http://www.commercial.carrier.com/commercial/hvac
Honeywell – Savings Estimator
http://customer.honeywell.com/Business/Cultures
AirTest – Energy Analysis Program
http://www.airtesttechnologies.com/support/energy-analysis
© 2001, 1999
ECO #7
From AirTest:
© 2001, 1999
ECO #8
Full Condensing Boilers
© 2001, 1999
ECO #8
Full Condensing Boilers:
•Where? Anywhere hot water heat is required.
•Where not? No gas service.
•Competition? None.
•Downside? Expense.
•Upside? Very efficient, no stack required!
•Rebate? Yes.
© 2001, 1999
ECO #8
Library Heat: Radiant with FCB vs. Baseboard with SEB
Estimated gas savings: (e1-e2)*79% Est. Hr Use*$/therm = $7,760
Cost Differential: $37,500 installed
Rebate (BSG Partners in Energy) = 50% cost diff = $18,750
Payback = ($37.5K-$18.75K)/$7,760 = 2.4 years
Additional benefits: eligible for tax incentive, floor slab heat, longer life
equipment, combustibles outside.
© 2001, 1999
#9 ECO
Electric Motors:
© 2001, 1999
NEMA Premium Efficiency Motors
Higher Efficiency
Lower Operating Cost
Incentives Offset Higher First Cost
© 2001, 1999
#9 ECO
Electric Motors:
Cost of motor = 3% of life cycle
Conduct Inventory
Develop Policy – tag motors!
Use MotorMaster+ 4.0
www.MotorUpOnline.com
© 2001, 1999
#9 ECO
© 2001, 1999
#9 ECO
© 2001, 1999
2.6 Electric motors
1.1. 8,000 hours run time8,000 hours run time2.2. 60 HP60 HP3.3. 1 HP = 0.756 KW1 HP = 0.756 KW4.4. Annual kwhrs = 8000 x 60 x .756 = 362,880 kwhrsAnnual kwhrs = 8000 x 60 x .756 = 362,880 kwhrs5.5. Cost per kwhr = $0.20Cost per kwhr = $0.206.6. Cost of pollution = $72,500 every year!Cost of pollution = $72,500 every year!
#9 ECO
© 2001, 1999
ECO #10
Infra Red Heat
© 2001, 1999
ECO #10
© 2001, 1999
ECO #10
© 2001, 1999
ECO #10
IR Heat:
•Where? High ceiling, open space, overhead door.
•Where not? No gas service.
•Competition? Blowers.
•Downside? None.
•Upside? Very efficient, very effective.
•Rebate? Yes.
© 2001, 1999
ECO #10
© 2001, 1999
ECO #10
Replace Hot Air Blowers with IR Heating
Gas Utility findings: “Per blower vs. IR tube installation, actual measured savings
are 748 therms per tube.”
Municipal garage repair center: 2-100,000 btu blowers replaced with 2 Sealed
Combustion IR Tubes.
Savings: $2,992
Rebate: $1000
Cost: $6,800
Payback: 1.9 years
Additional benefit: productivity increased
© 2001, 1999
ECO #11
Tankless Water Heaters
© 2001, 1999
ECO #11
Tankless Water Heaters:
•Where? Anywhere where hot water is stored.
•Where not? No gas service.
•Competition? None.
•Downside? Gas line size.
•Upside? Very efficient.
•Rebate? Yes.
© 2001, 1999
ECO #11
Fire Department: Replace Hot Water Tanks with Tankless
Original Condition: Four Fire Stations, each with gas-fired water heaters of
various sizes and ages.
Replace with 8 Tankless, 2 per station.
Measured annualized savings (all 4 stations): 2,480 therms or $4,960.
Installed Cost: $10,600.
Rebate: $300@ = $2,400
Payback: ($10.6K-$2.4K)/$4.96K = 1.65 years
Additional benefit: Space
© 2001, 1999
ECO #11
© 2001, 1999
Variable Speed Drives (aka VFD’s)
ECO #12
© 2001, 1999
ECO #12
Variable Speed Drives (aka VFD’s)
IECC: Individual VAV fans with motors of 25hp or greater must be driven by a mechanical or electrical variable speed drives
Beyond Code: Use VSD’s on motors down to 5 HPBonus: Utility Rebates of $900 – 5 hp to $1,750 – 20 hp each
Rebate Criteria states that the VFD speed must be automatically controlled by differential pressure, flow or temperature
* Rebates are subject to program criteria, availability of program funding and pre-approval by the utility.
© 2001, 1999
ECO #12
How can you tell if a VSD will save energy & $$?Constant speed AC motor driving a non-constant speed device (i.e.; fan or
pump)
Variable load---moving air, water, sewage, etc
A large percentage of time at less than full load
Currently controlled by one of the following: Inlet throttling Outlet throttling By-pass loop No control Equipment operator (a person!)
© 2001, 1999
ECO #12 - VFDs Considerations
Some forward curve fans are not suited for VFD operation due to specific fan curve
Savings in applications with high static pressure could be very small
Some old motors can not be driven by frequency varying devices
Inverter duty motors are best suited for VFDs Applications that require high torque require
special VFDs Harmonic Distortion
© 2001, 1999
ECO #12
Variable Speed Drives:
Hospital kitchen exhaust fan – 15 HP motorInstalled Cost - $9,400Potential utility rebate - $1,250Projected savings - 25% for 4h/d, 50% for 4h/d, 75% for 4h/d
48,000 kwhrs/yr * $0.13 / kwhr = $6,240 Payback with rebate ($9,400 - $1,250 / $6,240) = 1.3 years
* Rebates are subject to program criteria, availability of program funding and pre-approval by the utility.
© 2001, 1999
ECO #13 - Energy Management Systems
Optimal Start/Stop Scheduling Temperature Set Point Control Ventilation Control Demand Control
© 2001, 1999
ECO - #13 EMS Features
© 2001, 1999
ECO #13 – EMS: How It Works
© 2001, 1999
ECO #13 - EMS Considerations
An EMS does not save energy! The proper use of it does.
EMS adds complexity to the HVAC system – more problems to troubleshoot.
Compatibility/Proprietary Issues Continuous commissioning / re-commissioning
is critical
© 2001, 1999
ECO #13
White vs Black Roof
© 2001, 1999
ECO #14
“White reflective roofs can lower attic temperatures by up to 25-30 degrees F. Many commercial buildings with central AC have ducts in the attic where there is a significant amount of heat gain. The white roof lowers the attic temperature greatly increasing the air distribution efficiency of the HVAC system.”
Florida Solar Power Association
© 2001, 1999
ECO #15
Miscellaneous Good Ideas
© 2001, 1999
ECO #15
•Vendor Mizers; www.electricitymetering.com
•Kitchen Economizers; www.nrminc.com
•Ice Machines
•Ultra Spray Nozzles; www.fisher-mfg.com
•Ice Rink Temperature Sensors
•LED Scoreboards
•Pulse start MH
© 2001, 1999
ECO #15
MH vs PSMH
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
0 1 2
Years
Lu
men
s1000w MH
875w PSMH
750w PSMH
© 2001, 1999
ECO #16
© 2001, 1999
ECO #16
Worcester, Mass installation:
Actual installed cost = $10K / KW
Warranty period = 20 years
Estimated generation time at 90% = 27% or 2365 hours per year
Cost per kwhr = 0.23 $/kwhr
Grant paid 80%
© 2001, 1999
ECO #17 – Geothermal
© 2001, 1999
ECO #17
The biggest benefit of
GHPs is that they use
25%–50% less
electricity than
conventional heating
or cooling systems.
© 2001, 1999
ECO #17
Geothermal Heat Pumps:
General size? 5 tons
Downside? Up to 800 foot wells. Expensive!
Upside? Very efficient. Best for supplemental applications.
Rebate? Maybe.
© 2001, 1999
ECO #18
© 2001, 1999
ECO #18
Mass Maritime Academy
•232 feet high
•45 db at 3X height
•660 KW or 28% campus load
•Estimated full load = 25%
•Estimated kwhrs = 1,460,000
•Cost = $1.48 million
•Grant = $500K
© 2001, 1999
ECO #18
Cost per kwhr
$-
$0.20
$0.40
$0.60
$0.80
$1.00
$1.20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
years
$/k
wh
r
© 2001, 1999
ECO #18
Windaus Energy Inc. 27 Copernicus Blvd. Unit #8 Brantford, Ontario, Canada N3P 1N4 Tel. 519 770 0546 Fax. 519 770 0595 [email protected]
© 2001, 1999
Energy Conservation
Turn it off!
© 2001, 1999
The Product
Your Energy Management Plan must:
• Come right to the point in the executive
summary.
• Be easy to read with a minimum of jargon.
• Be in the language of the reader.
• Offer details in the appendix.
• Have pictures and graphs and charts.
© 2001, 1999
The Product
Remember to:
• Have it reviewed by your team.
• Give credit to your team!
• Give all effected parties a “head’s up.”
• Discuss outcomes with your boss before it is in
print.
• Clean, crisp, sharp, and impressive.