© 2003 prentice-hall, inc. 1 history and structure chapter 5 policing:
TRANSCRIPT
1 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
History and Structure
Chapter 5
Policing:
2 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
English Policing• American policing is
based on English roots.
• English law enforcement began with “hue and cry.”
3 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
• Alfred the Great’s system
• 9th-10th Century• mutual pledge
England
4 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
• mutual pledge system • tithing - group of ten (10)
families• tithing man - leader or
chief of tithing
England
5 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Hundred = ten tithings = one hundred families
England
chief constable - head of the hundred
6 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Constable:• considered the
first real police officer
• appointed by local nobleman• in charge of weapons for
the hundred
England
7 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Shire• A geographic area equivalent to our
county.
• Hundreds were grouped into Shires.
• England was divided into 52 Shires.
• Shire-Reeve was the antecedent of modern day sheriff.
8 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
England
1272-1307• set up curfew and
night watch program• bailiffs - night watchmen
to enforce curfew• watch and ward
9 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Watch and Ward• The name given to first
night watch in cities and towns.
• They operated from sundown tosunrise.
• They protected property against fire.• They guarded the gates of city.• They arrested those who committed
offenses.
10 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Statute of Winchester-1285• It created the watch and ward in
cities and towns.• It drafted eligible males to
serve. • It institutionalized the
“hue and cry.” • Citizens had to maintain weapons
in order to answer the call to arms.
11 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
England - 1750• The Industrial Revolution
brought many new people to the big cities.
• Crime increased in cities and highways leading to cities.
• Civilian associations cropped up and began creating their own private police forces.
12 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Bow Street Runners• established 1750• patrolled streets and highways
leading to London• Sir Henry Fielding - one of
the founders• first real detective unit
13 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
London Metropolitan Police• 1829 - Parliament passed bill
- creates London police• Sir Robert Peel - Home
Secretary• 1,000 officers called bobbies• uniformed• structured along military
lines
14 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
American Law Enforcement
• Colonists brought systems from Europe when they emigrated to colonies.
• The shire-reeve was responsible for law enforcement in the
counties.• The constable was responsible for
law enforcement in towns.• Before the Revolution, both were
appointed by Crown.
15 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
American Frontier•vast and wild until
late 19th century
•natural haven for outlaws and bandits
•citizen posses and vigilantes - the law
16 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Policing America’s Cities
• 1636 - Boston• New York - known
as Rattle Watch because of rattles they carried and shook while they patrolled
17 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
• 1658 - paid watchmen in New York
• 1693 - first uniformed police officer
• 1731 - first precinct station in New
York
Policing America’s Cities
18 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Policing America’s Cities• 1833 - Philadelphia is the first to
initiate a police force.• 1844 - New York is the first to
establish a unified day/night police force.
• 1865 - Massachusetts creates the first state police force.
• 1866 - Detroit creates first detective unit.
19 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
American Policing
1920-1933
This was the Era of Prohibition and
widespread corruption of police.
20 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
1960’s-1970’s
Civil rights movementand anti-Vietnam war demonstrations impacted on police operations and enforcement.
American Policing
21 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
1967 - LEAA was formed to assist police departments in acquiring the latest in technology and adopt new enforcement methods.
American Policing
22 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
• LEAA - funded many police research projects
• Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
American Policing
23 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Three Levels ( jurisdictions)
• federal
• state
• local
American Policing
24 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Federal Law Enforcement
1789
• first federal law enforcement agency - Revenue Cutter Service
• patrolled shores of U.S. to prevent smuggling and to ensure collection of revenue
25 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
21 separate federal law enforcement agencies in eight government agencies
Federal Law Enforcement
26 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Other Federal Agencies• 1789 - U.S. Marshals• 1862 - Internal Revenue Service• 1865 - Secret Service• 1891 - Immigration and Naturalization• 1908 - Bureau of Investigation - later
to be renamed F.B.I. in 1930
27 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Other Federal Agencies
1914
The Bureau of Narcotics & Dangerous Drugs combined with other agencies and was renamed Drug Enforcement Administration in 1973.
28 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Department of the Treasury
1. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
2. Internal Revenue Service
3. U.S. Custom Service
4. U.S. Secret Service
5. Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
29 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Department of Justice
1. Bureau of Prisons
2. Drug Enforcement Administration
3. Federal Bureau of Investigation
4. U.S. Marshals Service
5. Immigration and Naturalization Service
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
30 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Department of Interior
1.Fish and Wildlife Service
2.National Park Service
3.U.S. Park Police
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
31 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Department of Defense• Criminal Investigation Division• Office of Special
Investigations• Naval Investigative
Service• Defense Criminal Investigator
Service
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
32 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Department of Transportation U.S. Coast Guard
General Services Administration Federal Protective Services
U.S. Postal Service Postal Inspections Service
Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Police Department
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
33 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
• 1924 - J. Edgar Hoover isappointed Director.
• 1924 - Identification Division iscreated to collect fingerprint
files.• 1930 - F.B.I. begins collecting
data for Uniformed Crime Report publication.
• 1932 - Crime laboratory is established.
34 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
State Law Enforcement1835 Texas Rangers:• They are believed to be the first
state police force.• Military unit is responsible for
border patrol.• They apprehend Mexican cattle
rustlers.
35 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
State Law Enforcement
Two Models:
• centralized model
• decentralized model
36 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Local Agencies-Municipal
• approx. 13,580 different departments• approx. 420,000 sworn police officers• approx. 100,000 civilian employees• largest - New York - approx. 36,813
police officers• smallest – 3,409 departments with 1
sworn police officer or only part-time officers
37 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Local Agencies-County
• approx. 3,100 sheriff departments• approx. 155,000 full-time officers• approx. 89,000 civilian employees• largest - Los Angeles Sheriff’s
Dept. with approx. 2,110 sworn officers and 4,880 civilian employees
38 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
• 49 state police departments• approx. 52,000 full-time state
police officers• approx. 26,000 civilian
employees• major role - control traffic on
highway system
State Law Enforcement
39 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Private Protective Services
• Nearly 2,000,000 people are estimated to be working in private security today.
• Types of private security services:• company guards• airport security• bank guards• executive protection
40 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Those self-employed individuals and privately funded business entities and organizations providing security- related services to specific clientele for a fee…
Private Protective Services
41 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
… for the individual or entity that retains or employs them, or for themselves, in order to protect their persons, private property, or interests from various hazards.
Private Protective Services
42 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Types of Private Security Services: • store/mall security• school security• nuclear facility security• hospital security• automated teller machine services• railroad detectives• loss prevention specialists• computer/information security
Private Protective Services
43 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
• Security Bureau, Inc.
• Wackenhut Corp.
• Guardsmark, Inc.
• American Protective Services
• Globe Security
Private Protective Services
44 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
• Wells Fargo Guard Services
• Advance Security, Inc.
• Pinkerton’s, Inc.
• Allied Security, Inc.
• Burns International Security Services
Private Protective Services