© 2003 prentice-hall, inc. 1 the crime picture chapter 2
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1
The Crime Picture
Chapter 2
![Page 2: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2
Sources of Data
• Uniform Crime Report (UCR)• National Crime Victimization
Survey (NCVS)• Offender Self-Reports
![Page 3: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 3
Uniform Crime Reports• The reports began in 1930.• Data was collected by F.B.I.• Approximately 16,000 police
agencies provide data.• Reports of crimes known to the
police are included.• The reports are voluntarily
submitted by law enforcement.
• The UCR contains the Crime Index.
![Page 4: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 4
UCR: Crime Index
The Index is made up of Part I offenses. 1. violent crime
2. property crime
![Page 5: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 5
UCR: Violent Crimes
• murder• forcible rape• robbery• aggravated
assault
![Page 6: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 6
UCR: Property Crime
• burglary• larceny-theft• motor vehicle theft• arson
![Page 7: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 7
Actual and Projected Rates of Crime in the U.S., 1950-2010
![Page 8: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 8
UCR: Crime Index
crimes100,000 population
Crime Index =
![Page 9: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 9
The Rate of Crime in the United States (per 100,000 Inhabitants), 1960-2000
![Page 10: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 10
UCR: Problems
Victims may not report crimes to police because:
• belief that police cannot do anything
• fear of reprisal• embarrassment• no insurance• acceptance that
victimization is a way of life
• how police list crime on report
• “victimless” crimes usually not
reported
![Page 11: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 11
NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey)
• It began in 1972 as a reaction to problems
with UCR.• NCVS relies on personal interpretations of
what crime has been committed.• Data is collected through survey. • 50,000+ homes are regularly surveyed
twice each year.• New homes are selected every 3 years.
![Page 12: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 12
UCR: Part I Crimes - 2000
Rate per 100,000 Number
murder 5.5 15,517 forcible rape 32 90,186 robbery 144.9 407,842 aggravated assault 323.6 910,744
![Page 13: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 13
Rate per 100,000 Number
burglary 728.4 2,049,946
larceny-theft 2,475.3 6,965,957
motor vehicle theft 414.2 1,165,559
arson 36.9 78,280
UCR: Part I Crimes - 2000
![Page 14: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 14
UCR: Clearance Rates
clearance rate - A measure that compares the number of crimes reported and/or discovered to the number of crimes solved by arrest or by other means i.e., death of suspect, finding out report of crime was falsified, etc.
![Page 15: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 15
Murder
The unlawful killing of a human being. A generic term which, in common usage, may include first- and second-degree murder, as well as manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, and other similar kinds of offenses.
![Page 16: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 16
Murder
• deaths caused by negligence
• suicide• accident• justifiable homicides
Excludes: Excludes:
![Page 17: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 17
Murder • July & August -
highest number of reports
• most common in southern states
• person age 20-24 most likely victim
• perpetrators most likely between
18-24 years-old
![Page 18: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 18
• highest clearance rate of Part I
offenses (typically over 65%)
• firearms most frequent weapon of
choice (65%)• knives second most
frequent (13%)
Murder
![Page 19: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 19
Murder • only 13% committed
by strangers
• 38% relationship to victim undetermined
• 50% committed by acquaintances
• 32% as a result of an “argument”
![Page 20: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 20
serial - The killing of two or more people, on more than one occasion, over an extended period of time.
Murder
![Page 21: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 21
mass - The killingof three or more people, in a single event, by an offender who typically does not seek concealment of the crime.
Murder
![Page 22: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 22
Forcible RapeThe carnal knowledge of a female,
forcibly and against her will.
Includes: assault or attempt to commit rape by force or threat of forceExcludes:• assault if victim is male• statutory rape (without force) • other sex offenses
![Page 23: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 23
One of the most underreported violent crimes.
Reasons for NOT reporting rapes:
• The lack of belief in ability of police to apprehend the suspect.
• The concern that the victim would receive unsympathetic treatment from the police.
• The desire to avoid the embarrassment of publicity.
Forcible Rape
![Page 24: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 24
One of the most underreported violent crimes.
• The fear of reprisal by the rapist.• The fear of additional “victimization”
by court proceedings.• The desire to keep family/friends
from knowing.
Forcible Rape
Reasons for NOT reporting rapes:
![Page 25: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 25
• Most rapes are committed by acquaintances of victim.
• Most rapists appear to be motivated by the need to feel powerful.
• July and August are months with highest number of reported rapes.
• December, January, and February are months with lowest number of reported rapes.
Forcible Rape
![Page 26: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 26
Date rape is unlawful forced sexual intercourse with a female against her will that occurs within the context of a dating relationship.
Forcible Rape
![Page 27: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 27
Marital rape isforcible sex between people who are legally married to each other.
Forcible Rape
![Page 28: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 28
Rape Shield Law
Most states have laws which protect women from being questioned about their sexual history, unless it is judged to have a direct bearing on the case.
![Page 29: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 29
Unlawful intentional causing of serious bodily injury with or without a deadly weapon. It also means the unlawful intentional attempting or threatening of serious bodily injury or death with a deadly or dangerous weapon.
• Attempted assaults fall under this category, though it is not necessary to have an injury result.
• The possible use of a gun, knife, or other weapon that could result in serious injury.
Includes:
Aggravated Assault
![Page 30: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 30
• 59% clearance rate (lower than for murder)
• summer months highest number reported
• February, November, and December lowest number reported
• 36% blunt object
• 27% hands and feet
• 19% guns
• 18% knives
Aggravated Assault
![Page 31: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 31
Clearance is relatively low because of the uncooperativeness of the victim.
• The victim knows assailant.• The assailant is either the husband or the
boyfriend.• The victim considers offense a “personal”
matter.• The victim believes he “got what he
deserved.”• The victim fears revenge if charges are
pursued.
Aggravated Assault
![Page 32: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 32
Burglary Unlawful entry of any fixed structure, vehicle, or vessel
used for regular residence, industry, or business, with or without force, with intent to commit a felony or larceny.
• forcible entry
• unlawful entry without force
• attempted forcible entry
Types of burglaries:
![Page 33: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 33
Burglary • 29.5% of all burglaries are unlawful
entries.• 63.7% are forcible entries.• 6.8% are attempted forcible entries.• 2.1 million burglaries reported in 2000.• Daytime burglaries are the most
common.• The clearance rate in 2000 was only
13.4%.
![Page 34: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 34
Robbery The unlawful taking or
attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or threat of force.
![Page 35: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 35
Excludes:
• threat to expose a victim -for instance as a
homosexual or embezzler
• force applied after the taking, as it does not constitute robbery
• purse snatching
Robbery
![Page 36: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 36
RobberyMost of those arrested are: • young males (90%)• under age 25 (63%)• members of minority groups (56%)
Robbery Rates in 2000 (per 100,000):•large cities – 440.2•rural areas – 15.5
![Page 37: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 37
Larceny-theft
The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property other than a motor vehicle from the possession of another – by stealth, without force, and without deceit – with intent to deprive the owner of the property permanently.
![Page 38: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 38
Includes (in declining order of frequency):
• theft from motor vehicles• shoplifting• theft of motor vehicle parts and
accessories• theft from buildings • bicycle thefts• pocket picking• purse snatching• theft from coin operated machines
Larceny-theft
![Page 39: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 39
The most common form of larceny in recent years has been the theft of motor vehicle accessories and contents (tires, wheels, stereos, hubcaps, radar detectors, tapes, compact discs, and cell phones) and thefts of farm animals (rustling). Theft of farm machinery is considered larceny.
Larceny-theft
![Page 40: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 40
• It is the most frequently reported major crime.
• Total value of property stolen is placed at $5.1 billion dollars.
Larceny-theft
![Page 41: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 41
The unlawful taking or attempted taking of a self-propelled road vehicle owned by another, with the intent to deprive him or her of it permanently or temporarily.
Motor Vehicle Theft
![Page 42: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 42
Includes:
• automobiles• motorcycles • motor scooters• trucks• buses• snowmobiles
Motor Vehicle Theft
![Page 43: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 43
Excludes:• trains• airplanes• bulldozers• most farm equipment• ships• boats• spacecraft
Motor Vehicle Theft
![Page 44: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 44
Types: • short-term transportation• long-term transportation• commission of another crime• profit
• highly organized professionals• amateur auto strippers who steal
for parts
Motor Vehicle Theft
![Page 45: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 45
• Legally, this is a type of robbery not a motor vehicle theft.
• It accounts for just over 1% of all car thefts.
• Victims and perpetrators tend to be young African-American males.
• About half of carjacking committed by gangs or groups.
• About 24% of victims sustain injuries.
Motor Vehicle Theftcarjacking - The taking of a motor vehicle directly from the owner by the use of force.carjacking - The taking of a motor vehicle directly from the owner by the use of force.
![Page 46: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 46
Car models that have been in production for a few years, without many design changes, stand the greatest risk of theft.
These models are the ones most often taken because their parts are most valued in the secondary market.
Motor Vehicle Theft
![Page 47: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 47
The intentional damaging or destruction or attempted damaging or destruction, by means of fire or explosion of the property of another without the consent of the owner, or of one’s own property or that of another, with intent to defraud.
Arson
![Page 48: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 48
It can include a dwelling, house, public building, motor vehicle, aircraft, or personal property of another.
Arson
![Page 49: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 49
Arson
• It was added to Part I Index offenses in 1979.
• Juveniles are arrested for a greater share of this crime than any other.
![Page 50: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 50
arson for profit -A professional arsonist who sets fires for a fee.
Arson
![Page 51: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 51
arson fraud -Involves business owner burning his property to escape financial problems or for insurance.
Arson
![Page 52: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 52
• Special Arson Reporting System -
1982
• designed to provide data
Arson
![Page 53: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 53
• includes place of occurrence• type of weapon (if any) used• type and value of property damaged
or stolen• personal characteristics of offender
and victim
National Incident Based Reporting SystemNational Incident Based Reporting System
Incident driven, rather than summary based:
NIBRS
![Page 54: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 54
NIBRS
• nature of the disposition of the complaint
• replaces the old Part I and Part II offenses with
22 general offenses
![Page 55: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 55
22 offenses include:22 offenses include:
• arson• assault• bribery• burglary• counterfeiting• vandalism
NIBRS
• narcotics offenses• embezzlement• extortion• fraud• weapons violations
![Page 56: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 56
• gambling• homicide• kidnapping• larceny• motor vehicle
theft• pornography
NIBRS22 offenses include:22 offenses include:
• prostitution• robbery• forcible sex
offenses• non-forcible sex
offenses• receiving stolen
property
![Page 57: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 57
• bad checks• vagrancy• disorderly conduct• driving under the
influence• drunkenness• non-violent family
offenses
Also collects data on:Also collects data on:
NIBRS
• liquor law violations• “peeping tom”
activity• runaways• trespassing• general category of
all “other” criminal
law violations
![Page 58: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 58
Hate Crimes
Criminal offenses in which the defendant’s conduct was motivated by hatred, bias, or prejudice, based on the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals.
![Page 59: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 59
Hate Crimes: 2000
• Police reported 8,152 hate crime incidents.
• The reports include 19 murders.• 16% of total incidents were
motivated by religious bias.• 54.8% were caused by racial bias.• 16% based on sexual orientation.• Most hate crimes fall into category
of “intimidation.”
![Page 60: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 60
White Supremacist Groups in the United States
Source: Klanwatch Project
![Page 61: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 61
NCVS
• It began operation in 1972.• The Survey is based on victim
self-reports.• It’s designed to measure the “dark
figure” of crime.• Data is collected by the Bureau of
Justice Statistics.• More than 50,000 households are
surveyed twice per year.
National Crime Victimization SurveyNational Crime Victimization Survey
![Page 62: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 62
all crime
Dark Figure of Crime
crimes knownto the police
![Page 63: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 63
NCVS
• robbery• assault• burglary• personal and household larceny• motor vehicle theft• rape
Includes data on:Includes data on:
![Page 64: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 64
• 25% of all households are touched by crime.
• About 1/2 of all violent crime is reported.
• City residents are twice as likely as rural residents to be a victim
of crime.• 2/5 of all household crimes are
reported to the police.• 1/4 of all personal theft reported
to police.
NCVS
![Page 65: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 65
• Men are more likely to be victims of crime than women.
• Younger people are more likely to be victims of crime than older
people.• African-Americans are more likely
than whites to be victims of crime.• Young males have the highest
rates of violent victimization.
NCVS
![Page 66: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 66
NCVS Household crime rates are
highest for households: Household crime rates are
highest for households:
• headed by younger people
• headed by African-Americans
• with six or more members
• headed by renters
• located in central cities
![Page 67: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 67
Problems:• There is potential for false or
exaggerated reports.• False reports may be generated by
overzealous interviewers.• Respondents may suffer from faulty
memories.• Respondents may misinterpret
events.
NCVS
![Page 68: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 68
Guns, Crime, and Gun Control
In a typical year, there are 10,000 murders in the United States using guns (handguns).
![Page 69: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 69
Pew Research Center Poll (1999)Pew Research Center Poll (1999)
2/3 of American people believe that increasing restrictions on guns will prevent crime.
Guns, Crime, and Gun Control
![Page 70: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 70
The Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2001, reported 18% of state prison inmates were armed at time of commission of their crime.
Guns, Crime, and Gun Control
![Page 71: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 71
Emerging TrendsEmerging Trends• gun control legislation
• domestic violence offender gun ban
• lawsuits against gun manufacturers
Guns, Crime, and Gun Control
![Page 72: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 72
National Violence Against Women Survey (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998)
Women and Crime• 52% of women surveyed say they have
been physically assaulted as a child or as an adult.
• Approximately 1.9 million women are physically assaulted in the United
States each year.• 25% of women, compared to 8% of men
surveyed, said they had experienced partner violence in their lifetime.
![Page 73: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 73
• 18% of women have experienced a completed or attempted
rape at sometime in their life.• Women are significantly more likely
to be injured during an assault. • Violence against women is primarily
partner violence.
National Violence Against Women Survey (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998)
Women and Crime
![Page 74: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 74
• Women living in central cities are considerably more likely to be victimized than women residing in suburbs.
• Suburban women are more likely to be victimized than women in rural areas.
Women and Crime
![Page 75: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 75
Separated or divorced women are likely to be victims of violent crime:• 6x more than widows• 4.5x more than married women• 3x more than widowers and
married men
Women and Crime
![Page 76: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 76
Women and Crime• Low-income women experience highest
amount of violent crime.
• Victimization of women falls as family income rises.
• African-American women are victims of violent crime more frequently than women of other races.
• Hispanic women are victimized more frequently than white women.
![Page 77: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 77
• Women 20-24 years-old are most at risk for violent victimization.
• Women 16-19 years-old are second most likely to be victimized.
Women and Crime
![Page 78: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 78
Women Offenders
Women are reported to have committed:
• 35.9% of larceny- thefts• 39% of forgery and counterfeiting
offenses• 44.9% of fraud offenses• 50% of embezzlements
Women are reported to have committed:
• 35.9% of larceny- thefts• 39% of forgery and counterfeiting
offenses• 44.9% of fraud offenses• 50% of embezzlements
![Page 79: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 79
While women make up 51% of the population, they are arrested for 17.4% of violent crime and 29.9% of property crime.
Women Offenders
![Page 80: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 80
Economic Cost of CrimePersonal costs of crime:
$17.6 billion dollars per year
![Page 81: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 81
• Robberies - $500 million dollars per year
• Burglaries – $4 billion
dollars per year
• Larceny-Theft – $4 billion dollars per year
Economic Cost of Crime
![Page 82: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 82
Victimization
$105 billion dollars annually in property and productivity losses
Economic Cost of Crime
![Page 83: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 83
Rape – the costliest crime:
• annual victim costs- $127 billion dollars
• higher cost than murder
Economic Cost of Crime
![Page 84: © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture Chapter 2](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649f2e5503460f94c48293/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
© 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc. 84
In 2000, persons age 65 and over accounted for less than 1% of
all arrests.
Elderly and Crime