© 2007 mcgraw-hill higher education. all rights reserved. chapter 2 the emotional and intellectual...
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© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2The Emotional
and Intellectual Basis of Stress
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Overview
This chapter Examines relationship between emotions,
intelligence, and stress Defines personality and how it develops Examines ways some personality types are
more or less susceptible to stress than others
Discusses the notion of emotional intelligence
Presents a theory of stress appraisal that converges intellectual and emotional factors
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Outline Emotions and stress Personality development and
types Intelligence and stress Emotional intelligence Perception and stress
appraisal
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The Emotional Basis of Stress
Emotions and stress Emotion: “a feeling, and its
distinctive thoughts, psycological and biological states, and range of propensities to act” (Daniel Goleman)
Lazarus’ stress emotions Core relational themes
(internalized personal scripts)
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Emotions in Japanese Psychotherapy
Morita therapy: the action element of Japanese psychotherapy
Reynolds adapted Shomo Morita’s five guiding principles of feelings
“Living Constructively” boxes throughout the textbook focus on Morita and Naikan (the introspective element of) Japanese psychology
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Personality Defined Personality: a collection of
thoughts, attitudes, values, beliefs, perceptions, behaviors, and emotions that define who we are, how we view the world around us, and how others perceive us
Personality is constantly evolving
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Emotional Development and Personality
Personality development theories Watson (behaviorism) Freud (psychoanalytical theory) Erikson (developmental stages and
tasks) Piaget (cognitive development) Kohlberg (moral development) Maslow (hierarchy of needs)
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Stress and Personality Stress-Prone Personality Types Type A Personality Type C Personality (Ellis’s) Irrational, Illogical
Personality Negative Self-Talk Millon’s Model
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The Type A Personality
Pioneered by cardiologists Friedman and Rosenman (1974) Noticed their cardiology
patients always tried to achieve more in less time
Hypothesized this was stressful and harmful to one’s heart
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Characteristics of Type A Personality
Competitive Verbally aggressive Hard-driving Unable to relax Very time conscious Easily angered Hostile
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Type A Personality Body Language and Speech Patterns
Tightening of facial muscles Gesturing with a clenched fist Grimacing Using explosive speech Interrupting the interviewer Hurrying the pace
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Type A Personality Health Risks
Greater rate of cardiovascular disease
Greater rate of heart attacks Increased risk for premature
death from all causes Not gender-specific
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Recent Type A Personality Studies
Clarify earlier work Suggest Type A personality not
a causative factor in high blood pressure
Identify anger and hostility as factors most closely related to cardiovascular disease
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Anger and Hostility
Anger Directed at anything Reaction to a specific situation Road rage is a common form
Hostility An enduring anger directed at
people
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The Type C Personality Identified by Temoshok and Dreher
Described as cancer-prone personality
Responds to repeated failure and stress by giving up (helpless/hopeless)
Suppresses emotions and resigns self to fate
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The Irrational, Illogical Personality
Named by Albert Ellis Founder of rational emotive
behavior therapy (REBT) Believes people or things
don’t make us feel bad Illogical beliefs about people
and things are the basis for stress
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Categories of Ellis & Harper’s 10 Illogical Beliefs (Walen et al.)
“Awfulizing” statements—exaggerate the negative
Shoulds/musts/oughts—set illogical demands on oneself or others
Evaluation of worth statements—imply some people or things are worthless
Need statements—set unrealistic requirements for happiness
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Millon’s Model
Millon identified 8 personality styles that are particularly prone to stress Aggressive Narcissistic Histrionic Dependent Passive-Aggressive Compulsive Avoidant Schizoid
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Stress-Resistant Personality Types
Personality types that are protective against stress The Type B Personality The Hardy Personality
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The Type B Personality Identified by Rosenman and Friedman as
polar opposite of Type A Also known as non-Type A Lower risk of heart disease when free
of diabetes, hypertension, and elevated cholesterol
Doesn’t preclude success and achievement
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The Hardy Personality Identified by Kobasa and Maddi Exhibits three personality traits that
protect against ravages of stressCommitment (actively involved
with life)Control (internal locus of control)Challenge (welcomes change)
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The Intellectual Basis of Stress Our “intellectual resources”
(Lazarus) influence How we perceive potential
stressors Our perceived ability to cope
Intellectual resources include intelligence, life experience, communication skills, creativity, problem-solving ability
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Emotional Intelligence
Goleman (1997) coined this term to mean the intellectual attributes associated with understanding and managing emotions
We can exert some control over our emotions, moods, temperament, and emotional disorders
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Five Criteria for Emotional Intelligence
Knowing emotions Managing emotions Motivating oneself Recognizing emotions in others Handling relationships
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Lazarus & Folkman’s Stress Appraisal Model
The model contains a convergence of intellectual and emotional factors
Things become stressors when they threaten our well-being
Appraisal process influenced by time and environment (context)
Appraisal process has three parts
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Three Appraisal Processes
Primary appraisal: Is it a threat?
Secondary appraisal: Can I cope with it?
Cognitive reappraisal: Is this potential stressor a real stressor?
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Primary Threat Appraisal Threat: state of anticipated confrontation
with a harmful condition Physical harm, emotional pain, or social discomfort
Primary appraisal: Is it a threat? Irrelevant Benign/positive Stress
Threat (harm or loss anticipated)Harm/loss (assessing consequences of exposure)Challenge (possible positive outcomes)
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Situation Factors in Stress Appraisal
The potential stressor Novelty, predictability, event uncertainty Imminence, duration, and temporal
uncertainty
Person Factors in Stress Appraisal
Commitments Beliefs (cognitive configurations)
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Secondary Stress Appraisal
Can I cope with it? Occurs simultaneously with primary
appraisal Coping: Emotion-focused or problem-
focused Coping resources
Health and energy Positive beliefs Problem-solving skills Social skills Social support Material resources
Situational constraints
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Cognitive Reappraisal
Is this potential stressor a real stressor?
Reassessing after weighing all of the situational factors, commitments and beliefs, and assessing ability to cope
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2: The Emotional and Intellectual Basis of Stress
Summary