© 2007 mcgraw-hill higher education. all rights reserved. wound care and bloodborne pathogens juan...
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© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Wound Care and
Bloodborne Pathogens Juan Cuevas, ATC
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
• Healthcare facility must be maintained as ______ and sterile to prevent spread of disease and _______
• Must take precautions to minimize ______
• Must take whatever measures to prevent contamination
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Bloodborne Pathogens
• Pathogenic organisms, present in human ______ and other fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, ______, vaginal secretion and synovial fluid) that can potentially cause _______
• Most significant pathogens are Hepatitis __, ___ and _____
• Others that exist are Hepatitis A, D, E and syphilis
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Hepatitis B• Major cause of _____ infection, resulting in
swelling, soreness, loss of normal ______ function
• Signs and symptoms– ____-like symptoms like fatigue, weakness, nausea,
abdominal pain, headache, fever, and possibly _______________
– Possible that individual will not exhibit signs and symptoms
• Can be unknowingly transferred
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– May test positive w/in 2-6 weeks of symptom development
– 85% recover within ______ weeks
• Prevention– Good personal _______ and avoiding high risk activities– Proceed with caution as _____ can survive in blood and
fluids, in dried blood and on contaminated surfaces for at least ___ week
– Vaccination against HBV
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Hepatitis C
• Both an _______ and chronic form of ____ disease caused by hepatitis C virus (____)
• ___________________ chronic bloodborne infection in United States
• Leading indication for l_______ transplant• Signs & Symptoms
– _______% of those infected have no S&S– May be jaundice, have mild abdominal pain,
loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, muscle/joint pain, and/or _______ urine
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• Virus that has potential to destroy _______ system
• According to World Health Organization 42 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in _________
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
• Symptoms and Signs– Transmitted by infected ______ or other fluids– _______, weight loss, muscle or joint pain, painful or
swollen glands, night sweats and fever– Antibodies can be detected in blood tests within 1 year of
exposure– May go for 8-10 _____ before signs and symptoms
develop– Most that acquire HIV will develop acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (_______)
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• _____________ of signs and symptoms that are recognized as the effects of an infection
• No protection against the simplest _______
• Positive test for HIV cannot predict when the individual will show symptoms of AIDS
• After contracting AIDS, people generally die w/in 2 _____ of symptoms developing
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• Management– ____ vaccine for HIV, no cure even though
drug therapy is available– Research looking for preventive vaccine and
effective treatment– Most effective drug combination
• Antiviral drug ___________
• Slows replication of virus, improving prospects for survival
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HIV and Athletic Participation• No definitive answer as to whether
asymptomatic HIV _________ should participate in sport
• American with Disabilities ______ says athletes infected cannot be discriminated against and may only be excluded with __________ sound basis
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– Disinfectant• Contaminated surfaces should be clean immediately with
solution of ________ ratio approved disinfectant to water
• Should inactivate HIV
• Contaminated towels should be bagged, labeled, and separated from other soiled laundry, then transported in biohazard container
– Wash in ______ water (159.8 degrees F for 25 minutes)– Laundry done outside institution should be OSHA certified
– Sharps• ________, razorblades, and scalpels
• use extreme care in handling and disposing all sharps
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Caring for Skin Wounds
• Skin wounds are extremely common in sports
• Soft pliable nature of skin makes it susceptible to _______
• Numerous mechanical forces can result in trauma– ________, scrapping, pressure, ________,
cutting and penetration
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• Types of wounds– _________
• Skin scraped against rough surface• _____ layer of skin wears away exposing numerous capillaries• Often involves exposure to dirt and foreign materials = increased risk
for ________
– __________________• Sharp or pointed object ________ tissues – results in wound with
jagged edges• May also result in tissue avulsion
– _________• Wounds with smooth edges
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– ____________ wounds• Can easily occur during activity and can be ______
• Penetration of tissue can result in introduction of tetanus bacillus to bloodstream
• All severe lacerations and puncture wounds should be referred to a ____________
– __________________ wounds• Skin is torn from _______ = major bleeding
• Place avulsed tissue in moist ______ (saline), plastic bag and immerse in cold water
• Take to hospital for reattachment
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Immediate Care
• Should be cared for immediately
• ______ wounds should be treated as though they have been contaminated with microorganisms
• To minimize infection clean wound with copious amounts of _____, water and _____ solution
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
• Dressing– _____________ dressing should be applied to keep
wound clean– Occlusive dressing are extremely effective in
minimizing _________– Antibacterial ointments are effective in limiting
bacterial growth and preventing wound from sticking to dressing
– Utilization of hydrogen peroxide can occur several times daily before reapplication of ___________
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• Are sutures necessary?
– Decision should be made by a physician– Sutures should be used within __________– Physician may decide wound does not require
sutures and utilize ___________ or butterfly bandages
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• Signs of Wound Infection – Same as those for inflammation
•
•
•
•
•
– Pus may form due to accumulation of WBC’s– Fever may develop as immune system fights bacterial
infection
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• Most wound infections can be treated with ______________
• Staphylococcus aureus has become resistant to some antibiotics– Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (_________)
is more difficult to treat and infection is extremely difficult to treat
– If cause of infection is not discovered early and improper antibiotics are used initially infection that starts in skin could spread into more serious infection
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
• Tetanus– Bacterial infection that may cause fever and
convulsions and possibly tonic skeletal muscle spasm for non-immunized athletes
– Tetanus bacillus enters wound as spore and acts on motor end plate of ________
– Following childhood vaccination, boosters should be supplied once ever ______ years