( zooweb.sbu.edu/theology/bychkov/germanus_71_107.pdf · 2010-10-20 · r ! 74 . st germanus of...

70 ST GERMANUS OF CONSTANTINOPLE

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71ON THE DlVlNE LITURGY

And the sandals show his entering into the way of salvation so that he might become aweshysome to his adversaries and invincible to his enemies and his feet are bound in preparation for the gospel of peace

(

ZOo The bread of offering that is to say which is purified sigDifleS-11ieSuperaoriiidant riches of the goodshyness of our God because the Son of God became man and gave Himself as an offering and oblation in ransom and atonement for the life and salvation of the world_ He assumed the entirety of human nature except for sin He offered Himself as first-fruits and chosen whole bumtshyoffering to the God and Father on behalf of the human race as is written I am the bread which came down from heaven and He who eats this bread will live for ever (In 651) About this the Prophet Jeremiah says Come let us place a stake in his bread (11 19 LXX) pointing to the wood of the cross nailed to His body

i

ZI The piece which is cut out with the lance sigshynifies that Like a sheep he is led to the slaughter and like a lamb that before its shearers is dumb (cf Is 547)

ZZ The wine and the water are the blood and the water which came-oui-fromHlsslde as the prophet says Bread will be given him and water to drink (cf Is 3316) For this lance corresponds to the lance which pierced Christ on the cross

I1lehr~ and the chalice are really and truly the memorialof~tpound=mySUcilsupper at which Christ having taken the bread and wine said Take eat and drink all of you this is my body and blood This shows that He

Jmade us communicants of His death His resurrection and His glory


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ON THE DIVINE LITURGY 73

Thus the priest takes the oblation which is in a basket from the deacon or the subdeacon He takes the lance cleanses it then cutting the oblashytion in the form of a cross he says As a sheep led to the slaughter and as a lamb before its shearers is silent Having said this he places the oblation on ~tl_~_ILd~Cts points over it saying He does not open His mouth in His humility His judgshyment was taken away Who will recount His genshyeration For His life is taken up from the earth Having said these things he ~es the holy chalice and the dea~~~_wDI~and water into it Then the deacon says Blood and water poured from His side and he who saw it has borne witshyness and his witness is true After this he places the holy chalice on the divine table and pointing at the bread the SiCI1fiCCflaml)-aii3 the wine the blood poured out says There are three who bear witness the Spirit the water and the blood and the three are one (I In 58) now and ever and for the ages

Then he takes the censer adds incense and says the prayer of the offering

bull 23 1ruL~tip~~CJftJe 1i~8I_~~~~_~prophecies of the_pr~phets f~~~llin-8__ the ~Illin~of the SonofQod prOClalMlng Our God has appeared upon eartli and dwelt among men (Bar 338) and He is clothed in majesty (ps 921) The prophets are indicating His incarnation of course which we proclaim having acshycepted and comprehended it through the ministers and eye-witnesses of the Word who understood it

24 The erg-8J1~of~e Jiospel lSignifies the coming 1-middot

of ft~_~Jl of (JQf~~ fis_IDtrance into this world as the apostle says When He that is the God and Father

ST GERMANUS OF CONSTANTINOPLEr 74

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I

75ON THE DMNE LITURGY

brings the first-born into the world He says Let all Gods angels worship him (Hb 1 6) Then the bishop by his stole manifests the red and bloody stole of the flesh of Christ The immaterial One and God wore this stole as porphyry decorated by the undefiled blood of the virgin Theotokos The good shepherd took the lost sheep upon his shoulders he is wrapped in swaddling clothes and placed not in a manger of irrational (animals) but on the rational table of rational men The hosts of angels hymn him saying Glory to God in the highest and peace on earth good will to men (Lk214) and Let all the earth worship Him (Ps 654) J1nd heard by all Come let us worship and fall down before him save us i o Son of God (cf Ps 946) And we proclaim the coming which was revealed to us in the grace of Jesus Christ

25 The TLisectaamp~~_~~lmD i$ (sung) thus there the angels sayGTory to God in the highest here like the Magi we bring gifts to Christ-faith hope and love like gold frafik1Iieense and myrrh-and like the bodiless hosts we cry in faith Holy God that is the Father Holy Mighty that is the Son and Word for He has bound the mighty devil and made him who had dominion over death powerless through the cross and He has given us life by trampling on him Holy Immortal that is the Holy Spirit the giver of life through whom all creation is made alive and cries out Have mercy on us

Then one of the psalmists on the ambo facing the altar about to say the Glory after the triple repetition of the Trisagion says Bless (EUAOyf)shyOcrrE) master the Glory in the plural or in the singular Bless (EUA6YTloov) master the Glory The use of the singular represents the tri-hypostatic divine unity as the whole church prays to be blessed by it insofar as it is possible for it being human to be counted worthy to sing the

~ bull


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27 To a XlXOlOot lOttv 5te 6 Tlo~ toO geoO tiJv CJltipXlX [ijv lcpo]peOe xot to 1tp6~otov 8 clvsAooev 11tt troy 6)JlOOv 61tep OYjJlopoundvet to 6gtJlocpoptOV ~ lOtt to ampaoJltotov cpushypoJlo clve~l~oCJev oot-qv 61tepltivw 1tltiOYj~ clpXii~ XlXt l~ouCJlo~ XIX XUpt6tYjto~ troy 4voo auvltiJlwv xot 1tpooiyoyev oth-qv t(jgt geltp xot IIotpl [E1teta-q yap 8 Jlsv 10sooOe 8 a1 lOeshyIDOYj toutsOtt to 1tp60AWJIX 8 ata t1)V ~lov toO 1tpoOevsyshyxoYto~ XIX tijv xoOop6tYjt0 toO 1tpOOevsx9svt~ las~oto oOto 0 geo~ XlXt IIotW ID~ 9uOlov XII 1tpOOltpOpav eoltipeOtov

77ON THE DIVINE LITURGY

Cherubioon and the Trisagion along with the inshycorporeal divine powers to the Holy Trinity itself When he says Bless in the plural he signifies the three hypostases of the Father Son and Holy Spirit and when he adds Master he expresses the one nature of the divinity

26 The ascent of the bishop to the throne and his blessing the people signifies that the Son of God having completed the economy of salvation raised his hands and blessed His holy disciples saying to them Peace I leave with you (In 1427) This shows that Christ gave the same peace and blessing to the world through His disciples

And the And with your spirit by which the people respond signifies that You conferred peace o Lord which is mutual concord You gave us peace which is for indivisible union with You so that being at peace through Your Spirit whom You gave us at the beginning of [your] creation we might become inseparable from Your lovell

27 The sitting represents the time when the Son of God raised His body [which He wore] and the sheep which He put upon His shoulder-that is the nature of Adam which is represented IJJl~ omophorion-above any I lt

beginning power~ or authority of the liiglier powers and brought it to His God and Father [And because the One deifies and the other is deified that is the assumed hushymanity because of the holiness of the offerer and the purity of the offered] God the Father Himself received it as a sacrifice and as an acceptable offering on behalf of the human race About the Son it is said [The Lord

llExtract from Letter I 122 of Isidore of Pelusium

78 ST GERMANUS OF CONsTANTINOPLE

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H ltaAtY f r~Otijp CoO auptGCtTjppoundOU Y01jOeCTj

79ON THE DIVINE LlTUllGY

says to my Lord that is the Father to the Son] -Sit at my right hand (ps 1091) and He sat on the right hand of the throne of majesty in the highest heaven [This is Jesus the Nazarene high priest of the good things to come]

28 IbcLprokeiDenon again indicates the revelation and prophecy of the prolifiets about the coming of Christ Likesoldiersthey rutlaliead and shout You who sit upon the Cherubim appear and come to save us [and God sits upon His holy throne]

The 3postle eyewiJ1~s and minister of Christ proclaiming flie1Cingdom of Christ exclaims sayshying Christ appeared as a high priest of the good things to come (Hb 911) Having a great high priest who has passed through the heavens let us hold fast in professing him With Paul John the Baptist also exclaims He who comes after me is the lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (In 129) He sanctified us in the (Holy) Spirit and fire and stood among you

29 [David exclaims allellla and says Our God will come clearly and fire shall go before Him (ps 493) The brightness of His evangelists has shone through the world] For in Hebrew AL means He comes He appears EL means God and OUIA means praise and sing hymns to the living God

30 The censer _~~1Q~lites$~ bgmanjtyof Christ andtheJiie~~~ The sweet-smelling smoke reshyveals the fragrance of the Holy Spirit which precedes For the censer denotes sweet joy

Again the interior of the censer is understood bull

ST GERMANUS OP CONSTANTINOPLB80

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32 TtooGtpGt 8pound poundUGtTTEAta dow l~poundt8Tj dooGtpGt xGtOoshyALxa nSl~tJt1ta dot XlIta tamp tpound~pdtJOPIJlGt ttiXt lv o~ m91jtGtL


as the [sanctified] womb of the [holy] virgin [and Theotokos] who bore the divine coal Christ in whom the whole fulness of deity dwells bodily (Col 29) All together therefore give forth the sweet-smelling fragrance Or again the interior of the censer points to the font of holy baptism taking into itself the coal of divine fire the sweetshyness of the operation of the Holy Spirit which is the adoption of divine grace through faith and exuding a good odor

31 The Gospel is the coming of God when He was seen by us ampJS llQ Jog~ ~~to ~~_ lhrOllgg amiddot cloud and indistinctly as He di~ to Moses through thunder analigllmiiig 8ndtrUInpets~y ~yoi~ by dai-Knessiind fire on the mouhWn Nor does He appear through dieams as t~_mQDll~$gtut He a~~ed vi~tgtlyen as a true t JEan He _~~seeD by us as a gentle and peaceful kiIlg who deScended quietly like rain upon the fleece and we have beheld His glory glory as of the only-begotten Son full of grace and truth (cf In 114) Through Him the God and Father spoke to us face to face and not through riddles From heaven the Father bears witness to Him saying This is my beloved Son (Mt 317) wisdom word and power who is foretold to us by the prophets He is revealed in the gospels so that all who receive Him and believe in His name might reeeive the power to become children of God (cf In 112) We have heard and seen with our eyes that He is the wisdom and word of God and we all cry Glory to You 0 Lord And the Holy Spirit who was concealed in a bright cloud now exshyclaims through a man Attend listen to Him

32 There are four gospels because there are four universal winds corresponding to the four-formed creashy

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33 To xataoqgtpayCoat tOy cipXtpoundpEa tOy AaOY OltoSpoundtshyXYUpoundt t1)Y tLEAAoUOay ltapouolay toO XptotoO ly ~qgt tpoundt tLEAApoundW lopound08at St~ tij~ 4ofjqgtou tWY SaXtUA(J)Y ItLqgtatYoushyOYj~ ~qgt

34 To poundlAYjtoy oYjtLalYpoundt t1)Y owSOYa Ii lYYjA18Yj 6


tures1 on which the God of all sits Holding them all toshy

gether and having been revealed He gave us the fourshyformed gospel which is joined together by one Spirit And they have four faces and their faces represent the activity of the Son of God For the first resembles a lion characshyterizing His activity authority and royalty The second resembles a calf manifesting His holy work and priestshyhood The third has the face of a man which clearly delineates His coming as a man And the fourth resembles a flying eagle explaining the gift of the Holy Spirit And the gospels correspond to these four animals on which Christ sits For the Gospel of John recounts His sovereign paternal and glorious birth from His Father The Gospel of Luke being of priestly character begins with the priest Zachariah burning incense in the temple Matthew tells about His birth according to His humanity-the book of the genealogy Therefore this gospel is in the form of a man And Mark begins from the prophetic spirit which comes to men from on high making the beginning say The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ as it is written in the prophets Behold I send my messenger (Mk 11-2) It thus points to the winged image of the gospel

33 When the bishop blesses the people it indicates the second coming of Christ in 6500 years as shown by the fingers ltpma

34 The eilitonU signifies the winding sheet in whichJ

le beasts which surround the throne of God in Rv 47-8 and Is 62-3 See also ch 41 below

le Byzantines were fond of ascribing various symbolic meanshyings to the manner in which the fingers were held for blessing Several are described in the Dictionnaire dArcheologie Chretienne et de Liturgie II pt 2 752-755 This particular interpretation is not clear

ItA large cloth which was placed on the altar before the deposhysition of the gifts

ST GERMANlJS OP CONSTANTINOPLB 84

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ON THE DIVINB LITURGY 85

the body of Christ was wrapped when it was taken down from the cross and placed in a tomb

I 35 11te catechumens go out because they ~~~ un-

initiated into the bap~ism of_Ood andthe mysteries of _ChrlsCAixniCihecatechumens the Lord says And I have other sheep I must bring them also and they will heed my voice [So there shall be one flock one shepherd] (cf In 1016)

36 The proskomed11 which takes place on the altar located in tlie skeuoph1~~kion signifies the place (ifCalvary where lesus-Was crucified There it is said lies the skull of our forefather Adam and it is pointed out that there was a tomb near to where He was crucified (cf In 1941-42) This Calvary was prefigured by Abraham when he commanded by God made an altar of stone on one of those mountains collected wood and placed his son on it and then offered a ram instead as a bumtshyoffering Thus the God and Father Who is without beshyginning and ancient of days was pleased for His eternal Son to be incarnate in the last times from the undefiled virgin Theotokos from the loins of Adam according to a vowed promise which He made him And as a man He sufshyferedin the flesh but in His divinity He remained impasshysible For Christ going forth to His crucifixion took up His cross and offered His own blameless body instead of a ram as a lamb pierced in the side with a spear And He became a high priest offering Himself and offered in order to bear the sins of many He died as a man and rose as God and thereby He obtained that glory [which He had] before

tIThe preparation of elements lA round buUdin located near the NE comer of Hagia

Sophia where the precious vessels and vestments were kept where peopJe brought their gifts prior to the liturgy and where the preparation of the elements toot place

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38 t1lalto~ lCTttv avtt twv XpoundtpGgtv Iwcrljcp ltllt Ntltoshy8~pou twv ltYj8poundualivtwv tOY XptCTt6v EppYjvpoundupoundtllt 8pound 8lalto~ ltllt 61tpoundp llttcptppoundtllt ) XPtCTtO~ ltUxAOV oPIlVOO lpcplllvwv 1jptv tv ptltPq ItpoundptypIlCP~ tOY VOYjtov -PiAtOV XptCTtOV xwpwv Iv tltjgt Ptqgt ltllt )pwppoundvo~

39 To 8pound ltot~pt6v lCTtt aYtt toll axpounduou~ 06 l8tellto


the world together with [His] God and Begettor (cf Hb 726-28) J

l 37 By means of the procession of the deacons and ~t the representation of the fans which are in the likeness

JJ~e seraphim the~Jj~~6i~ y~ signifies the entrance J

of alfthe s~lirits and rfghteous ahead of the cherubic powers 4~ and thearigelic hosts who run invisibly in advance of ~middot-Lfthe great king Christ ~ltj~1roceedillg to the mystical

1 sacrlficebome aloft by material hands Together with them comes the Holy Spirit in the unbloody and reasonable ~ 0 (

~lsacrifice The Spirit is seen spiritually in the fire incense Ii

smoke and fragrant air for the fire points to His divinity andtliefragrant smoke to His coming invisibly and filling us with good fragrance through the mystical living and unbloody service and sacrifice of bumt-offering In addishytion the sp~ituaJ ~wers a~dthe_ choirs of angels) who have seen iIis dispensation fulfilled through the cross and death of Christ the victory over death which has taken place the descent into hell and the resurrection on the third day with us exclaim the alleluia

It is also in imitation of the burial of Christ when +1 Ioseph took down the body from the cross wrapped it 1 in clean linen anointed it with spices and ointment carried it with Nicodemus and placed it in a new tomb hewn out of a rock The altar is an im~g~ of the holy tomb and the divine table is the sepulchre in which of course the undefiled and all-holy body was placed

L-38 Jbe disCQ~~presents the hands of Ioseph and Nicodemus who buried Christ The discos on which Christ is carried is also interpreted as the sphere of heaven manifesting to us in miniature the spiritual sun Christ and containing Him visibly in the bread

l39 The chalice corresponds to the vessel which reshy

f ---- - ~-

88 ST GBRMANUS OP CONSTANTINOPLB

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40 To StOxox~luIl~ lOttY a)It1 toO oouSQppoundOU 06 ~)I 11tl tij xecpQlij~ XQ1 toO 1tPOOW1tOU toO XptOt06 1tpoundptXQshylU1tto)l Qlho 1)1 t~CPlP

41 To XQtQ1tEtQ0p4 ijYOU)I 6 a~p lOtI)I a)It1 toO It shy80u 06 10cp~ltOpound to Il)lqllpoundto)l 6 Iro~cp aY1tpoundp XQl 10cpP~ytOpound)I 1 toO II tl~tou xouOtroSpoundQ

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89ON THE DIVINB LITURGY

ceived the mixture which poured out from the bloodied undefiled side and from the hands and feet of Christ Or again the chalice corresponds to the bowl which the Lord depicts that is Wisdom because the Son of God has mixed His blood for drinking instead of that wine and set it forth on His holy table saying to all Drink of my blood mixed for you for the remission of sins and eternal life

40 TheCOyer on the discos corresponds to the cloth which was on Christs head and which covered His face in the tomb

41 The veiL-orth~L a~~ corresponds to the stone which Joseph placed against the tomb and which the guards of Pilate sealed

The apostle speaks thus about the veil We have confidence to enter the sanctuary by the blood of Jesus Christ by the new and living way He opened to us through the veil that is through His flesh and since we have a great priest over the house of God (Cf Hb 1019-21)

Thus Christ is crucified life is buried the tomb is secured the stone is sealed In the company of the angelic powers the priest17 approaches standing no longer as on earth but attending at the heavenly altar before the altar of the throne of God and he contemplates the great ineffable and unsearchable mystery of God He gives thanks proclaims the resurrection and confirms the faith

17Germanus is using the term epeuc-priest-in its archaic sense referring to the president of the eucharist who could at this time be either a bishop or a presbyter As the liturgy he describes here is that of Hagia Sophia the cathedral of the capital city of the empire the celebrant would most likely be a bishop

I

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II

90 ST GERMANt]S OP CONSTANTINOPLB 91ON THE DMNE LITURGY

in the Holy Trinity The angel wearing white approaches crx~t ~oWY ~ cpoy~ v tp6pAp too StlXx6vou x1jputtoYt~ 11 14gt lpound9ltp toG tcicpou clltoxullogtY ~ Xatpl SatxWroy t4gt

the stone of the tomb and rolls it away with his hand C~ tptijJpoundpOY lyapow 6~wY to mtIXltttlXapltX xlXt lly(J)yo pointing with his garment and exclaiming with an awed ~1wJpoundY mlw l80u ltPIDt1j 1J1lplXmiddot CTtWJpoundY 1aCamp cp660u l8w J bull voice through the deacon who proclaims the resurrection SauteplX 1J1eplXmiddot lv alpijv1J ltpoolPepaw l80U tppoundt1j ~~PIX 0 on the third day raising the veil and saying Let us llXo ~oq C1jv tij clvlXCTtcioaw toG XptCTtOU xtipw Elaoy stand aright-behold the first day-Let us stand in alpijY1j~ OuollXv IXtveoaw ~O tapau 8t8liaxat tov llXov t1jy fearn-behold the second day-Let us offer in peaceshy8tamp tij Xciptto 9aoyvwolIXv t1jv tptIX8txijy H Xcipt~ tij~ behold the third dayl The people proclaim thanks for the ciyllX xlXt b1oouolou Tptci8~ 1Etamp ltciYtwv wwv 0 llXo~ resurrection of Christ A mercy of peace a sacrifice of cruvO1Oloyd xlXt cruyaUXEtlXt xlXt llyat Lt 1aCamp toG IIvaushy praise The priest teaches the people about the threefold 1IXt6 oou Elt1X ltcivClX clvlX~t~ci~wy b tapau at C1jv ampYW knowledge of God which he learned through grace The chpouolXl1j1 al to ~po to aytOV lXotoo X-IXt ~oq Bllltan grace of the holy and consubstantial Trinity be with all ampYW oXW1EV tamp xlXp8l~middot ot ltcivu 8t~pwpovtlXt llyoYte of you The people together confess and pray saying EXO1EY ltpO Cov K6ptov ~O tEpau EOXlXptOty)OwJpoundv t4gt And with yOU splrt Then the priest leading everyone Kuppoundltp [0 llXo cruVCpoundgetlXt llywv A~toV X-IX1 8lX-lXtov EOshy ~ inl-llie li-eavenlY Jem Sale~ to His hOlY mountain ex-t XlXptOt1jplou 61vou clvlXltpound1ltovtlX ~ ciyl~ Tptli8t ampvw claims Bebol~_l~ Jsect_it J1JL~pearts Then all IXEw to tij ~uxij ~111X ~1jtoOvtIX t1jy X-IXtOtx1jY tij ampV(J) decl8le ilWe lift them up unto the Lord The priest hpouocxAY)1] says Let us give thanks unto the Lord [The people

affirm It is meet and right to send up hymns of thanksshyEhlX ltp60atotY 6 lepau Jpoundtamp ltlXpp1jollX t4gt 9p6vltp ti)~ giving to the Holy Trinity to have the eye of the soul

Xciptto~ toO 8aoG 1Etamp aA1j9tYij X-IXp8llX lv ltl1jpocpopl~ ltlshy seeking the habitation of the heavenly Jerusalem] ouw clltlXyylllwv t4gt 8e(j) X-IXt crulllXlwy oUx ltt 8tamp Yashy Then the priest goes with-_~dence to the $tQne of ) cpll1j amp ltod MwoOij ly t~ ox1j~ too lJ4pwplou clllamp the grace-Oft16Oand Wftliatru~he~ and in certainty clvlXxexlXlu11lvltp ltpoOWltltP t1jv 86~lXv Kuplou mtOlttEuWY oTTaitIi-~Pe3k_Jto-UOd He cOnversesno longer through i I Jpound1u1jtlXt t1jy tij ciyllX Tptci80 9aoyvwolIXY X-IX1 ltlOCw mt a clo1id~ as once -aiaMoses in the Tabernacle but with It k16y~ ~vltp ltpoollXlat 8aoO 1uotY)PtlX lltIXTIellwv v 1UOt1jshy uncovered face seeing the glory of the Lord He is ) plltp tamp XExpU11evlX ltpO twv IXlwvwv xlXt cllto yavawv Wyl learned in the divine knowledge of the Holy Trinity and cplXvEpw9tvtwy 1J1tv 8tamp tij llttcplXval~ tou noG toO 8aoG faith and one to one he addresses God announcing in Etltap wty 1jyijOIXto 6 1ovoyav1j n~ 6 ij)y d toy x6lltOY mystery the mysteries hidden before the ages and from 100 IIIXtp6 x1X9w llcil1joav 6 8EO t(j) MwoO~ clopcitw the generations but which are now revealed to us throughmt 6 Mwooij ltpO COY 8e6y o6tw ml 6 lapau ~oOY ClOy the manifestation of the Son of God-(the manifestation)lJoo xepou~t1 iOCw ly t(j) lllXOC1jppoundltp mt mtCJxootwy 8tamp ~ which the only-begotten Son who is in the bosom of the ampcrcxtOY ml cl9EIDP1jtOY tij 9E6t1jt0 86~av ta xal la1ltp6shy Father revealed to us God truly spoke invisibly to Moses 11j1a t1jy lltoupcivtov laCpElIXY yoap~ 6pwy xal 1udtat x1X1 and Moses to God so now the priest standiJlg between ~ twaPXtxij TptciSo t~ Illap~w too ply 8pound00 ml th~o_Clt~IilmLiD Jli~ sanCtUitf~tlDclbQ~~i~9Xi acshyUGI1pb_ 10 ampYIXPXOY xat clytw1jtoY [toO SA noo xlXt A6you count of the dreadful and uncontemplable glory and bright-

I

92 ST GBRMANUS OF CONSTANTINOPLE

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ON THE DMNB LITURGY 93

ness of the Godhead and contemplating the heavenly liturgy is initiated even into the splendor of the lifeshygiving Trinity-of the God and Father Who is eternal and unbegotten [of the Son and Word Who is also without beginning consubstantial and begotten] of the Holy Spirit Who is co-eternal of the same nature and proceedshying-the Holy Trinity which is eternally unconfused in its hypostases and therefore persons and which by the unity of its nature is the indivisible and inseparable divinity kingship and glory And the priest contemplates and proclaims the thrice-holy glorification of the seraphic powers and of the fourfold creatures With the overshyshadowing Cherubim and the Seraphim who cry aloud he

exclaims Singing the triumphant hymn shouting pro-middot claiming and saying then Holy holy holy Lord of i Sabaoth-this is the thrice-holy-and one God of theJ powers-Hosanna in the highest blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord Hosanna means save who as light comes in the name of the Lord

The spiritual salutation pronounced by all portrays the future faith love concord unanimity and reasonable identity of everyone for one another through which the worthy receive familiarity toshywards the Word of God For the symbol of the word is the mouth by virtue of which almost everyone who participates in th~ word as a rational being also grows together with the first and only Word and author of every wordlI

of lialt~t~~~i~lfutfirih~f as~g~- ~r~i --shythe future after that fearful separation and dreadshy

1Tbis paragraph is taken from tho MYltagogy of Muimua tho Confessor cb 17

in this

In the power he

94 ST GERMANUS OP CONSTANTINOPLB

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ON THE DIVINE LITURGY 9S

ful sentence in the spiritual world that is the entrance of the worthy into the bridal chamber of Christ and the final rejection of the deceptive operation of the sensest

Further the profession of the divine symbol of faith which is made by all prefigures the mysshytical thanksgiving of the future age because of the wonderful words and ways of the providence of the all-wise God for us by which we are saved By this thanksgiving those who offer in gratitude for the divine benefits on their behalf constitute the worthy but they have nothing to give in reshytum for the boundless divine goods on their behalf

The fans and the deacons are in the likeness of the I six-wingect5eraprurii and the many-eyed Che~1im for

way earthly things imitate the heavenly tran- I scendent the spiritual order of things And to one another the four-formed creaturesU antiphonally exclaim the first I

in the likeness of a lion cries out Holy the second~ in the likeness of a calf cries out Holy the third U 1_ the likeness of a man cries out Holy and the fOUrth in the likeness of an eagle cries out Lord of Sabaoth

three acclamations they perceive one lordship and divinity as the Prophet Isaiah beheld when

saw the Lord on a lofty and exalted throne and the seraphic powers standing around and the house was filled with smoke from their vog6 (cf Is 61-4) And One of the seraphim was sent and he took into his hand a coal which he had taken from the altar with a pair of tongs (Is 66)-this represents the priest who with the tongs

lIbid cb 15 Ibid ch 18 uThe beast of the Apocalypse See the note in ch 32


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(his hands) holds in the holy altar the spiritual coal Christ Who santmes and purifies those who receive and partake For Christ has entered the heavenly sanctuary not made with hands (cf Hb 924) and He has appeared in glory in the presence of God on our behalf having become a great high priest (cf Hb 620) who has penetrated the heavens (cf Hb 414) and we have Him as an ad vocate before the Father and as the expiation for our sins (d 1 In 2 1-2) He gave us His holy and eternal body in ransom for all of us as He says Father sanctify them whom you gave me in your name so that they may be sanctified (d In 17 11 17 19) and 1 desire that they may be where I am and that they might behold my glory because you loved them as you loved me before the foundation of the world (cf In 1724)

Then again the priest declares to the God and Father the mysteries of Christs incarnation His ineffable and glorious birth from the holy Virgin Theotokos His dwelling and life in the world the cross the death the liberation of the souls in bondage His holy resurrection from the dead on the third day His ascension into heaven His sitting at the right hand of the God and Father His sec ond and future glorious coming again to us And the priest expounds on the unbegotten God that is the God l 1bullbull

and Father and on the womb which bore the Son before the moming star and before the ages as it is written ~~ Out of the womb before the moming star have I be Jgt gotten you (ps 1093) And again thepri~tasks God( to accomp~~t~4_~dllgpaPotlt the mystery of H1sSon- ~ y

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ST GERMANUS OF CONSTANTINOPLE98

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t1~bolygiftLwbl~l are set forth into the bodYaJl~tllood of Jesus Christ oUt Lord Who says For their sake I sanctifY myseH that they also may be sanctified On 1719) so that He who eats my ftesh and drinks my blood abides in me and I in him On 656) Thus becoming eyeshywitnesses of the mysteries of God partakers of eternal life and sharers in divine nature let us glorify the great immeasurable and unsearchable mystery of the dispensa- i

tion of Christ God and glorifying Him let us cry We praise you-the God and Father-We bless you- the Son and Word-We give thanks to you-the Holy Spirit-O Lord our God-the Trinity in unity consubshystantial and undivided marvellously possessing both the distinction of persons and the unity of the one nature and divinity The priests performing the divine mystery while bowing down manifests that he converses invisibly with the only God for he sees the divine illumination he is made radiant by the brightness of the glory of the face of God and he recoils in fear and shame like Moses who when he

saw God in the form of fire on the mountain trembled turned away and covered his face fearing to contemplate

the glory of Gods face gt Then comes the remembrance of those who have fallen asleep in the God of spirits and of all ftesh Who I

is the Lord of both the dead and the living and Who rules over those in heaven on earth and in the lower regions For Christ the King is present and the Holy Spirit calls all the living and the dead to unity and rest until the appearance of our God and Lord and Savior Jesus Christ and to assemble and come before His face because the chains of all the souls in Hades have been loosed through the death and resurrection of Christ For He has been raised from the dead having become the first-fruit and first-born from the dead (cf I Cor 1520) He prepared a way for all to the resurrection from the dead and granted

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EEIIIIrnlll Ell TO ITATEP HMQN

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ON THEDMNE LITURGY 101

rest in eternal and blessed life to those who have fallen asleep in the hope of His resurrection The souls of Chrisshytians are called together to assemble with the prophets apostles and hierarchs in order to recline with Abraham Isaac and Jacob at the mystical banquet of the Kingdom of Christ

Thereby having come into the unity of faith and communion of the Spirit through the dispensation of the One who died for us and is sitting at the right hand of the Father we are no longer on earth but standing by the royal throne of God in heaven where Christ is just as He himself says Righteous Father sanctify in your name those whom you gave me so that where I am they may be with me (cf Jn 17) Therefore receiving adoption and becoming co-heirs with Christ through His grace and not through works we have the spirit of the Son of God Contemplating His power and grace the priest calls out saying Abba heavenly Father make us worthy to say boldly and without condemnation

EXPLANATION OF THE OUR FATHER

42 OUR FATHER WHO ART IN HEAVEN HALLOWED BE YOUR NAME the name is that of the Son of God

Saying Father points out to you of whose goods you have been made worthy now that you have become a son of God Saying in heaven points out your Fathers native country and home if you want to have God as a father look to heaven and not to earth For you do not

ST GERMANUS OF CONSTANTINOPLE 104

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105ON THE DIVINE LIT1JRGY

The all-holy and sacred invocation of the great and blessed God (and Father) is a symbol of the subsistent and existing sonship which has been bestowed according to the gift and grace of the Holy Spirit According to this adoption when all human distinctiveness is surpassed and covered by the visitation of grace they are called sons of God and they all will be saints as many as (through gracious acts) thenceforth have splendidly and gloriously cleansed themselves by the divine beauty of goodnessshy

43 Then the priest exclaims saying to all I am a man of like passions with you and I do not know the sins of each of you Look see behold God And God is the Holy One who abides in the saints The people respond saying One is holy one is our Lord Jesus Christ with the God and Father and the Holy Spirit For in the past Moses sprinkled the blood of the calves and the goats saying to the people This is the blood of the covenant of God But now the Christ and God has given His own body and poured out and mixed His own blood (cf Hb 919 ff) that of the new covenant saying This is my body and my blood which is broken and poured out for the remission of sins So henceforth with this understanding we eat the bread and drink the cup as the body and blood of God professing the death and resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ to whom be glory unto the ages Amen

The confession made by all the people near the end of the liturgy-ClOne is holy etc-signifies the future gathering and unity beyond reason and understanding of those who have been mysshy

-Extract from Maximus the Confessor Mystagogy ch 20

106 ST GERMANUS OF CONSTANTINOPLB

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ON THE DIVINE LITUllGY 107

tically and wisely fulfilled by God with the hidden one of the divine simplicity in the incorruptibility of the spiritual age during which they gaze with the heavenly powers upon the light of the invisible and ineffable glory which is blessed and they become capable of becoming pure

Mer this as the conclusion the distribution of the mysteries takes place which transforms into itself and makes those who worthily participate similar to the original good by grace making them in no way deficient inasmuch as it is accessible and possible for men so that they too may be able to be and to be called gods by adoption through grace because the whole God is theirs and nothing in them is devoid of His presenceshy

Partaking of the divine mysteries is called Comshymunion because it bestows on us unity with Christ and makes us partakers of His Kingdom

-rhese two pacqraphs are extracts from Muimua the eon fessor Mystagogy ch 21

amptract from Lottei I 228 01 Isidore 01 Pelusiom


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Thus the priest takes the oblation which is in a basket from the deacon or the subdeacon He takes the lance cleanses it then cutting the oblashytion in the form of a cross he says As a sheep led to the slaughter and as a lamb before its shearers is silent Having said this he places the oblation on ~tl_~_ILd~Cts points over it saying He does not open His mouth in His humility His judgshyment was taken away Who will recount His genshyeration For His life is taken up from the earth Having said these things he ~es the holy chalice and the dea~~~_wDI~and water into it Then the deacon says Blood and water poured from His side and he who saw it has borne witshyness and his witness is true After this he places the holy chalice on the divine table and pointing at the bread the SiCI1fiCCflaml)-aii3 the wine the blood poured out says There are three who bear witness the Spirit the water and the blood and the three are one (I In 58) now and ever and for the ages

Then he takes the censer adds incense and says the prayer of the offering

bull 23 1ruL~tip~~CJftJe 1i~8I_~~~~_~prophecies of the_pr~phets f~~~llin-8__ the ~Illin~of the SonofQod prOClalMlng Our God has appeared upon eartli and dwelt among men (Bar 338) and He is clothed in majesty (ps 921) The prophets are indicating His incarnation of course which we proclaim having acshycepted and comprehended it through the ministers and eye-witnesses of the Word who understood it

24 The erg-8J1~of~e Jiospel lSignifies the coming 1-middot

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