© 2011 pearson education, inc. t2/28/12 variances in development (ch. 9.1 – pp. 272-281)
TRANSCRIPT
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
T2/28/12
Variances in Development
(Ch. 9.1 – pp. 272-281)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Intro• Development = The process of improving
the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology
• More developed countries (MDCs)– aka developed countries
• Lesser developed countries (LDCs)– aka emerging or developing countries
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I. Economic Indicators of Development
A. The Human Development Index (HDI)– U.N. uses four (4) factors to assess a country’s
level of development:• Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per
capita – – total output of goods for country– measures relative wealth of country
• Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education
• Demographic = (4) life expectancy
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Human Development Index
Figure 9-1
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I. Economic Indicators of Development (cont.)
– B. Types of jobs• Primary sector – extraction of materials (agric.)• Secondary sector – manufacturing • Tertiary sector – services
– more tertiary jobs, more likely to be MDC
– C. Productivity• Measured by the value added per capita
– gross value minus costs of material & energy
– measures production costs
• MDCs are more productive than LDCs
– D. Consumer Goods• More accessible in MDCs
– Esp. transportation (cars) and communication (phones, computers)
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Figure 9-2
Gross Domestic Product (per capita)
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Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons
Figure 9-4
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II. Social Indicators of Development
• A. Education and Literacy• Education rate = number of pupils per teacher
– lower ratio in MDC (usually ≤ 20); LDCs higher (often ≥ 30)
• The literacy rate = %of people who can read & write– Higher % in MDC (usually ≥ 98% in MDC; 60% in LDC)
• Greater educational access usually equals greater wealth (MDCs)
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II. Social Indicators of Development (cont.)
• B. Health and Welfare• Diet (adequate calories & proteins)
– MDCs receive more than daily requirement – LDCs receive less than daily minimum
• Access to health care– Better health access, esp. hospitals– Most MDCs have cheap public healthcare
» Paid through taxes– One exception: USA (private care about 55%)
• Welfare programs– Geared to elderly, sick, poor, disabled, unemployed– Expensive b/c based on taxes– More common in MDCs
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Students Per Teacher, Primary School
Figure 9-6
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III. Demographic Indicators of Development
– Life expectancy• Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in
the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s
– Other demographic indicators:• Infant mortality • Natural increase • Crude birth rate
– All lower in MDCs
• Crude death rate – higher in MDCs – Why?
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More and Less Developed Regions
Figure 9-10