© 2013 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved. chapter 1b looking inside the...
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© 2013 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1BChapter 1B
Looking Inside the ComputerLooking Inside the Computer
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
1.41.4 List the parts of a complete computer system, List the parts of a complete computer system, and discuss the phases of the information-and discuss the phases of the information-processing cycle.processing cycle.
1.51.5 Identify four basic categories of computer Identify four basic categories of computer hardware.hardware.
1.61.6 Discuss the role of software as a part of the Discuss the role of software as a part of the computer.computer.
1.71.7 Explain the crucial link between data, users, and Explain the crucial link between data, users, and technology.technology.
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Computer SystemComputer System• A A computer system computer system is more than a box with is more than a box with
components; it encompasses four elements that components; it encompasses four elements that make the machine fully useful:make the machine fully useful:– HardwareHardware– SoftwareSoftware– Data Data – UsersUsers
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The Parts of a ComputerThe Parts of a Computer• HardwareHardware consists of the physical (electronic and consists of the physical (electronic and
mechanical) devices that make up the computer mechanical) devices that make up the computer • SoftwareSoftware is a set of instructions that makes the is a set of instructions that makes the
computer perform taskscomputer perform tasks– A A programprogram is any piece of software is any piece of software
• DataData consist of individual facts or pieces of consist of individual facts or pieces of informationinformation
• UsersUsers are the operators of a computer are the operators of a computer
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Information Processing CycleInformation Processing Cycle• The The information processing cycle information processing cycle is a series of steps is a series of steps
the computer follows to receive data:the computer follows to receive data:• InputInput: : The computer accepts data from some sourceThe computer accepts data from some source• ProcessingProcessing:: The computer's processing components The computer's processing components
perform actions on or with the dataperform actions on or with the data• OutputOutput:: The computer provides the results of its The computer provides the results of its
processingprocessing• StorageStorage: : The computer stores the results of its processingThe computer stores the results of its processing
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Essential Computer HardwareEssential Computer Hardware• Circuit boardCircuit board• ProcessorsProcessors• MemoryMemory• Input/output devicesInput/output devices
– Communication devicesCommunication devices• StorageStorage
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Circuit BoardCircuit Board• CircuitCircuit boardboard - a piece of - a piece of
plastic or other material on plastic or other material on which parts are mounted, which parts are mounted, organized, and connectedorganized, and connected– Circuit boards used to Circuit boards used to
provide a specific ability are provide a specific ability are commonly called commonly called cardscards
– The largest circuit board in a The largest circuit board in a computer is the computer is the motherboardmotherboard
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ProcessorProcessor• ProcessorsProcessors are the complex electronic circuits that are the complex electronic circuits that
are responsible for transforming raw data into useful are responsible for transforming raw data into useful information (information (processingprocessing the data) the data)– The main processor for the The main processor for the
computer is the computer is the central central processing unit (CPU)processing unit (CPU), which , which organizes and carries out organizes and carries out instructions from the user or instructions from the user or softwaresoftware
– In a personal computer, the CPU In a personal computer, the CPU consists of a single specialized consists of a single specialized chip called a chip called a microprocessormicroprocessor
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MemoryMemory• MemoryMemory is one or more sets of chips that store data is one or more sets of chips that store data
and/or program instructionsand/or program instructions– Random access memory (RAM) Random access memory (RAM) allows the computer to allows the computer to
store and retrieve data and instructions very quicklystore and retrieve data and instructions very quickly– Read-only memory (ROM) Read-only memory (ROM) permanently stores datapermanently stores data
• ROM is called ROM is called nonvolatilenonvolatile because the contents are never lost because the contents are never lost
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Input/Output DevicesInput/Output Devices• Input devices accept data and instructions from the Input devices accept data and instructions from the
user or another computeruser or another computer • Output devices return processed data to the user or Output devices return processed data to the user or
another computer another computer • Some types of hardware can act as both input and Some types of hardware can act as both input and
output devices (e.g., touch screens, communication output devices (e.g., touch screens, communication devices)devices)
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Communication DevicesCommunication Devices• NetworkingNetworking is the process of connecting one is the process of connecting one
computer to anothercomputer to another• Communication devices typically used include:Communication devices typically used include:
– ModemModem: : converts digital data to analog signals and analog converts digital data to analog signals and analog to digitalto digital
– Network interface cards (NICs)Network interface cards (NICs): digital-to-digital hardware : digital-to-digital hardware components that allow communication and can uniquely components that allow communication and can uniquely identify the computing device on the networkidentify the computing device on the network
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StorageStorage• StorageStorage devices hold data permanently. There are devices hold data permanently. There are
three main types:three main types:– Magnetic disksMagnetic disks– Optical storageOptical storage– Solid state drivesSolid state drives
• Like memory, storage size is measured in terms of Like memory, storage size is measured in terms of bytesbytes: the amount of memory it takes to store a : the amount of memory it takes to store a single character, such as a letter or numeral.single character, such as a letter or numeral.
• Other storage units: Other storage units: kilobytes, megabytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, gigabytes, andand terabytes. terabytes.
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Magnetic DisksMagnetic Disks• Magnetic disks Magnetic disks - round, - round,
flat objects that spin flat objects that spin around their center, around their center, almost always housed almost always housed inside a case of some inside a case of some kindkind– Read/write heads Read/write heads read read
data from the disk or data from the disk or write data onto the diskwrite data onto the disk
– The complete device The complete device that holds the disk is a that holds the disk is a disk drivedisk drive
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Optical StorageOptical Storage• Optical storageOptical storage uses lasers to read data from or uses lasers to read data from or
write data to the reflective surface of an optical discwrite data to the reflective surface of an optical disc– CD-R CD-R disks allow you to create your own disks but cannot disks allow you to create your own disks but cannot
be erased and reusedbe erased and reused– CD-RW CD-RW disks allow you to write and erase data multiple disks allow you to write and erase data multiple
times on the same disktimes on the same disk– DVDs DVDs are popular for permanent, removable storage are popular for permanent, removable storage
because they hold a great deal of databecause they hold a great deal of data– Blu-ray discsBlu-ray discs use a blue-spectrum laser which greatly use a blue-spectrum laser which greatly
increase the disc’s storage capacityincrease the disc’s storage capacity
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Solid State DriveSolid State Drive• Solid state drive (SSD) Solid state drive (SSD) - - a a
memory subsystem that memory subsystem that relies on special kinds of relies on special kinds of ROM to permanently store ROM to permanently store datadata– Flash drives Flash drives are a type are a type
of SSD that connects to of SSD that connects to the computer with a USB the computer with a USB plugplug
– Also includes the small, Also includes the small, thin memory cards, such thin memory cards, such as as CompactFlash (CF)CompactFlash (CF) and and Secure Digital (SD)Secure Digital (SD)..
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SoftwareSoftware• Software programs tell the computer's hardware Software programs tell the computer's hardware
components what to docomponents what to do• A computer using a program is said to be A computer using a program is said to be runningrunning or or
executingexecuting the program the program• When software is When software is installedinstalled, the program is written , the program is written
into the computer’s permanent storageinto the computer’s permanent storage• Application software tells the computer how to Application software tells the computer how to
accomplish specific tasksaccomplish specific tasks
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System SoftwareSystem Software• System software System software is any program that controls the is any program that controls the
computer's hardware or can be used to maintain the computer's hardware or can be used to maintain the computercomputer– FirmwareFirmware is used to directly control hardware devices is used to directly control hardware devices – Operating systemsOperating systems tell the computer how to use its own tell the computer how to use its own
componentscomponents– A A network operating system network operating system allows computers to allows computers to
communicate and share filescommunicate and share files– UtilitiesUtilities are programs that make the computer system are programs that make the computer system
easier to use or perform a highly specialized functioneasier to use or perform a highly specialized function
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Computer DataComputer Data• DataData refers to raw materials used to create refers to raw materials used to create
informationinformation• Computer data are organized into Computer data are organized into filesfiles, which are , which are
sets of data grouped together and given a namesets of data grouped together and given a name• A file of data that a user can open and use is often A file of data that a user can open and use is often
called a called a documentdocument
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The User’s RoleThe User’s Role• The following roles are The following roles are
common for the user of common for the user of a personal computer:a personal computer:– Setting up the systemSetting up the system– Installing softwareInstalling software– Running programsRunning programs– Managing filesManaging files– Maintaining the systemMaintaining the system
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““Userless” ComputersUserless” Computers• Many kinds of Many kinds of
computers require no computers require no human interactionhuman interaction
• Typically controlled by Typically controlled by their operating systemstheir operating systems
• These systems do have These systems do have users, just not users users, just not users who directly interact who directly interact with the computerwith the computer