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© 2013 Cengage Learning 3 The Role of Training Goals Improve performance by increasing –Self-awareness –Knowledge –Skill –Motivation

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Page 1: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

© 2013 Cengage Learning

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Training Employees

Page 2: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

© 2013 Cengage Learning

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The Role of TrainingMoney Spent of Training

• According to the American Society for Training and Development (ASTD), in 2010– Organizations spend $125 billion each year on training– 2.14% of payroll was spent on training– $1,081 per employee

• Need to consider– Direct costs– Indirect costs– Hidden costs

Page 3: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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The Role of TrainingGoals

• Improve performance by increasing– Self-awareness– Knowledge– Skill– Motivation

Page 4: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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The Role of TrainingGlobal Types of Training

• Basic skills• Technical skills• Interpersonal skills• Personal effectiveness• Organizational maneuvering

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Training Steps• Determine training needs• Develop training program

– Establish goals and objectives– Choose best training method– Prepare the training– Motivate employees– Conduct the training

• Evaluate training success

Page 6: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Needs Assessment

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What is a Training Need?

• Discrepancy between actual performance and– An ideal– A norm– A minimum– A desired state– An expected state

Page 8: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Analysis of NeedFour Key Questions

• What are we trying to accomplish?• Why do we think there is a need for our training

program?• Is there an actual need for our training

program?• Is our idea for a training program practical?

Page 9: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Types of Needs Analysis

• Organizational Analysis• Task Analysis• Person Analysis

Page 10: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Organizational Analysis

• Goals and objectives• Economic analysis• Organizational climate

– Employee readiness• Attitudes• Time• Commitment

– Management support• Resource analysis

Page 11: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Analysis of NeedIs the Program Practical?

• Will people participate in the program?• Are the barriers insurmountable?• Do we have the expertise?• Do we have the funding?

Page 12: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Resource Analysis• Funding

– How much

• Staff– Number– Skills– Availability

• Physical resources– Office space– Phones– Computers– Vehicles

Page 13: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Task Analysis

• Job analysis identifies– Tasks– Conditions under which tasks are performed– KSAOs needed to perform tasks under those

conditions• Task analysis identifies how tasks are learned

– Expected at time-of-hire– Easily taught on-the-job– Current training program– No training

Page 14: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Example of a Task Analysis

Task How task is learnedAnswer customer questions about rates Basic rate charts

Process customer transactions Basic teller training

Calm irate customers

Check loan applications for accuracy Loan processing course

Ask customers to complete VISA applications

Input customer transactions into the computer Basic teller training

Answer customer questions about services Basic teller training

Page 15: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Person Analysis

• Performance appraisal scores• Surveys• Interviews• Skill and knowledge tests• Critical incidents

Page 16: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Critical IncidentsCategory Excellent Poor Total

Interest in residents 31 19 50

Availability 14 27 41

Responsibility 12 20 32

Fairness 18 10 28

Self-adherence to rules 0 28 28

Social skills 19 7 26

Programming 13 7 20

Self-confidence 12 8 20

Rule enforcement 4 4 18

Authoritarianism 1 16 17

Counseling skills 12 4 16

Self-control 5 2 7

Confidentiality 1 2 3

Page 17: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Developing a Training Program

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Developing a Training ProgramSetting Goals and Objectives

• What Do You Want to Accomplish– Knowledge (general v. expert, narrow v. Broad)– Skill (what level of proficiency?)– Motivation (How much and for how long?)– Appreciation (e.g., diversity)

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Developing a Training ProgramSetting Goals and Objectives

• Goals should state– What learners are expected to do– The conditions under which they are

expected to do it– The level at which they are expected to do it

• Goals should be– Concrete– Attainable

• Can you accomplish your objectives?

Page 20: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Developing a Training ProgramSetting Goals and Objectives

• Properly written objective statements include (Kroehnert, 2000):– Action word– Item– Condition– Standard

Page 21: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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ExampleBy the end of this training session, you will be able to

answer / customer questions about loan rates/(action word) (item)

without asking others / 90% of the time (condition) (standard).

Page 22: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Example

By the end of this training session, you will be able to

balance / the teller drawer / without assistance /(action word) (item) (condition)

in 30 minutes with no errors. (standard).

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Example

By the end of this training session, you will be able to

compute / adverse impact levels / using a calculator /(action word) (item) (condition)

with no errors. (standard).

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Choosing the Best Training Method• Classroom Training

– Lecture to acquire knowledge (live or video)– Case studies to apply knowledge– Simulation exercises to practice new skills– Role play and behavioral modeling to learn interpersonal skills

• Distance Learning– Books– Videos– Interactive video– Programmed instruction

• Web-based instruction (e-learning)• Computer-based instruction

Page 25: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Choosing the Best Training Method

• On-the Job Training– Modeling– Job rotation– Apprentice training– Coaching– Mentoring– Performance appraisal

Page 26: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Conducting Classroom Training

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Classroom Training Options• Lecture to acquire knowledge (live or video)• Case studies to apply knowledge• Simulation exercises to practice new skills• Role play and behavioral modeling to learn

interpersonal skills

Page 28: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Preparing the Presentation

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How Long Does it Take to Prepare?

• Zemke (1997) – 30 hours of prep for each

training hour• Diekmann (2001)

– 50 hours of prep per training hour

• Aamodt (2013)– 16 hours of prep per

training hour

Page 30: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Initial Planning• Anticipate problems

– What if a bulb goes out?– What if extra people show up?– What if the weather is bad?

• What does the audience need?– Paper and pens?– Calculators?

• Prepare– Your talk– Handouts– Visuals– Marketing materials

• Practice, practice, practice

Page 31: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Supplementing Lecture• Case studies to apply knowledge

– Actual situations– Living cases are best

• Simulations to practice new skills• Role play to practice interpersonal skills

– Regular role play– Behavior modeling

• Teach technique• View videos of good and bad performance• Critique videos• Have audience role play• Provide feedback on role play

Page 32: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Are case studies and scenarios an effective form of training?

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Behavioral Modelinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWSIdMnggrc bad example role play

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64Z4H_QI4lo good example

Page 34: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Motivating Employees to Attend Training

• Require attendance on the clock• Voluntary

– On the clock– Just in time rather than just in case– Make training interesting– Focus on core competencies– Increase employee buy-in

• Choice• Help develop

– Provide incentives (food, certificates, college credit, pay increase)

– Provide food– Reduce stress associated with attending

Page 35: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Delivering the Training ProgramInitial Decisions

• Who will conduct the training?– In-house trainers ($750 per seminar hour to develop)– External trainers ($100-$500 per seminar hour)– Videos

• $200 - $900 to purchase• $2,000 per finished minute to produce

– Local universities• Where will it be held?

– On-site– Off-site

• Local hotel• Resort area

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Where will it be?

• Size of room– Comfort– Atmosphere– Need for PA system

• Seating Arrangement– Theater style

• Rows• Circle

– Conference style• Rows• U-shape

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Where will it be?

• Physical Aspects– Lighting– Temperature– Noise– Distractions– Acoustic quality

• Types of chairs and tables

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• How long should the training be?– Considerations

• Efficiency• Attention span• Time away from work• Massed vs. distributed practice

– Options• 1-2 hours• Half day• Full day• Several days

Page 39: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Preparing for Classroom Training

• Adjusting for the Audience– Considerations

• Size• Demographics• Ability• Readiness

– Options• Amount of discussion• Types of multi-media• Types of exercises

Page 40: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Creating Handouts• Considerations

– Size of audience– Budget– Length and type of presentation

• Include– Cover sheet– List of goals and objectives– Information about the speaker– Schedule– Notes– Activity sheets– References/further reading– Form to evaluate your presentation

Page 41: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Developing Your Presentation• What is your goal?

– Best approach to reach goal– Limitations

• Research your topic– Library– Internet– Interviews

• Develop an outline• Create or locate learning aids

– Visuals– Handouts– Activities– Videos

Page 42: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Developing Your PresentationMaking the Presentation Interesting

• Informative– Relevant to the lives of the audience– Unusual or interesting topic

• Fun– Humor– Stories

• Variety– Lecture– Discussion– Activity– Videos

Page 43: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Developing Your PresentationMaking the Presentation Interesting

• Energy– Speaker pace– Audience activity

• Audience Interaction– Expertise sharing– Experience sharing– Discussion/opinions

Page 44: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Practicing Your Presentation• Simulate the presentation setting

– Practice aloud– Practice standing up

• Time your presentation• Memorize your opening few

sentences• Watch yourself in a mirror

Page 45: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Prior to the PresentationRelax

• Identify your fear• Solid preparation reduces anxiety• Memorize your first few lines• Be familiar with the equipment• Walk calmly to the podium, smile

at the audience, and begin

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Delivering the Training Program

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Making the PresentationThe Introduction

• What are you trying to establish?– Identity– Credibility– Personality– Atmosphere

• Issues– Do they already know you?– How long is the presentation?

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Making the PresentationThe Introduction

• Who will make the introduction?– Other person

• Provide an introduction in advance• Do not just give a resume• Bring a copy with you

– Self-introduction• Keep short• Rely on speaker info in the handouts

Page 49: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Making the PresentationThe Introduction

• Introducing Someone– Practice the introduction– Pronounce speaker’s name properly– Repeat the name several times– Greet the speaker on the stage

• Don’t leave the stage empty• Shake hands and then leave/sit

– Opening should grab the audience’s attention– Body should briefly establish purpose– Closing should lead into the presentation– Get the audience to applaud before and after the

presentation

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Making the PresentationIcebreakers and Energizers

• Why?• Get people to know one another• Get people talking• Wake-up the audience• Get people thinking about the topic

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Making the PresentationIcebreakers and Energizers

• Types• Introductions• Jokes or stories• Group activities• Open-ended questions to elicit audience

response/discussion• Free writes

• Considerations• Time• Nature of the audience

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What icebreakers have you seen that you liked? Disliked?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVM2i1eNQpU&feature=related

Page 53: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Making the PresentationMinimal Presentation Skills

• Making eye contact with the audience• Using effective gestures• Not reading your presentation

– Use your visuals to guide you– Know your topic– Practice

• Not hiding behind a podium

Page 54: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Making the PresentationMinimal Presentation Skills

• Using a conversational style• Being Confident

– Avoid use of fillers– Speak at an appropriate volume– Don’t brag about yourself

• Speaking at an appropriate pace• Not swearing or putting others down

Page 55: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Making the PresentationAnswering Questions

• Anticipate questions in advance• Repeat the question if the room is large• If you are unsure of the question

– Ask the person to repeat– “Is what you are asking…”

• Ask if you have answered the question sufficiently• If you don’t know the answer

– Don’t bluff, but you can qualify a guess– Ask if anyone in the audience knows– Tell the person you will get the answer for them

Page 56: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Making the PresentationUsing Humor

• Don’t force humor– If you are not a funny person, don’t rely on humor– The humor should meet an objective

• Keep the audience interested• Demonstrate a point

• Humor can come from– Jokes– Stories– Clip art– Audience members– Video clips– Cartoons

Page 57: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Making the PresentationUsing Humor

• Humor should not be at the expense of others• Self-depreciating humor works well in

moderation• Avoid jokes that might offend

Page 58: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Individual Training Through Distance Learning

Page 59: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Categories of Distance Learning

• Asynchronous– Employees complete the training at their own

pace and at the time and place of their choosing• Synchronous

– Employees complete the training at the same time and the same place although they may be in difference physical locations

– Webinars, webcasts, and teleconferences are common methods

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Programmed Instruction

• Concepts– Self-paced– Trainee is actively involved in the learning– Material is presented in small units

• Formats– Books– Video– Interactive video– Computer based training (CBT)– Web based (e-learning)

Page 61: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Who has taken a distance learning course?What did you think?

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On-the-Job Training

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Learning by Modeling Others

• Characteristics of the model– Successful– Status– Similarity

• Characteristics of the observer– Attention– Retention– Reproduction skills

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• Learning Through Job Rotation– Job rotation– Cross training– Volunteerism

• Learning through Apprentice Training– Used in crafts and trades– 144 hours of formal class work each year– Work with an expert (usually 4 years)

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• Learning through Coaching– Experience employee works with new employee– Problems

• Not all employees are good coaches• Coaching can lower the coach’s work productivity

– Pass through programs and corporate coaches can alleviate problems

• Learning through Mentoring– Mentoring is less formal than coaching– Good mentors can be difficult to find

• Learning through Performance Appraisal

Page 66: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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On the Job Training(9 to 5 – DVD Segment 5: The Xerox Room)

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Motivating Employees to Learn During Training

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Provide Incentives

• Basis for the Incentive– Completion and degree based– Knowledge based– Skill based– Job performance based

• Type of Incentive– Self-improvement/esteem– Job security– Money– Advancement

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• Important Principles– Timing– Contingency– Type of incentive– Expectancy theory

• Motivation = E * I * VE = Expectancy

I = Instrumentality V = Valence

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Maintain Interest

• Maintain Interest– Relevance– Activity– Fun– Variety– Interaction– Expertise sharing

• Provide Feedback

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Ensuring Transfer of Training

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Five Strategies• Use realistic training programs• Have opportunities to practice work-related

behavior during the training– Overlearning

• Provide employees with the opportunity to apply their training

• Ensure management is supportive of the training• Have employees set goals

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Evaluation of Training Results

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Evaluation of Training ResultsResearch Designs

Pretest Training Posttest

Pretest

Pretest

Training

Posttest

Posttest

Page 75: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Evaluation of Training ResultsSolomon four-groups design

Pretest

Training Posttest

Pretest

Training

Posttest

Posttest

Posttest

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

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Evaluation of Training ResultsCriteria

• Content validity• Employee reactions• Employee learning• Application of training• Business impact• Return on investment

Page 77: © 2013 Cengage Learning 1 Training Employees. © 2013 Cengage Learning 2 The Role of Training Money Spent of Training According to the American Society

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Applied Case Study: Pal’s Sudden Service

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Focus on EthicsUsing Role Play in Training

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What Do You Think?

• What are some of the other ethical concerns of using role plays to teach skills?

• Do you think organizations should implement policies on the type of strategies trainers can use when conducting training?

• Should role plays be a mandatory part of training?