© 2013 pearson education, inc. appendicular skeleton bones of limbs and their girdles –pectoral...

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Appendicular Skeleton • Bones of limbs and their girdles – Pectoral girdle • Attaches upper limbs to body trunk – Pelvic girdle • Attaches lower limbs to body trunk

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Skeleton

• Bones of limbs and their girdles– Pectoral girdle

• Attaches upper limbs to body trunk

– Pelvic girdle • Attaches lower limbs to body trunk

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Clavicles and scapulae– Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton – Provide attachment sites for muscles that

move upper limbs

A&P Flix™: Movement of the Pectoral Girdle

Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)

PLAYPLAY

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.25a The pectoral girdle and clavicle.

Acromio-clavicularjoint Clavicle

Scapula

Articulated pectoral girdle

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Clavicles (Collarbones)

• Cone-shaped sternal end articulates with sternum medially

• Flattened acromial end articulates laterally with scapula

• Anchor muscles

• Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.25b The pectoral girdle and clavicle.

Sternal (medial)end

Posterior

AnteriorAcromial (lateral)end

Right clavicle, superior view

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.25c The pectoral girdle and clavicle.

Acromial end

Trapezoid lineAnterior

Sternal end

Conoid tubercle

Posterior

Right clavicle, inferior view

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)

• On dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7

• Flat and triangular, with three borders and three angles

• Several large fossae named according to location

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Figure 7.26a The scapula.

AcromionSuprascapular notch

Superior border

Superiorangle

Subscapularfossa

Medial border

Glenoidcavity

Coracoidprocess

Lateral border

Inferior angleRight scapula, anterior aspect

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.26b The scapula.

Superiorangle

Supraspinousfossa

Infraspinousfossa

Medial border

Suprascapular notch

Glenoidcavityat lateralangle

Lateral border

Acromion

Coracoid process

Spine

Right scapula, posterior aspect

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.26c The scapula.

Supraspinousfossa

Infraspinousfossa

Posterior Anterior

Subscapularfossa

Acromion

Supraspinous fossa

Supraglenoidtubercle

Coracoidprocess

Glenoidcavity

Spine

Infraspinousfossa

Infraglenoidtubercle

Subscapularfossa

Inferior angleRight scapula, lateral aspect

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Upper Limb

• 30 bones form skeletal framework of each upper limb– Arm

• Humerus

– Forearm• Radius and ulna

– Hand• 8 carpal bones in the wrist• 5 metacarpal bones in the palm• 14 phalanges in the fingers

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Humerus

• Largest, longest bone of upper limb

• Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula

• Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.27 The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.

Greatertubercle

Lessertubercle

Deltoid tuberosity

Lateralsupracondylarridge

Inter-tubercularsulcus

RadialfossaCapitulum

Head ofhumerus

Anatomicalneck

Radial groove

Medialsupracondylarridge

Coronoidfossa

OlecranonfossaMedialepicondyle

Trochlea

Greatertubercle

Surgicalneck

Deltoidtuberosity

Lateralepicondyle

Anterior view Posterior view

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones of the Forearm

• Ulna– Medial bone in forearm – Forms major portion of elbow joint with

humerus

• Radius– Lateral bone in forearm– Head articulates with capitulum of humerus

and radial notch of ulna– Interosseous membrane connects radius and

ulna along their entire length

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Radialnotch ofthe ulna

HeadNeck

Radialtuberosity

Olecranon

Trochlearnotch

Coronoid process

Proximalradioulnarjoint

Interosseousmembrane

Ulna

RadiusUlnar notchof the radius

Head of ulna

Ulnar styloid processDistalradioulnarjoint

Radial styloidprocess

Anterior view Posterior view

Radial styloidprocess

Radius

Neck ofradius

Head ofradius

Figure 7.28a–b Radius and ulna of the right forearm.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

View

Olecranon

Trochlear notch

Coronoid process

Radial notch

Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view

Ulnar notch of radius

Articulationfor lunate

Articulationfor scaphoid

Radialstyloidprocess

Head ofulna

Ulnar styloidprocessView

Distal ends of the radius and ulna atthe wrist

Figure 7.28c–d Radius and ulna of the right forearm.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Humerus

Capitulum

Head ofradius

RadialtuberosityRadius

Coronoid fossa

Medialepicondyle

Trochlea

Coronoidprocess of ulnaRadial notchUlna

Humerus

Olecranon

Medialepicondyle

Ulna

Olecranonfossa

Lateralepicondyle

HeadNeck

Radius

Posterior view of extended elbow

Anterior view at the elbow region

Figure 7.27c–d The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hand: Carpus, Metacarpus, and Phalanges

• Carpus (Wrist)– Eight bones in two rows

• Proximal row—lateral to medial– Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform

• Distal row—lateral to medial– Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

– Only scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum form wrist joint

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges

• Metacarpus (Palm)– Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5 from thumb

to little finger) form the palm

• Phalanges (Fingers)– Fingers numbered 1–5 starting at thumb

(pollex)– Digit #1 (Pollex) has 2 bones - no middle

phalanx– Digits #2 – 5 have 3 bones—distal, middle,

and proximal phalanx

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.29 Bones of the right hand.

Phalanges• Distal• Middle• Proximal

Carpals• Hamate• Capitate• Pisiform• Triquetrum

Carpals

• Lunate

Ulna

Sesamoidbones

• Trapezium• Trapezoid• Scaphoid

Radius

Metacarpals• Head• Shaft• Base

Carpals• Hamate• Capitate• Triquetrum• Lunate

Ulna

Anterior view of right hand Posterior view of right hand

V IV III IIVIVIIIIII

I

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

• Two hip bones (coxal bones or os coxae) and sacrum– Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong

ligaments– Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs– Support pelvic organs

• Less mobility but more stable than shoulder joint• Three fused bones form coxal bone

– Ilium, ischium, and pubis

• Bony pelvis formed by coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: Rotatable Pelvis

Figure 7.30 Pelvis.

PLAYPLAY

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hip Bone

• Three regions1. Ilium

• Superior region of coxal bone• Auricular surface articulates with sacrum

(sacroiliac joint)

2. Ischium• Posteroinferior part of hip bone

3. Pubis• Anterior portion of hip bone• Pubis bones join at pubic symphysis joint

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.31a The hip (coxal) bones.

Anterior glutealline

Posterior gluteal line

PosteriorsuperioriIiac spine

Posterior inferioriliac spineGreater sciaticnotch

Ischial body

Ischial spine

Lesser sciatic notch

Ischium

IschialtuberosityIschial ramus

Lateral view, right hip bone

AlaIlium

Iliac crest

Anterior superioriliac spineInferior

gluteal lineAnterior inferioriliac spine

Acetabulum

Pubic body

Pubis

Inferior pubicramus

Obturatorforamen

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.31c The hip (coxal) bones.

Anteriorgluteal line

Posteriorgluteal line

Posteriorsuperioriliac spine

Posteriorinferioriliac spine

Greatersciatic notch

Ischial bodyIschial spine

Lessersciatic notch

Ischium

Ischialtuberosity

Lateral view, right hip bone

Ischial ramus Obturatorforamen

Ilium

Anterior superioriliac spine

Anterior inferioriliac spine

Inferior glutealline

Acetabulum

Pubic body

Pubic tubercle

Inferior pubicramus

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.31b The hip (coxal) bones.

Ilium

Iliac crest

Anterior superioriliac spine

Anterior inferioriliac spine

Arcuateline

Superior pubicramusPubic tubercle

Articular surface ofpubis (at pubic symphysis)

Inferior pubicramus

Medial view, right hip bone

Iliacfossa

Body ofthe ilium

Posteriorsuperioriliac spine

Posteriorinferioriliac spine

Auricularsurface

Greater sciatic notch

Ischial spine

Lesser sciatic notch

Obturatorforamen

Ischium

Ischial ramus

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.31d The hip (coxal) bones.

Medial view, right hip bone

Articular surface of pubis(at pubic symphysis)

Inferior pubicramus

Ischialramus

Obturatorforamen

Ischium

Lessersciatic notch

Ischial spine

Greatersciatic notch

Posterior inferioriliac spine

Posterior superioriliac spine

Auricularsurface

Iliacfossa

Ilium

Anteriorsuperioriliac spine

Anteriorinferioriliac spine

Superiorpubicramus

Pubictubercle

Arcuateline

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Comparison of Male and Female Pelves

• Female pelvis– Adapted for childbearing– True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines

birth canal– Cavity of true pelvis is broad, shallow, and

has greater capacity

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Comparison of Male and Female Pelves

• Male pelvis– Tilted less far forward– Adapted for support of male's heavier build

and stronger muscles– Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep

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Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (1 of 3)

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Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (2 of 3)

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Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (3 of 3)

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Lower Limb

• Carries entire weight of erect body

• Subjected to exceptional forces if jump or run

• Three segments of lower limb– Thigh– Leg– Foot

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones Of The Thigh

• Femur– Largest and strongest bone in the body– Length ~ ¼ of person's height– Articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip

and distally with tibia and patella

• Patella– Sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.32a–b Bones of the right knee and thigh.Neck

Apex

Anterior

Facet for lateralcondyle of femur

Facet formedialcondyleof femur

Surface forpatellarligament Posterior

Patella (kneecap) Lateralepicondyle

Patellarsurface

Anterior view

Foveacapitis

Head

Lesser trochanter

Intertrochantericline

Glutealtuberosity

Linea aspera

Medial andlateral supra-condylar lines

Popliteal surface

Intercondylar fossa

Medial condyle

Adductortubercle

Medialepicondyle

Greatertrochanter

Inter-trochantericcrest

Lateralcondyle

Lateralepicondyle

Posterior view

Femur (thigh bone)

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Bones Of The Leg

• Tibia– Medial leg bone– Receives weight of body from femur; transmits to foot

• Fibula– Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur– Several muscles originate from fibula– Articulates proximally and distally with tibia

• Tibia and fibula connected by interosseous membrane

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.33a The tibia and fibula of the right leg.

Interosseousmembrane

IntercondylareminenceLateralcondyleHeadSuperiortibiofibularjoint

Fibula

InferiortibiofibularjointLateralmalleolus

Anterior view

Medialmalleolus

Inferior articular surface

Tibia

Anteriorborder

Tibialtuberosity

Medial condyle

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.33b The tibia and fibula of the right leg.

Interosseousmembrane

Posterior view

Medialmalleolus

Inferior articular surface

Tibia

Medialcondyle

Articular surface of medial condyle

Articularsurface oflateral condyle

Head of fibula

Fibula

Lateralmalleolus

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

LateralcondyleFibulaarticulateshere

Line for soleus muscle

Posterior view,proximal tibia

Anterior view,proximal tibia

Lateralcondyle

Tibialtuberosity

Figure 7.33c–d The tibia and fibula of the right leg.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Parts offracturedfibula

X ray of Pott’s fractureof the fibula

Figure 7.33e The tibia and fibula of the right leg.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Foot: Tarsus, Metatarsus, Phalanges

• Tarsus– Seven tarsal bones form posterior half of foot– Body weight carried primarily by talus and

calcaneus– Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and

medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges

• Metatarsals:– Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5 from hallux to little

toe) – Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms "ball of the foot"

• Phalanges– 14 bones of toes– Digit #1 (Hallux) has 2 bones - no middle phalanx– Digits #2–5 have 3 bones—distal, middle, and

proximal phalanx

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.34a Bones of the right foot.

Medialcuneiform

Intermediatecuneiform

Navicular

Trochleaof talus

Calcaneus

Cuboid

Lateralcuneiform

Proximal

DistalMiddle

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Superior view

I II IIIIV

V

Talus

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: Rotatable Bones of the Foot

Figure 7.34b Bones of the right foot.

Intermediatecuneiform

Navicular

Talus Medialmalleolarfacet

Sustentac-ulum tali (talar shelf)

CalcaneusMedialcuneiform

CalcanealtuberosityMedial view

First metatarsal

PLAYPLAY

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.34c Bones of the right foot.

Lateral view

Lateralmalleolar facet

Navicular Intermediate cuneiform

Lateral cuneiform

Fifth metatarsalCuboidCalcaneus

Talus

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Arches Of The Foot

• Maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons

• Allow foot to bear weight

• Three arches– Lateral longitudinal – Medial longitudinal – Transverse

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.35a Arches of the foot.

Medial longitudinal arch

Transverse arch

Lateral longitudinal arch

Lateral aspect of right foot

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.X ray, medial aspect of right foot

Figure 7.35b Arches of the foot.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull

• Infant skull has more bones than adult skull– Skull bones such as mandible and frontal

bones are unfused – Skull bones connected by fontanelles

• Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes• Ease birth and allow brain growth• Four fontanelles

– Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoidal

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.36a–b Skull of a newborn.

Frontal bone

Ossificationcenter

Posterior fontanelle

Superior view

Frontal suture

Anteriorfontanelle

Parietal bone

Occipitalbone

Frontal bone

Sphenoidalfontanelle

Parietal bone

Ossificationcenter

Posteriorfontanelle

Occipital bone

Mastoidfontanelle

Temporal bone (squamous portion)

Lateral view

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Congenital Abnormalities Of Skull

• Cleft palate– No medial fusion of right and left halves of

palate

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Figure 7.37 A baby born with a cleft lip and palate.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Developmental Aspects: Growth Rates

• At birth, cranium huge relative to face

• At 9 months, cranium is ½ adult size

• Mandible and maxilla are foreshortened but lengthen with age

• Arms and legs grow at faster rate than head and trunk, leading to adult proportions

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.39a Different growth rates of body parts determine body proportions.

Human newborn Human adult

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.39b Different growth rates of body parts determine body proportions.

Newborn 2 yrs 5 yrs 15 yrs Adult

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Developmental Aspects: Spinal Curvature

• Primary thoracic and sacral curvatures obvious at birth– Give spine a C shape– Convex posteriorly

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.38 The C-shaped spine of a newborn infant.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Developmental Aspects: Spinal Curvature

• Secondary curvatures– Cervical and lumbar—convex anteriorly– Appear as child develops (e.g., lifts head,

learns to walk)

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Developmental Aspects: Old Age

• Intervertebral discs thin, less hydrated, and less elastic– Risk of disc herniation increases

• Several centimeter height loss common by 55 • Costal cartilages ossify

– Rigid thorax causes shallow breathing and less efficient gas exchange

• All bones lose mass, so fracture risk increases