Стратегии отношения к здоровью и медицинской системе...
TRANSCRIPT
Agency under dependence:
stigma, distrust and selfmanagement in using medical services by drug users in Russia
Anna [email protected]
HSE (Moscow, Russia)
Content1.Injection drug users (IDU) in Russia.
2.Drug policy discourses
3.Research framework
4.Strategies of IDU in using medicine,
interaction with physicians
Injection Drug Users In Russia: vague group
from about 630 000 “or at least 1.5 millions” [governmental statistic on patients]
to about 7% which is above 8 millions [FDCS statistics]
Injection drug users and HIV*:
Number of HIV+ IDU unaware of their status [K.Eritsyan, et al.]
Ekaterinbourg – 72.5%, Omsk – 80%, Novosibirsk100%...
Drug addiction in public discourse
MIn current Russian discourses on drug policy dehum
Patient Criminal
Addiction has neirophisioligical base, psychological and social dimentions
Treatment as minimizing suffering and negative outcomes
Patiens have rights
Addiction as a bad moral choice Drug as one root of all health and
social problems Treatment as nurture Drug addiction can be treated
deliberately
Dehumanization of drug users is widely spread currently in Russia and is
extensively used by drug policy (Saran et AL., 2010)
Narcology experts Paternalism and popularity of onedirected methods
(“coding”) “Paradoxes” of therapeutic goals; of ethical principles, of
effectiveness [Mendelevich, 2004]
Survey of 335 narcology experts:
28.3% of European and 62% of Russian specialists agree on deliberate addiction treatment;
24% of European and 56% of Russian experts allow confidentiality violation;
93% of European and 51% of Russian doctors approve methadone therapy.
[Mendelevich, 2011]
IDU's demands for medical help
Special Addiction treatment Prevention and treatment of vein
problems, wounds, overdose etc. Prevention and treatment on blood
transmitted diseases and infections: HIV, Hepatitis, T.B. etc
General
Street drug users and medical helpStreet drug users involved in street drugscene and often have low SES and poor health. A lot are close to prison culture They are the group with high distrust to medicine as institution [Polina Aronson, 2009]
reasons of distrust: social inequality paternalism, trauma in private sphere and negative experience.
“Distrust management”P.Aronson: Strategies in situation of distrust to medicine
1. Refusal
2. Using personal networks for access to better medical help
While having (deliberate) contact with medicine strategies to lower risks are
selfeducation [Zdravomyslova, Temkina, 2009] using financial resources building personal trust with doctors
What suits the IDU? What else is spread?
Present research
39 deep interviews (4590 min) with street drug users
20 men and 19 women
4 Russian towns (Moscow, Orel, Yekaterinburg and Omsk)
Method: deep semistructured interview included questions on drug use history. A narrative mode of interviewing was applied.
One of the topics was related to strategies of health risk evaluation and obtaining medical help.
The analysis included coding and interpretation relied on the context of the interview.
When medical help needed
Refusal …. Avoidance Deliberate interaction with medicine
1. Counseling relatives (spouses) instead of experts.
Thought they may make person become a patient
2. Reconsideration of risks and options provided by medcine(based on common sence of community)
Avoidance of getting medical help
3. Reconsideration of costs and benefits of getting medical help for oneself
Ex.1 Rejection of HIVtherapy. Compartment to use of clear needles: the latter is reachable in terms of “easier, freely, more available and independently” (male, 35).
Ex.2 “I became informed and realized clearly that I have more options to die from police violence in prison or overdose so why bother with laborious treatment?” (male, 39)
Getting information as strategySome IDU use selfeducation as strategy of control on
health generally.
But a lot claim no interest to new information on diseases (HIV)
1. Are they educated enough?
2. Do answers go before the questions?
3. Do they have hope to use this knowledge for their good?
Helplessness and therefore high anxiety
How to manage information if direct action isn't' possible?
1. Avoidance and denial as personal decision
2. Nonrational (magic?) view on problem:“I'd better didn't know my number of cells [as HIVpatient], I could consider they are
OK and support myself through good emotional condition” (female, 26)
“My husband died because he had became aware of his HIV+status. His immune system went week” (female, 28)
3. Reinterpreting risks
1) illusion of uniqueness 2) normalization of danger (deferred)
“HIV is like a running nose” “it's a miracle if you test yourself and you're clear”
Facetoface interaction with doctorsStigma identity: selfstigmatization
creating higherstatus group inside larger group
positive traits and providing new identity
Strategies in interaction with doctors
1. Telling lie and hiding information
2. Personal trust (“good doctor” is nonprejudiced; uses nonofficial language: gets no benefits)
3. Proactive maintaining partnership− Includes avoiding confrontation
Thank you for attention!
Special thanks to Olga Bendina for discussion
Research was supported by “Esvero” in 2011
Presentation design – Andrey Rylkov Foundation