© 2014 ibm corporation experience ibm flashsystem™ as an application accelerator what’s new,...
TRANSCRIPT
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Experience IBM FlashSystem™ as an Application Acceleratorwhat’s new, model 840
Detlef Helmbrecht
European Storage Competence Center – Mainz – Germany
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Agenda
Introduction to Flash Technology
New features of Model 840
New GUI and CLI
Encryption
GA Restrictions
Q&A
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Performance Gap
CPU performance up 10x this last decade
Storage has grown capacity but unable to keep up in performance
Systems are now Latency & IO bound resulting in significant performance gap
From 1980 to 2010, CPU performance has grown 60% per year*
…and yet, disk performance has grown ~5% per year during that same period**
Why FlashSystem
© 2014 IBM Corporation
MicroLatency: How it Affects Your Business
Time Recovered
Disk-Based
FlashSystem
CPU, Network, Memory and Bus are getting faster… so all of your applications WAIT on disk
CPU TimeI/O Time Network
Time
CPU Time
I/O Time
Network Time
Applications see time waiting, not IOPSApplications see time waiting, not IOPS
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM Disk and FlashSystem Portfolio
Storwize V3700
Storwize V5000
Storwize V7000
EntryEntry
MidrangeMidrange
EnterpriseEnterprise
FlashSystem
DS8870
XIV
Storwize Family
FlashSystem Family
FlashSystem Solutions
Winning Means:
Knowing when, where and how to deploy Flash
Focus on Storage Solutions for Improved Data Center Economics
IBM Flash Drawers,Adapters, & SSDs
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM Flash Offerings Strategy
• Standalone all-flash array building block• Lowest latency• Eliminate IO bottleneck or cap BW• Use application-level or SDS services
• Software Defined Storage• FlashSystem Enterprise Performance Solution• Storwize V7000 FlashSystem Edition
• FlashSystem is a smart storage shelf• Use traditional SAN-based services
IBM FlashSystem addresses…
IBM FlashSystem Solutions
IBM FlashSystem
2. Enterprise features that still maximize flash performance
1. Absolute performance for throughput, IOPS, and latency
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840 Data Center Optimized
• 1.1M IOPS• 8 GB/s bandwidth• Multiple connectivity interfaces
- 16Gb/8Gb Fibre Channel- 40Gb QDR InfiniBand- 10Gb FCoE
• Fully redundant and hot swappable architecture:flash modules, power supplies, batteries, interfaces, fans, RAID controllers, etc
• Concurrent code load• AES 256 HW base encryption
• 2U• 625 watts• Field upgradeable, granular capacity:
4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 40, 48 TB options• Intuitive standardized GUI
• Low latency: 135/90 µs R/W• Purpose-built, FPGA-based design• Boosts host CPU efficiency and productivity
Macro Efficiency
MicroLatency™
Enterprise Reliability
Extreme Performance
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Minimum latency
Write 90 µs
Read 135 µs
Maximum IOPS 4 KB
Read (100%, random) 1,100,000Read/write (70%/30%, random)
775,000
Write (100%, random) 600,000
Maximum bandwidth 256 KB
Read (100%, sequential) 8 GB/s
Write (100%, sequential) 4 GB/s
FlashSystem 840
Capacity Options
Flash module configuration
2 x 2 TB 4 x 2 TB 4 x 4 TB 8 x 2 TB12 x 2
TB8 x 4 TB
12 x 4 TB
Raw capacity 5 TB 11 TB 21 TB 21 TB 32 TB 42 TB 65 TB
RAID 0 usable capacity 4 TB 8 TB N/A 16 TB 24 TB 32 TB 48 TB
RAID 5 usable capacity N/A 4TB 8 TB 12 TB 20 TB 24 TB 40 TB
Performance at-a-glance
Data center optimized to deliver extreme performance, flexible capacity and total system protection
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Solving a Problem
No application runs better with storage than it does without
storage
Storage Performance means returning I/O to App/User as quick as possible
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 IOPS
FlashSystem 840, 70/30 4K Random Reads
FlashSystem 840
Ideal
Other
ll
ll
Latency difference means immediate, higher application efficiency and user/app productivity
Sustainable latency means application scalability, cost-controlled growth, investment protection & value generation
Premise: The best storage is the one that sucks the
least
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840
• IMPROVED RAS features: ALL hot swappable components: - Flash modules, power supplies, batteries, interfaces, fans
• Concurrent code load• Encryption
• 2U - Purpose-built/FPGA – eMLC 24nm flash chips• Granular Capacities: 2TB and 4TB modules
- 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 40, 48• NEW GUI
• Low latency - 135/90 µs R/W parallel design• CPU efficiency and productivity: 625 watts• 1.1M IOPS• 8 GB/s bandwidth• Multiple connectivity interfaces
- 16Gb/8Gb Fibre Channel- 40Gb QDR InfiniBand- 10Gb FCoE
1 or 3 year warranty 24x7 – 4hrs – WW support
9843 Model AE1 – 3 year9840 Model AE1 – 1 year
Flash Modules (not SSDs)
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840 (Detail)
2TB Module 4TB Module
Chip Type eMLC – 24nm – 64GiB# of Chips per Module
40 80
Total Raw Bytes 2,748,779,069,440 5,497,558,138,880 Total Presented Bytes
2,061,581,156,352 4,123,162,312,704
Raw Maximum Capacity
32.99TB 30TiB 65.97TB 60TiB
Usable RAID0 Capacity
24.74TB 22.5TiB 49.48TB 45TiB
Usable RAID5 Capacity
20.62TB 18.75TiB 41.23TB 37.50Ti
B
Capacity DetailsCapacity Details
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840
Capacity & Performance Configuration Guidelines
•Cannot Mix 2TB with 4TB modules•4TB modules provide HIGHER capacity and scalability options•Module type has little effect on Read performance•Write performance continues to be based primarily on number of chips & flash controllers
• More chips and flash controllers = more Write Bandwidth• Only significant in “write-heavy” environments• Only significant in “sustained” write environments
•Capacity upgrades are not yet available online, unless virtualized
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840 (Compared to 820)
• General Observations• 4x more front-end interfaces (FC) – 128Gb/s vs 32 Gb/s interface bandwidth• 2x flash chip density (64GiB 24nm) = double capacity per box • Similar FPGA design to FlashSystem 820: 12 modules, 48 flash controllers, 960
chips, etc.• Improved RAS features – concurrent code load, concurrent maintenance on
everything
• Performance Baseline Premises• 2x read performance – 1.1M IOPS• More linear & consistent write performance – 4GB/s• Latency continues to be WAY AHEAD OF THE COMPETITION
• Consistent low read latency – 135µs• Low, scalable write performance – 90µs – 4GB/s
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840 (Compared to 820)
• More about latency: fixing the Blurry Vision… • 100/25µs or 135/90µs?
These are SINGLE I/O latency measurements In a SAN environment, it means queue_depth=1 While this value represents the overall benefit of response time Applications with this behavior are very uncommon
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000IOPS
50/50 4K Random Workload
FlashSystem 840 Ideal
“Blurry Vision” point
ll
Consistent low latency & scalability to heavy workloads
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840 (Compared to 820)
820 840Capacity Points 2 12
Field upgradeable Capacity ✗ ✓20TB per RU ✓ ✓
RAID-5 or RAID-0 ✓ ✓Encryption ✗ ✓
<400 watts per RU ✓ ✓Modern, Intuitive GUI ✗ ✓
Concurrent Code Load (CCL) ✗ ✓Non-disruptive maintenance,
hot swappable ✗ ✓Plug-in Serviceability & tool-
less access ✗ ✓
16 Gbps Fibre Chanel8 Gbps Fibre Chanel
40 Gbps QDR InfiniBand10 Gbps FCoE
✗✓✓✗
✓✓✓✓
Successful Design Factors•FPGA, Flash-Optimized design•MicroLatency™•VSRTM and Two-Dimensional (2D) Flash RAID •eMLC NAND technology•RAID-5 or RAID-0
Improved . . . Performance ServiceabilityManagementConnectivity
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840 (Compared to 820)
IBM FlashSystem 820 IBM FlashSystem 84010, 12, 20, 24 Capacities (TB) 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 40, 48
No Field upgradeable Capacity Yes1U Form Factor 2U
33TB Maximum Raw Capacity 66TB33TB Raw Capacity per 1U Rack 33TB525K Performance (IOPS) 1.1M
5 GB/s Max Read Bandwidth 8 GB/s110us / 25us Latency (read/write) 135us / 90us
8/4Gb FC40Gb QDR IB
Available Interfaces16/8Gb FC10Gb FCoE
40Gb QDR IB2 # of Interfaces 4
eMLC Chip Type eMLCYes Chip RAID YesYes System RAID YesNo Encryption Yes
300W Power Consumption 625W (estimate)
HTML 3.0 c.2001 GUI interface ManagementHTML 5.0 c.2011 GUI Modern, Intuitive,
easy-to-use, reduced learning curve
Hot-swap flash modules and power supplies
Serviceability
Front/Back accessible Hot-swap Flash Modules, Power Supplies, Batteries,
Fans, Controllers w/ interface cards and non-disruptive maintenance and
firmware updates (concurrent code load)
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840
The The GUIGUI that revolutionized storage, now available in that revolutionized storage, now available in FlashSystem 840FlashSystem 840
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840
Encryption• Optional, licensable feature• AES-XTS 256-bit data-at-
rest• Local management• Module-level
implementation (Self-Encrypted Flash Controller)
• Zero impact on performance
• IMPROVED RAS features: ALL hot swappable components: - Flash modules, power supplies, batteries, interfaces, fans
• Concurrent code load• Encryption
• 2U - Purpose-built/FPGA – eMLC 24nm flash chips• Granular Capacities: 2TB and 4TB modules
- 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 40, 48• NEW GUI
• Low latency - 135/90 µs R/W parallel design• CPU efficiency and productivity: 625 watts• 1.1M IOPS• 8 GB/s bandwidth• Multiple connectivity interfaces
- 16Gb/8Gb Fibre Channel- 40Gb QDR InfiniBand- 10Gb FCoE
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Flash Modules (12)
RAID Controllers (2)
Battery Packs (2)
Power Supplies (2)
Fan Packs (4)
Interface Modules (4)
Management Modules (2)
Canisters (2)
IBM FlashSystem 840: Hardware View
Improved RAS featuresFront/back accessible hot-swap flash modules, power supplies, batteries, fans,controller canisters w/ interface cardsNon-disruptive maintenance and firmware updates (concurrent code load)
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Redundant Power Supplies
Redundant Fans
12 Flash Modules(10+1+1)
1U Chassis
N+1 batteries
Redundant Management Control Processors
Redundant RAID controllers
Two Dual-Ported 8 Gb/s FC or40 Gb/s QDR IB Interfaces
IBM FlashSystem 720/820: Hardware View
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840: Concurrent Code Load (CCL) and Maintenance
Fully redundant
no single point of failure
Data path is entirely independent of the control path
Canister-1 Canister-1 Canister-2 Canister-2
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840: Logical View
• Hardware-only data path with extremely LOW latency– Custom FPGA-based data movement decreases latency vs. software
• Distributed out-of-data-path CPU processing• High Performance (IOPS), High Bandwidth
CPUs (18)
Interface Controller
Management Module
RAID Controller
Flash Modules (12)
FPGA
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840: Flash Module, Logical View
Gateway Interface FPGAI/O interface and Direct Memory Access path
Control PPC and DRAM Out of Data path operationsGarbage collection, Error Handling, System HealthWear Leveling, Statistics, etc.
Flash Chips20 per Flash Controller40 or 80 per Module
XOR parityData
Primary Board (2TB) Secondary Board (2TB) - Optional
FPGA
FPGA
FPGA
FPGA
FPGA
FPGAFPGA Flash Controller - FPGA
2 or 4 per ModuleData path, Hardware I/O logic Look up Tables and Write BufferEach controls 20 flash Chips
Scalability and Parallelism: 7,680 parallel flash operations and 1,600 DMA parallel operations
for a second:
In most hybrid or SSD-based solutions, most of these actions are done in SW-heavy layers that ultimately impact LATENCY.
for a second:
In most hybrid or SSD-based solutions, most of these actions are done in SW-heavy layers that ultimately impact LATENCY.
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840: Flash Controller Design
Flash Controller - FPGAData path, hardware I/O logic Look up tables and write bufferControls 20 flash chips
Lookup TablesDRAM
Control PPC and DRAM Out of data path operationsGarbage collection, error handling, system healthWear leveling, statistics, etc.
DRAM Write Buffer
Gateway Interface FPGAI/O and direct memory access
NAND Flash Memory
FPGA
FPGA
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Superior Durability:Using the Best Flash
10X
3X
Superior Protection: Beyond Disk RAID Chip/Plane/Die level protection
Self-Recovering Flash Modules
Avoid system rebuilds
Protection Within And Across Flash Modules
Variable Stripe SizesRead Disturb Mitigation
Automatic Read SweeperHigh-Speed Clock
Recovery
Advanced Engineering = Less Maintenance
IBM FlashSystem 840: Reliability Ingredients
SLC Market demand decreasing. eMLC data protection techniques
delivering more wear life than what market demands
eMLC delivers best Price/Performance
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840 Built-in Encryption
Protecting business’s most valuable asset
Industry standard AES-XTS required by most leading compliance regulations such as HIPAA and FIPS
Local key management
All performance measurements published at GA and later include the affect of encryption, even if it is not enabled – we encrypt with a default key
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Basic encryption concepts:
Symmetric vs. Asymmetric cryptography
Symmetric (e.g. Triple-DES, AES): uses a single secret key for both encryption and decryption
– Allows for very fast and efficient encryption & decryption– Ideal for high speed bulk encryption– Having a single “secret” key creates a key distribution problem
Asymmetric (e.g. D-H, RSA, ECC): uses a public/private key pair– uses one key to wrap, or sign– uses the other key to unwrap, or check signature– the concepts that underpin the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) – Symmetric block encryption specification established by US Government’s NIST in 2001,
encrypts 16-byte blocks of data.– XTS-AES-256
• XTS effectively encrypts every block of data differently• 256 is the length, in bits
© 2014 IBM Corporation
The Keys
FlashController
FlashController
FlashController
FlashController
FlashMemoryFlash
MemoryFlash
MemoryFlash
Memory
FlashMemoryFlash
MemoryFlash
MemoryFlash
Memory……
……
Flash ModuleFlash ModuleFlashVPDFlashVPD
FEKFEK
FWKFWK
Flash Wrapped Key (FWK), the wrapped key
Flash Encryption Key (FEK), the key to be wrapped
Flash Access Key (FAK), the wrapping key
Flash Access KeyFlash Access Key
© 2014 IBM Corporation
1. Local Key Management
2. External (& possibly remote) Key Management (e.g. TKLM)
Key Management
Local Remote
Key Serving Human Application
Key Replication Human Application
Susceptible to human error
On-going basis At initial configuration
FlashSystem 840 Yes No
Key Management – Two of the Types:
© 2014 IBM Corporation
FlashSystem 840 Streamline Management
Modern design
Icon-based navigation, informative graphics, and visualizations
Reduce complexity
Improve efficiency and productivity
Unified, cross-platform design
© 2014 IBM Corporation
FlashSystem 840 CLI
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Easily integrated into any environment
• 8Gb or 16Gb Fibre Channel
• 10Gb Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)
• 40Gb InfiniBand
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem SolutionsFlashSystem Enterprise Performance Solution & Storwize V7000 FlashSystem Edition
FlashSystem Enterprise
Performance Solution
Storwize V7000 FlashSystem
Edition
© 2014 IBM Corporation
FlashSystem Enterprise
Performance Solution
Storwize V7000 FlashSystem
Edition
IBM FlashSystem SolutionsCombine Function and Extreme Performance
• Extreme performance of IBM FlashSystem with IBM MicroLatency™
• Advanced storage functionality with• Thin Provisioning – allocate storage “just in time”
• Easy Tier – storage efficiency
• FlashCopy – point in time copies
• Mirroring/Copy Services – data replication and protection
• Real-Time Compression – up to 5X more data in the same physical space
• External Virtualization
• Easy to cost effectively deploy quickly and realize immediate results
© 2014 IBM Corporation
FlashSystem V840
Smarter storage for the optimized data center
• Thin provisioning• Local and remote replication• Data migration• Virtualizing 3rd party arrays • Automated tiering• Real-time Compression
• Fully redundant controllers • Hot swappable architecture:
- Flash modules, power supplies, batteries, interfaces, fans
• Concurrent code load• AES 256 HW base encryption• Technical Advisor included
• 6U form factor• Two controller enclosures• One storage enclosure• Up to 40 TB usable (RAID protected)
• VMware certified• Application aware snap shots
Form factor
Software capabilities
RAS
Application integration
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem Solutions are Efficient
Thinprovisioning
Value: Purchase only the storage you need when you need it
Dynamicgrowth
Real-timecompression
Value: Store more data with less disk
Value: Optimized performance at lower overall cost
Thin Provisioning
More productive use of available storage
Across all supported host platformsWithout thin provisioning, pre-allocated
space is reserved whether the application uses it or not.
With thin provisioning, applications can grow dynamically, but only consume space
they are actually using.
Dynamicgrowth
Busiest data extents are identified and automatically relocated to highest performing Solid-state Disks
Remaining data extents can take advantage of higher capacity, price optimized disksHot-spots due to poor data layout. Optimized performance and throughput.
AutomaticRelocation
SSDs HDDs SSDs HDDs
IBM Easy Tier SSD Management
Mirror data off-site
Synchronously over Metro distances.
Asynchronously over Global distances.
Application-level consistency groups.Network
IBM Easy Tier® flash storage management
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem Solutions are Resilient
Practice disaster recovery techniques
Value: Train staff and validate business continuity plans without disrupting applications
Application-awarecopies
Value: Virtually eliminate application downtime for backup
High availabilityconfigurations
Thin Provisioning
More productive use of available storage
Across all supported host platformsWithout thin provisioning, pre-allocated
space is reserved whether the application uses it or not.
With thin provisioning, applications can grow dynamically, but only consume space
they are actually using.
Dynamicgrowth
Busiest data extents are identified and automatically relocated to highest performing Solid-state Disks
Remaining data extents can take advantage of higher capacity, price optimized disksHot-spots due to poor data layout. Optimized performance and throughput.
AutomaticRelocation
SSDs HDDs SSDs HDDs
IBM Easy Tier SSD Management
Mirror data off-site
Synchronously over Metro distances.
Asynchronously over Global distances.
Application-level consistency groups.Network
Value: Enable near-continuous data availability
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem 840 Solutions FlexibilityFlashSystem Enterprise Performance Solution & Storwize V7000 FlashSystem Edition
Base Configuration Scale-up Scale-up and Scale-out
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Help clients understand how to deploy: Flexibility
IBM FlashSystemAbsolute Performance & Enterprise Features
Implementation choices:• Absolute Performance• Enterprise Features • Mix of Performance and Features
Flexible services and product integrations: Oracle RAC, Atlantis ILIO, VMware, etc.
© 2014 IBM Corporation
IBM FlashSystem Solution Deployment Architectures
Easy Tier• Completely transparent• Accelerates all workloads
Preferred Read• V7000 vdisk copy• Application-based• OS-based
Manual Data Placement• OS-based/LVM/virtualized access• Partial apps: hot tables, indexes, temp, undo, logs• Complete apps: whole databases• The first step on the path toward “all flash” data centers
© 2014 IBM Corporation46 Global Offering Development46 Global Offering Development
The STG Technical Advisor (TA) enhances end-to-end support for client’s complex IT solutions. TA is an integrated approach for proactive, coordinated support to allow customers to maximize IT availability at an effective cost
The TA offering is built around three value propositions:– Proactive approach to ensure high availability for vital IT services – Client Advocate that manages problem resolution through the entire support process– Integrated Support for both hardware and software
History:– Global Program established successfully in 2008 for XIV storage array– Technical Advisors are located worldwide in close proximity to clients– TA’s are an integral part of the leading edge IBM Support Structure– Technical Advisor support is now being extended to include XIV, ProtecTIER, SoNAS
and FlashSystem 840 & V840
Technical Advisor Overview (FlashSystem 840 & V840)Technical Advisor Overview (FlashSystem 840 & V840)
© 2014 IBM Corporation
New Features (One Page)
Up to twelve 4 TB (or 2 TB) flash modules in a small 2U form factor.
Up to 1,100,000 IOPS, up to 8GB/s bandwidth and latency as low as 90µs.
Hot swappable components replaced via front and rear of the unit– no need to disrupt the system in the rack.
New IBM SAN Volume Controller CLI and GUI for common management look and feel.
Connectivity– eight 16Gb/s Fibre-channel ports– sixteen 8Gb/s Fibre-channel ports– sixteen 10 Gb/s Fibre-channel over Ethernet ports– eight 40Gb/s InfiniBand ports.
Encryption for data at rest.
Concurrent code loads providing no client application downtime.
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Open points solved with SP1
Components not yet concurrently maintainable
– batteries, – RAID canisters,– interface cards.
– FCoE– Infiniband
Revised support for IBM FlashSystem 840 concurrent code load– http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?subtype=ca&infotype=an&appname=iSource&supplier=897&letternum=ENUS114-024
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Q & A
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Resources
IBM Flash Storage:http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/storage/flash/index.html
Support Matrix (SSIC):http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/support/storage/ssic/interoperability.wss
Redbooks FlashSystem:http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks.nsf/searchsite?SearchView&query=FlashSystem
FlashSystem 840 Tour:http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/data/flash/storage/flash/tour/840/index.html
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Disclaimers
Copyright © 2013 by International Business Machines Corporation. This publication is provided “AS IS.” IBM product information is subject to change without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without written permission from IBM Corporation. Product data has been
reviewed for accuracy as of the date of initial publication. Product data is subject to change without notice. This document could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. IBM may make changes, improvements or alterations to the products,
programs and services described in this document, including termination of such products, programs and services, at any time and without notice. Any statements regarding IBM’s future direction and intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only. The information contained in this document is current as of the initial date of publication only and is subject to change without notice. IBM shall have no responsibility to update such information.
Information concerning non-IBM products was obtained from the suppliers of those products, their published announcements or other publicly available sources. IBM has not tested those products in connection with this publication and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance, compatibility or any other claims related to non-IBM products.
IBM makes no representations or warranties, expressed or implied, regarding non-IBM products and services, including those designated as ServerProven.
IBM is not responsible for the performance or interoperability of any non-IBM products discussed herein. Performance data for IBM and non-IBM products and services contained in this document was derived under specific operating and environmental conditions. The actual results obtained by any party implementing such products or services will depend on a large number of factors specific to such party’s operating environment and may vary significantly. IBM makes no representation that these results can be expected or obtained in any implementation of any such products or services.
© 2014 IBM Corporation
Disclaimers (continued)
MB, GB and TB equal 1,000,000, 1,000,000,000 and 1,000,000,000,000 bytes, respectively, where referring to storage capacity. Actual storage capacity will vary based upon many factors and may be less than stated. Some numbers given for storage capacities give capacity in native mode followed by capacity using data compression technology.
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