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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORTBrick Earth Mining & Other Mining

UNAKOTI

Second Edition - November 2019

Second Edition - November 2019

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORTBrick Earth Mining & Other Mining

SS

WEST

TRIPUR

Consultant/FaCilitor

WEst BEnGal,inDia Email : [email protected]

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT: UNAKOTI DISTRICT, TRIPURA

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Prepared By: GREENMINDS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PVT. LTD.

CONFIDENTIALITY CLAUSE

This District Survey Report (DSR) of Unakoti district, Tripura, has been prepared by

Greenminds Environmental Research Pvt. Ltd., Howrah, West Bengal, India.

Any reproduction, direct or indirect other than for the specific purpose for which the report

has been prepared, should not be carried out, without prior written consent of Greenminds

Environmental Research Pvt. Ltd. and Govt. of Tripura.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, Greenminds Environmental Research Pvt. Ltd., would like to express our special

thanks of gratitude to all the Government functionaries of the State of Tripura for their

guidance and for providing necessary information regarding the district Unakoti, Tripura

and also for their support in completing the District Survey Report. We also like to

extend our sincere thanks to all the local people of Unakoti district who have offered

their fullest cooperation unhesitatingly.

We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible

without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations.


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We are highly indebted to:

Department & Designated person(s) Designation

District Administration:

Shri Rabindra Reang, IAS District Magistrate (DM)

Shri Ajit Sukladas, TCS Addl. District Magistrate

All Officers District Administration

Forest:

Dr. Alind Rastogi, IFS, PCCF & HoFF

Shri Mahender Singh, IFS, DFO

Shri Tapojyoti Kishore Debbarma, TFS SDFO Shri Abhijit Dey SDFO

All Officers Forest Dept (H.O)

DSTE: Shri Animesh Das, IAS Director

All Officers Dte. of Science,Technology & Environment

TSPCB: Dr. Basant Kumar Agarwala Chairman

Dr. Mihir Kumar Das Scientist-C & SEAC, Secretary

All Officers Tripura State Pollution Control Board

Rural Development: Er. Shri Swapan Kumar Das Chief Engineer All Officers RD Department


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INDEX

Sl. No. Contents Page Nos.

1. Preface 06-06

2. Introduction 07-08

3. General Profile of the District 09-28

4. Physiography of the District 29-29

5. Land Use Pattern of the District 30-33

6. Geology 34-38

7. Geological and Mineral Map of Tripura 39-41

8. Geomorphology 42-46

9. Soil types 47--47

10. Natural Hazards 47-47

11. Mineral Resources 48-48

12. Methodology of Brick Earth and Ordinary

Earth mining and Guiding Principles 48-48

13. Over view of Mining Activity in the District 48-48

14. Brick Earth Mining: Quantifications &

Recommendations 49-50

15. Ordinary Earth Mining: Quantifications &

Recommendations 51-51

16. Economic Impact of Mining: Brick Earth

Mining & Ordinary Earth Mining 52-52

17. Concluding Remarks 53-53


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Sl. No. List of Maps & Figures Page

Nos.

1. Map 1: Administrative Map of Unakoti District 8

2. Map 2: Location Map of Unakoti District 10

3. Map 3: River System Map of Unakoti District 17

4. Map 4: Drainage Pattern Map of Unakoti District 20

5. Map 5: Forest Map of Unakoti District 28

6. Map 6: Land Use Map of Unakoti District 32

7. Map 7: Forest Classification Map of Unakoti District 33

8. Map 8: Geological Map of Unakoti District 38

9. Map 9: Elevation Map of Unakoti District 45

10. Map 10: Drainage Network Map of Unakoti District 46

1. Fig 1: Bar Diagram of Average Rainfall, Unakoti District 14

2. Fig 2: Bar Diagram of Male & Female Population, Unakoti

District 22

3. Fig 3 : Pie chart of Male & Female population, Unakoti District 22

4. Fig 4: Pie chart of Male & Female population, Unakoti District 23

5. Fig 5: Bar Diagram of Literacy Rate, Unakoti District 23

6. Fig 6: Pie Chart of Literacy, Unakoti District 25

7. Fig 7: Bar Diagram of Cropping Pattern, Unakoti District 31


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1. PREFACE:

On 15 January 2016, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of

India issued a notification and in which Para 7(iii) (a) and Annexure (x), purpose and structure of

District Survey Report has been discussed. District Survey Report (DSR) will be prepared in

every district for each minor mineral. The District Survey Report will guide systematic and

scientific utilization of natural resources, so that present and future generation may be

benefited at large. The guidelines of MoEF&CC will support that fundamental concept,

promoting environmental protection, limiting negative physiological, hydrological and social

impacts under pinning sustainable economic growth. It is really an enigma that all earth

materials are not used for making bricks. The rudiments of the subject lie within the

geology of soil characteristics. Mostly, the presence of clayey soils is the fulcrum of brick

earth industry. On this parlance, we can say that the abundance of clayey soil seems to tilt

the scales in favour of brick maker (Lessee). So, they should have a business acumen and

eye catching overall performances to do this plum job within a time frame of consecutive

five years.

This District Survey Report (DSR) will contain mainly data published and endorsed by various

departments and websites about Geology of the area, Mineral wealth details of the

investigated area, details of Lease and Mining activity in the District along with brick earth

mining and revenue of minerals. This report also contains details of Forest, Rivers, Soil,

Agriculture, climate and other geo-morphological units.

In the North-eastern part of Tripura, Unakoti district covers an area of about 686.97 km2.

This district was created on 21 January 2012 when four new districts were created in

Tripura, taking the number of districts in the state from four to eight. Unakoti hill,

literally meaning one less a koti in Bengali, hosts an ancient Shaivite place of worship

with huge rock reliefs celebrating Shiva. Kailashahar is its headquarters. The district was

part of North Tripura district earlier. The District and divided into two sub-divisions,

namely, Kailashahar and Kumarghat. For the purpose of developmental activities it is divided

into four Blocks namely Kailasahar ,Kumarghat, Pecharthal and Gournagar.There are

two major rivers viz., Manu and Deo flowing through the district.

Disclaimer: The data may vary due to flood, heavy rains and other natural

calamities. Therefore, it is recommended that SEIAA may take into consideration all its

relevant aspects/ data while scrutinizing and recommending the application for

EC to the concerned Authority.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaiva

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_relief

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailashahar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tripura_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tripura_district


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2. INTRODUCTION:

Unakoti District was created in the year of 2012 by bifurcating North Tripura and Dhalai

district.

Unakoti district of Tripura is located between 24°05′ N to 24°23′25” N latitude and between

91°55′ E to 92°12′ E longitude (measured from google earth). The district are bordered by Dhalai

district of Tripura on the western to southern side, by North Tripuraon the southern to eastern

to north-eastern side and by Bangladesh on the north. It shares a total international boundary

of about 50 kilometres with Bangladesh (measured from google earth). The district is

accessible with rest of Tripura including the capital city Agartala through National

Highway 44. The Headquarter of the district is located at Kailashahar, situated

beside the Bangladesh Border (about 1 km distance from bangladesh border.

In Tripura, the mineral resources are mainly glass sands, limestone, plastic clay and hard

rock; all of these materials are being used to a variable degree. However, the single most

important resources in the state is oil and natural gas. ONGC has initiated massive

exploration programme in the state.

The attempt has been made to make a District Survey Report for newly created Unakoti

district.

(ref: DISTRICT PROFILE, KHOWAI DISTRICT, 2016-17, OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT MAGISTRATE & COLLECTOR)

Bricks are made by Indian uneducated, unskilled and unemployed labours. Brick kilns are

largest temporary employment provider in Tripura as well as in our country and provide

employment to the poorest section of the population who are in a ditch of financial crisis.

The local villagers in and around the brick kilns are the key source of “Human Resource”

and they boost up the speed of the business of brick kiln industry tailoring their entire

manual effort just to alleviate their financial doldrums. The upliftment of socio-economic

conditions of these labours is dependent on the fate of the demand supply gap for pucca

bricks in local market. The overwhelming demand of bricks and fabulous response from

customers for purchasing bricks put the responsibilities on the shoulders of proprietor of

brick maker ensuring a good future of this business.


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Map 1: Unakoti District Administrative Map

Source: Unakoti District Profile


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3. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT:

a) GENERAL INFORMATION:

Geographical Area: Located in the North-eastern part of Tripura, the District covers an area of

about 686.97 sq km. It is mainly located between two hills namely „Longtharai range‟ &

„Machhlithum/Sakhan Range‟. More than 70% area is hilly and forest covered. The terrain is

mostly undulating & hilly with small water streams (chharas) , rivers and fertile valleys

intervening.

Geographical Position: The District headquarters at Kailashahar is located at a distance of about

90 km NE from the State capital Agartala. Kailasahar airport is located at capital. The

District is bordered by Bangladesh on the Northern side.


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Map 2: Location Map of Unakoti District



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Administrative Divisions (Sub-Divisions, Blocks): Unakoti district has four Sub-divisions

namely- Kailasahar and Kumarghat, comprising of four Blocks i.e. Kailashahar, Gournagar,

Kumarghat, Pecharthal.

DISTRICT SUB DIVISION/

MAHAKUMA

REVENEU CIRCLE TEHSIL BLOCK

UNAKOTI KAILASHAHAR KAILASHAHAR KAILASHAHAR, TILAGAON, GOURNAGAR,

SRIRAMPUR, BIRCHANDRANAGAR LAKKHIPUR

GOURNAGAR

CHANDIPUR

KUMARGHAT KUMARGHAT FATIKRAI, KANCHANBARI, KUMARGHAT

KUMARGHAT

PENCHARTHAL PENCHARTHAL, MACHHMARA, BAGHAICHHARA

PENCHARTHAL

(ref: https://jami.tripura.gov.in)

Population (As per Census 2011):-

Total population- 276506, Male population- 140210, Female population- 136296.


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b) CLIMATIC CONDITION:

The state as whole and Unakoti district in particular has a monsoon type of climate. There is

however, difference of temperature between the hills and plains, which ranges between sub-

tropical in the plains to temperate climatic conditions found in the hilly areas.

The topographic features seem to have influenced the climatic condition of the Unakoti

district, where the plains are hotter and humid in comparison to the hills, which have a

salubrious climate. The four main seasons here are- (i) Winter season (December to February),

(ii) Pre-monsoon season (March to May), (iii) Monsoon season (June to September), and (iv)

Post Monsoon season (October to November) (Bhatt and Bhargava, 2006).

Rainy season generally starts by about the end of May but thundershowers usually occur

from about April to the break of the monsoon. The rainy season continues up to September.

The maximum rainfall is usually recorded during the month of June – July. The months of

October and November constitute the post monsoon season.


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c) RAINFALL:

MONTH RAINFALL IN cms

JANUARY 1.44

FEBRUARY 2.66

MARCH 6.48

APRIL 14.91

MAY 22.94

JUNE 36.11

JULY 34.52

AUGUST 30.85

SEPTEMBER 22.62

OCTOBER 14.52

NOVEMBER 4.03

DECEMBER 0.99

Ref: Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation & India Meteorological Department


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0.99 2.66 1.44

4.03 6.48

14.52 14.91

22.62 22.94

30.85

34.52 36.11

AVERAGE RAINFALL IN cms

AVERAGE RAINFALL IN Cms

Fig 1: Bar diagram of average rainfall, Unakoti District


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d) TEMPERATURE:

Tropical climatic conditions reign in Tripura. During summer the diurnal

temperature goes above 30 to 31 degree Celsius and in winter it can drop down

around 9 degree Celsius.

e) WIND DIRECTION AND PATTERN:

The secondary data of wind direction is not available from Meteorological

department of the State. So construction of Wind Rose diagram is not possible to

show the wind direction and its pattern.

f) DRAINAGE & IRRIGATION:

Irrigation system upon which agricultural activities depend is entirely controlled

by the local drainage system i.e., streams, rivers, canals, cherras and dug out

wells.


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g) TOPOGRAPHY & TERRAIN:

The topography of Unakoti district is traversed by mostly of rugged terrain with some

undulating surface. About 75 percent of the district geographical areas are characterized by

hilly terrain covered with dense forests and only about 25 percent are plains.

HILL RANGES- Two hills range i.e. Longtharai and Machhlithum/Sakhan range are partly

found here. All these runs almost parallel to one another in a north-south direction and in

between are the valleys. The elevation of these hill ranges is higher in the south and decrease

towards the north; however, the height of these ranges gains as one move from west to the east

direction (Saigal, 1978). These hill ranges are characterized with narrow ridges, knife edged

and steep slopes.

THE VALLEY / PLAIN AREAS- In between the hills range are the valleys characterized by

gentle slope and broken by intermittent small hillocks (Saigal, 1978). The valley / plain

areas in the district consist mainly of Manu plain and partly of Deo plain. Much of these plain

areas are under agricultural land due to its rich humus contents deposited by this river

from the hills range. Manu plains lie between the Longtarai Range in the west and Sakhan

Range in the east. It is primarily drained by Manu River.This plain consist partly of small hillock

and fertile plain areas where both shifting cultivation and paddy cultivation dominates. Deo

plain is partly cover Unakoti district and lie in between Machhlithum/Sakhan range in the West

and Jampui hill range in the East.

h) WATER COURSE & HYDROLOGY:

The main water courses of Unakoti District are Manu & Deo river. Beside this there are many

cherras viz., Kathal, Dem, Danga, Hamuk, Kuki, Longtarai, Baghai, Kanchan, Bet, Rata, Bara

Laljuri, Choto Laljuri, Demdum, Bara Sayada, Choto Sayada, Mora, Fatik, Dhanbilash, Bhutia,

Nageshwari, Baiphai, Bagna, Barai, Halai, Chhagaldema, Kalai, Lakshmi, Bursi, Nun, Deora,

Balu, Samru, Kaphna, Pabni, Suna, Dalu etc.

The flow characteristics of a river mainly depends on the slope of channel and annual discharge,

lithology, structure and geology of a region. It is difficult to establish any relation between

channel slope and annual discharge because weak lithology, sudden break of slope or gentle

slope and varying channel depth of different places. However, the general trend is of more

discharge in straight course than the meandering course. The total annual flows

generated by the rivers have been estimated from the flow measurements made by the

Department of Irrigation, Government of Tripura.


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Map 3 : River system map of Unakoti District



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i) GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT:

Hydro-geologically the area is a moderate to good zone for groundwater development. The

water table lies between 15 m and 20 m below ground level in the unconsolidated sandy

sediments of recent alluvium. Here the groundwater yield is good and can be developed

with the use of deep tube wells. The area and blocks water supply is augmented with dug wells,

shallow hand pumps and mini deep tube wells. Drinking water supply division,

resource water division has taken initiatives and has installed number of tube wells in the

area, which are in operation mode.

The tube wells are installed with water jet method and rotary rig method

(direct/reverse).Static water level is in the range of 10-15m below ground level. Numbers of

water ponds are also there which augments village water supply. Rainfall is high in the range of

1800-2000 mm annually. The study area is mostly dominated by dense vegetation. Paddy

cultivation is practiced based on the rainfall.

j) DRAINAGE SYSTEM (GENERAL):

Overall drainage pattern is dendritic. The comprehensive term 'pattern' includes the

special arrangement of streams. The drainage pattern of the area is controlled by structure,

slope elements and lithology.

The study area, Unakoti District, the North-East Tripura, is structurally similar to the

Chittagong hills of Bangladesh and Mizoram State of India.

The whole region mentioned here, forms part of the Tertiary folded belt conforming to

synclinal and anticline structures. The dips are roughly maintaining the east-west

direction while the ranges run parallel north to south. The main rivers are occupying

the synclinal valleys and their tributaries in short lengths coming down from the

anticline tops forming consequent drainage pattern. At few places, the main rivers have cut

through the ridges and changed their courses from valley to valley in transverse path.

The resultant drainage pattern with larger tributaries coming down along the valleys

joining the transverse path and takes a trellised form. This is experienced by the Deo river

basin of the study area.


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The Manu river basin also occupies a relatively flat vale by the west of the Sakhantlang -

Unakoti ranges. Like the Juri, the Manu (in the study area) has large number of marshy

tracts in its basin. Both the Juri and the Manu are characterised by meandering course

with dendritic drainage pattern. In the cases of these two rivers the valley floors are very wide

and practically flat. As a result, with heavy monsoon downpour in the upper catchment areas

and much faster run off the main channels overflow, causing vast areas of non- perennial

marshes.


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Map 4: Drainage Pattern Map of Unakoti District



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k) DEMOGRAPHY:

Tripura is the second most populous state in the North-East India, next only to Assam. Once the

indigenous Borok communities dominated the state, but at present the ST population

comprising of 19 tribes has become a minority in its own land due to the large influx of

immigrants mainly the Bengali-speaking people from Bangladesh (Debbarma, 2009).

According to cencus 2011 Unakoti district has Total 2,76,506, Male 1,40,210, Female

1,36,296, Overall literacy rate (%) 86.91, Male literacy rate (%) 90.92, Female literacy rate (%)

82.79, Female per thousand males 972 .

(ref: DIARY 2018. GOVERNMENT OF TRIPURA)

PARAMETERS PARTICULARS

TOTAL POPULATION 276506

MALE POPULATION 140210

FEMALE POPULATION 136296

OVERALL LITERACY RATE (%) 86.91

MALE LITERACY RATE (%) 90.92

FEMALE LITERACY RATE (%) 82.79

FEMALE PER THOUSAND MALE 972


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NO. OF POPULATION

FEMALE POPULATION

MALE POPULATION

NO. OF POPULATION

TOTAL POPULATION

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000

MALE POPULATION

FEMALE POPULATION

Fig 2: Bar diagram of Male & Female population, Unakoti District

Fig 3: Pie chart of Male & Female population, Unakoti District


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92 90 88 86 84 82 80 78

OVERALL LITERACY RATE (%)

MALE LITERACY RATE (%)

FEMALE LITERACY RATE (%)

MALE LITERACY RATE (%)

FEMALE LITERACY RATE (%)

Fig 4: Bar diagram of literacy rate, Unakoti District

Fig 5: Pie Chart of Literacy Rate, Unakoti District


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l) CROPPING PATTERN:

Paddy is the main component in all farming systems of Unakoti, as rice is a staple food for

Tripureans. The farmers follow a unique system of paddy cultivation in which they use

„lunga‟ land, a low-land condition surrounded by„ “tilla‟ lands (hillocks) for growing paddy.

Under tilla land conditions, they grow beans, cowpea, brinjal etc. during rainy season using

field or household residues for nutrient recycling in vegetable crops. Among the fruit crops,

banana, papaya, citrus, mango, arecanut, litchi, etc. occupy their backyards.

(Ref: DIARY 2018, GOVERNMENT OF TRIPURA)

PARAMETERS AREA IN Hectare (Approx.)

NET SOWN AREA (APPROX) 13304

SINGLE CROPS AREA (APPROX) 5048

DOUBLE CROPS AREA (APPROX) 7376

TRIPPLE CROPS AREA (APPROX) 881

TOTAL CROPPED AREA (APPROX) 22442

AREA SOWN MORE THAN ONCE 8257

TOTAL CULTIVABLE AREA 18534.5


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AREA IN Hectare (Approx.)

TOTAL CULTIVABLE AREA

AREA SOWN MORE THAN ONCE

TOTAL CROPPED AREA (APPROX)

TRIPPLE CROPS AREA (APPROX)

AREA IN Hactare (Approx.)

DOUBLE CROPS AREA (APPROX)

SINGLE CROPS AREA (APPROX)

NET SOWN AREA (APPROX)

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

Fig 6: Bar diagram of cropping Pattern, Unakoti district

m) LAND FORM AND SEISMICITY:

Physiographically, the district can be divided into two divisions- (1) The hill ranges, and (2)

The valley / plain areas. The Khowai district comes under Earthquake prone Zone-V.


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n) FLORA:

The most important crops that are associated with this north-eastern state of India are paddy,

pulses, oilseeds, jute and different kinds of fruit and vegetables. (ref: mapsofindia.com)

The forests of Tripura are varied. On the basis of large-scale studies in other North-Eastern

States, Deb (1981) considered the classification of forest types suggested by Champion and

Seth (1968) as better suited for describing and correlating the forest types in India. Deb’s

description of the flora of Tripura has been followed here.

Based on climate (also altitude and longitude), the forests of Tripura are treated under tropical

forest types. They are grouped and described as follows:

Climate Types

Seral types

Subsidiary Edaphic types

Bamboo brakes widely in character and aspect cover very large areas in Tripura as in

Burma and Chittagong. Continuous bamboo forests are interrupted with scattered evergreen

treesor deciduous secondary stands. Sheltered hollows and other favourable sites are

dominated by bamboo. The vast preponderance of bamboo forest may be the result of

activity of man in his practice of shifting favourable for bamboo growth. It is also possible

that bamboo holds the ground as a primary edaphic sub-climax.

(ref: biodiversity.tripura.gov.in/flora)


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o) FAUNA:

Wide variety of wild animals belonging to different groups are found in Tripura.

The richness of fauna could be attributed to its unique bio-geographical location

and zoo-geographical position. Literature shows that there were large populations

of rhinoceros, elephant, tiger, leopard, langurs and monkeys in Tripura (Gupta,

2000).

Seven primate species have been documented in Tripura out of a total 15 found in

India. Of these primates slow loris and stumped tailed monkeys have become rare.

Phayre’s leaf monkey (locally known as ‘Chashma Banar’), has a very restricted

distribution in India, and is found in Tripura. Hoolock gibbon is the only ape found in

India, and its population has been rapidly dwindling in Tripura.

Ornitho fauna comprise 342 reported species in the State. The migratory birds are

reported to be of 58 species. There is high diversity of birds of prey, frugivorous birds,

marsh birds and flower peckers. In the aquatic ecosystem 47 species of fish have

been recorded. Due to silting of river beds and filling up of wetlands, different species

of marsh birds and fishes are on decline.

Survey has revealed that about 10% of plant species, and 21% of mammals are

currently endangered. The cause includes habitat loss and fragmentation, invasion

by exotic, over-exploitation of resources and deforestation.

Apart from the rich diversity of mammalian species, Tripura could be regarded as one

of the unique habitats for a large number of varied bird species, reptilians,

amphibians, fishes and invertebrates very similar to the entire North-Eastern Region.

Mathur et. al., (1993) reported 341 species of birds in Tripura .Among other notable

species, a rare bird ‘Himalayan Sterling’. Which is killer of locusts is also found here.

Though exact accounts are not available but large variety of snakes such as cobra,

krait, viper, python, lizards geiko, frogs, toads and invertebrates are found in Tripura.

Domesticated animals and birds along with wild animals play an important role in

ecological cycle and economic lifestyles of population. In Tripura, 15 - 20

domesticated species are observed. Most of these species are indigenous, but over a

period of time, exotic varieties have been introduced mainly because of high

productivity.

(ref: biodiversity.tripura.gov.in/fauna)


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Map 5: Forest map of Unakoti District



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4. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT:

The state of Tripura is known as “Hill Tipperah‟ due to its hilly nature of undulating

surface made uneven by inter-pressed low hills. The altitude of the region differs from 750 m

to 15 m from MSL. The physiography trends towards west. However, in some places the

terrain is inaccessible and highly undulating. The Ilinga (Longitudinal valleys) lands are

juxtaposed in between the numerous tilla (hillocks) lands that are fertile with agricultural lands.

It is seen that almost the entire North and Unakoti Districts are have high physiography.

High physiography areas i.e. the Baramura and Atharamura hill ranges are also observed in

the West and South Districts. The Blocks of Chhamanu, Oasda, Jampui Hill, Manu, Ambassa,

Salema, Tulashikhar and part of Padmabil, Mandai, Bagafa, Amarpur, Kila, Satchand,

Hrishyamukh, Satchand, Rupaichara fall in the high physiography zone.

The soil of the lowlands i.e. river valleys and at the foothills is composed mostly of alluvium

rich in humus content and range between sandy clay loam to clayey loam (Chatterjee, 1984 and

Saigal, 1978). The soils of the lowlands are extremely fertile and are enriched almost annually by

the deposition from the hilly tracks which is transported by the rivers with their small

tributaries originating from the surrounding hills range (Saigal, 1978). This rich organic fertile

alluvium soil supports agriculture where paddy cultivation dominates.

The area of Unakoti District is characterised by first order topography i.e. the anticlines form

the elongated hill ridges and synclines form the valleys. The system of folding plunges

towards north. Therefore, the anticlines narrow down and die out northward arid the

synclines form wide open valleys towards north. The drainage pattern is mostly controlled

by the lithological characteristics of the rocks and the structural fabrics; of the litho units over

which they flow. It is seen that the streams flowing over the Tipam sandstone assume dendritic

pattern whereas when they flow over Bokabil shale they form trellis pattern as they are mostly

controlled by bedding plane and joints.


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5. LAND USE PATTERN:

PARAMETERS

AREA USED IN

Hectare

(Approx.)

TOTAL FOREST 40369

RESERVE FOREST 18152

PROTECTED RESERVE FOREST 9737.1

UNCLASSIFIED GOVERNMENT FOREST 9784.8

PROTECTED FOREST 0

IRRIGATIONAL LAND 6675

TOTAL CULTIVABLE AREA 18534.5

NET SOWN AREA (APPROX) 13304

SINGLE CROPS AREA (APPROX) 5048

DOUBLE CROPS AREA (APPROX) 7376

TRIPPLE CROPS AREA (APPROX) 881

TOTAL CROPPED AREA (APPROX) 22442

AREA SOWN MORE THAN ONCE 8257

LAND PUT TO NON AGRICULTURAL USE 10085

BARREN UNCULTIVABLE LAND 1127

PARMANENT PASTURE & OTHER GRAVITY LAND 441

LAND UNDER MISC. TREE CROPS & GROVES NOT INCLUDING IN NET AREA SOWN

3512

CULTIVABLE WASTE LAND 829

FALLOW LAND OTHER THAN CURRENT FALLOW 199

CURRENT FALLOW 250

Rest of the area used as built up and other purpose.


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Fig 7: Bar diagram of cropping Pattern, Unakoti district

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

NET SOWN AREA (APPROX)

SINGLE CROPS AREA (APPROX)

DOUBLE CROPS AREA (APPROX)

TRIPPLE CROPS AREA (APPROX)

TOTAL CROPPED AREA (APPROX)

AREA SOWN MORE THAN ONCE

TOTAL CULTIVABLE AREA

AREA IN Hectare (Approx.)

AREA IN Hactare (Approx.)


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Map 6: Land Use Pattern of Unakoti District



Page | 33


Map 7: Forest Classification Map, Unakoti District



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6. GEOLOGY:

Regional and Local Geology:

As the study of geological structure is important for understanding the composition and

structure of rocks, which determine the characteristics of the topography, the drainage

system, soils, mineral resources etc., it becomes essential to have a brief understanding of the

geology of Tripura in general and the study area in particular.

Geologically the hill tracks of Tripura in general and Unakoti district in particular consists of

Tertiary rocks, which has been later covered by the alluvial deposits. The force of the

tectonic movement has caused the sub-stratum to raise up a number of parallel anticline

ridges. This perhaps started during the upliftment of the Himalayas during the Eocene

period (Geological survey of India, 2011). Bhuban, Bokabil, Tipam, Dupitila are the four

sedimentary rock Formations found here lying one above the other.

The Barail Series are composed mainly of moderate hard fine grained and yellow to pink

sandstones. However, according to the Geological Survey of India the Barail Group has

not been exposed, although the Barail sediment was deposited on the folded structure

they were not uplifted.

The Surma Group overlies the Barail Series and has two Formations i.e. the lower Bhuban

Formation (arenaceous assemblage) and the Upper Bokabil Formation (argillaceous

assemblage).

The lower Bhuban Formation is further classified into three Formations i.e., the Lower

Formation, which is not exposed totally; the Middle Formation that is exposed partially as

isolated small patches in the hill ridges; and the Upper Formation that forms the bulk of lower

Surma Group. The formation of Lower Surma Group is visible in the Sakhan and Longtarai

Ranges, as the north-south trending anticlines. The Bhuban Formation for most part

consists of massive calcareous sandstones, calcareous siltstones with yellow to buff

coloured fine grained sandstone and limestone. The prominent geomorphic unit on the

slopes of Sakhan hills is the limestone bands formed due to differential weathering

process.


Page | 35


The Upper Bokabil Formation overlies the Lower Bhuban Formation. This Formation mainly

consists of huge thickness of laminated siltstone, silty shale with narrow bands of sandstone,

which are pale brown in colour and are composed of numerous hard calcareous

concretions and small broken fossils.

The Tipam Group overlies the Surma Group and the Bokabil Formation marks the boundary

between Tipam Group. The boundary is marked by ribbed sandstone with minor thin

siltstone bands. The occurrence of this ribbed sandstone unit in the Tipam base indicates

that changes have taken place in the depositional environment.

The mapping showed by Nandy (1973) and Chatterjee (1983) of the Tipam Group can be

divided into two Formations. Bhuban Formation is exposed into Jampui Hill Range. Tipam

and Dupi-tila Formation are exposed into Dharmanagar-Panisagar valley area and other

northern part. And Bokabil Formation is exposed into rest of the district.

From the seismological point of view, the entire district falls under the earthquake zone- V,

which points out that there is lack of stability in the arrangements of the rock

stratum.

Different types of landforms like structural hills, denudation hill, inter-hill valley, undulating

plains, flood plains etc. are found in the study area. The whole study area is mainly composed

of weathered sandstone, shale, siltstone and alluvium. Most of the rivers are flowing parallel

to sub-parallel with hill ranges with dendritic drainage pattern. The district is drained by

the river systems of Dhalai, Manu, Gomati, Khowai and their tributaries which are perennial

in nature. These river systems have originated from Atharamura, Longtarai and Sakhantlang

hill Ranges. In general, drainage pattern is structurally controlled and is in conformity

with the topography.

Structural scenario: Structurally the present study area bears a uncanny signature of

different deformational episodes accompanied by tectogenic events which ultimately

resulted folding, faulting, fractures and micro lineaments within the litho units.


Page | 36


Stratigraphic Succession of Tripura:

Group Sub-

Group

Formation Rock type

Recent Recent

(Unconformity)

Unconsolidated silt, and clay with

decomposed vegetative matter and

gravels

Dupitila Dupitila

(Unconformity)

Sandy clays, clayey sandstone, ferruginous sandstone with pockets of plastic clay, silica and laterite.

Tipam Tipam Champanagar Sandstone, occasional sandy shale and abundant lumps of fossil wood

Manu Bazar Sandstone with laminated layers and lenses of sandy shale, siltstone and mudstone.

Surma (Contact transitional) Bokabil

Thinly bedded repetition of sandstone,

siltstone/shale, mudstone and ferruginous sandstone.

Bhuban Hard compact sandstone, olive shale, sandy

shale and siltstone repetitions


Page | 37


LOCAL GEOLOGY:

The district is traversed by Surma Group throughout central portion. Surma Group

exposed in the fold belt is most extensively developed and divided into two

formations – Bhuban Formationand Bokabil Formation. Limestone and construction

materials are the main resources of this region. In the north-western site, the district is covered with Dupitila Group of rocks which are Pliocene to Pleistocene in

age. Tipam Group and Recent alluvium cover most of the portion of the districts in

western and south western part. Recent sand and clays are present in this region.

Encountered major litho-units are limestone, sandstone, grit, fresh alluvium

followed by sporadic distribution of low level laterites.

Stratigraphic Succession of Unakoti District:

Age Group Formation

Holocene

Khowai Formation Ghilatoli Formation Teliamura Formation Kalyanpur Formation

Quaternary Dupitila Dupitila Formation

Upper Pliocene to Pleistocene

Pliocene

Tipam

Upper Tipam Formation

Lower Tipam Formation

Surma Bokabil Formation

Micocene- Lr. Pliocene Upper Bhuban Formation

Middle Bhuban Formation

Lower Bhuban Formation

(Not exposed in Tripura)

Upper most Oligocene


Page | 38


Map 8: Geological Map of Unakoti District


Page | 39


7. MINERAL WEALTH (based on Geology and available

Minerals of Tripura):

The mineral resources of any state provide an avenue for economic development but the

process of mining may have extensive impact on land, soil and water resources. The mining

projects have as a consequence become a part of development sector requiring

environmental clearance under Environmental Protection Act, 1986, EIA Notification

1994. The varied geological base has become host to many important minor

minerals and major minerals. The central government of India has declared the

following minerals as minor minerals:

Sl.No. Minor Minerals

i) Boulder

ii) Shingle

iii) Chalcedony pebbles used for ball mill purposes only

iv) Lime shell, kankar and limestone used in kilns for manufacture of lime used as building material

v) Murrum

vi) Brick-earth

vii) Fuller's earth

viii) Bentonite

ix) Road metal

x) Reh-matti

xi) Slate and shale when used for building material

xii) Marble

xiii) Stone used for making household utensils

xiv) Quartzite and sandstone when used for purposes of building

or for making road metal and household utensils

xv) Saltpetre, and

xvi) Ordinary earth (Used for filling or leveling purposes in

construction or embankments, roads, railways building) by

MoEF 2010


Page | 40


Mineral Resource of Tripura:

Mineral Location Uses

Hard Rock Sandstone, Gritty Quartz

Jampui Hills Longatari Hill

Road metals

Limestone Sakhan&Jampui Range

Manpui area (990,000 t. reserve)

Not suitable for Cement, Suitable For inferior quality of Lime Puzzolana mix.

Clay All over the State generally in river bank deposit

Good clay deposit in West and South

region. Total 1.73 million ton deposit in

four zone out of six zones* [*Mohanpur-Bamutia- Kamalghat; Bisramganj-Bagma; Champamura-Baldakhal-Jogendranagar; Khowai-Teliamura-Ampi; Shantirbazar- Udaipur;Kumarghat and Baidyathakurpara- Anadanagar- Maheshkhola-Dukli-Sonamura area]

Sanitary ware Stone wares Sewerage pipes Electric insulator Refractory grade

Glass Sand Bishramganj (160,000t) Old Agartala (16,000t)

Many uses

Mineral Location Uses

Jogendranagar (3627t) Sekerkota (80,000t) Dasharambari (5330t) Mohanpur (97,875t)

Baidyathakurpara- Anadanagar Maheshkhola and Dukli (NA)

Total Reserve 3,62,832 tonnes

[Source: GSI Report 1982, 1999]

Of the total geographical area of Tripura, 76% can be marked as of “Tertiary” origin and

24% belong to Quaternary period; none of these contain any major mineral resource. A

GSI Report of 1982 provides a list of Non-metallic and metallic mineral vis-a-vis their

location or otherwise in Tripura (Table-14) indicating the poor profile.


Page | 41


Mineral Resource potential in Tripura:

Sl. No. Mineral Status A. Non-metallic

1. Lime stone Commodity not located or absent

2. Dolomite Commodity not located or absent

3. Coal Commodity not located or absent

4. Clay Commodity not located or absent

5. Refractories Commodity not located or absent

6. Glass sand Good reserve, low grade

7. Graphite Commodity not located or absent

8. Fertilizer Commodity not located or absent

9. Gravel sand silt Good reserve, low grade

10. Building stone Commodity not located or absent

B. Metallic

11. Ferrous Commodity not located or absent

12. Non-ferrous Commodity not located or absent

13. Noble metals Commodity not located or absent

[Source: GSI Report 1982]

The current production of natural gas is estimated at one million cubic meters per

day. The available figure for 1990-91 to 1997-98 shows a fast increasing rate of production

from 70 million tonnes per year in 1990-91 to 2.7 x in 8 years reaching 196 million tonnes in

1997-98.


Page | 42


8. GEOMORPHOLOGY: Regional and Local

Geomorphological sculptures of Unakoti district are carved by the major fluvial

agencies. The drainage pattern of the area is dendritic in nature. Drainage system

with description of main rivers or cherras;

S.NO Name of the River or

Stream

Total Length in the

District (in km)

Percentage area drained

in the district 1 Manu River 60 100%

2 Deo 107 100%

(a).

Name of the streams (Cherra) Manu River under

Tributary

Total Length in the

District (in km)

1. Kathal Cherra 13.80 km

2. Dem Cherra 10.70 km

3. Danga Cherra 5.70 km

4. Hamuk Cherra 2.70 km

5. Kuki Cherra 5.30 km

6. Longtarai Cherra 3.25 km

7. Baghai Cherra 3.40 km

8. Kanchan Cherra 14.10 km

9. Bet Cherra 5.80 km

10. Rata Cherra 12.00 km

11. Bara Laljuri Cherra 11.00 km

12. Choto Laljuri Cherra

4.50 km

13. Demdum Cherra 4.90 km

14. Bara Sayada 18.90 km


Page | 43


(b).

Name of the streams (Cherra) under Deo

River Tributary

Total Length in Km

1. Dhepa Cherra 7.25 km

2. Karal Cherra 8.30 km

3. Iyachhin Cherra 4.00 km

4. Machhmara Cherra 26.70 km

5. Kuki Cherra 8.60 km

6. Pati Cherra 11.70 km

7. Dhani Cherra 12.50 km

8. Ukal Cherra 4.20 km

9. Baghi Cherra 13.50 km

10. Bara Andhar Cherra

10.30 km

11. Mara Cherra 11.70 km

12. Samuk Cherra 6.00 km

13. Choto Andhar Cherra

6.60 km

14. Sil Cherra 6.30 km

15. Pang Cherra 9.90 km


Page | 44


Salient Features of important Rivers & Streams/Cherras:

S.NO Name of the River or

Stream

Total Length in the

District (in Km)

(Approx.)

Place of origin Altitude at

Origin

1 Manu River 60 Kohoisib peak

of Sakhan

Range

482m

2 Deo 107 Jampui Hill 1000m above

MSL

i. Place of origin of Manu River-Kohoisib peak of Sakhan Range, Deo River- Jampui Hill.

ii. Catchment area of Deo River & Manu River-1979sq.km.

Pictographic views of elevation and drainage pattern of Unakoti district are cited

here for convenience of understanding of relief of the area as well as drainage pattern

of the area.


Page | 45


DATA SOURCE: DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK, UNAKOTI, TRIPURA, LANDSAT

SATELLITE IMAGERY, ASTER ELEVATION DATA, 2019

Map 9: Elevation Map of Unakoti District


Page | 46


DATA SOURCE: DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK, UNAKOTI, TRIPURA, LANDSAT

SATELLITE IMAGERY, ASTER ELEVATION DATA, 2019

Map 10: Drainage Network Map of Unakoti istrict


Page | 47


9. SOIL TYPES:

'Soil' means the uppermost layer of the earth's crust, which contains the organic as

well as mineral matter necessary for the growth of plants. Alluvial Soil and

Black Soil are the most important Soils.

The soils of the study area were classified as per USDA Soil Taxonomy into four orders viz.

Entisols, Inceptisols, Alfisols and Ultisols as per USDA Soil Taxonomy.

In general, soils of Khowai district are acidic in nature. The pH of soil ranges from 5.5 to 6 as

per Henderson’s equation (pH = -log [H+]).

Compositionally, the soils of Unakoti region contain low nitrogen and phosphates. Potash

content is of moderate to high; calcium, magnesium and sulphur are deficient in these soils.

Soils of Unakoti are Red loam and sandy loam; these are good for rubber and tea plantation.

Generally, four types of soils occur in Tripura. Out of these four types of soils,

Unakoti district is characterized by dominant presence of Ultisols and Alfisols.

In USDA soil taxonomy, Entisols are defined as soils that do not show any profile

development other than an A horizon. An entisol has no diagnostic horizons, and

most are basically unaltered from their parent material, which can be

unconsolidated sediment or rock.

Inceptisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. They form quickly through

alteration of parent material. They are more developed than Entisols. They have no

accumulation of clays, iron oxide, aluminium oxide or organic matter. They have an

ochric or umbric horizon and a cambic subsurface horizon.

Alfisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Alfisols form in semi-arid to

humid areas, typically under a hardwood forest cover. They have a clay-enriched

subsoil and relatively high native fertility. "Alf" refers to aluminium (Al) and iron

(Fe). Ultisols are similar to Alfisols in having a subhorizon of clay accumulation but

have few bases, especially at depth. The ideal Ultisol has a subsurface horizon of

clay enrichment due to clay translocation from the surface horizons. Soils of

Unakoti region follow all the types of soils given by USDA soil taxonomy.

10. NATURAL HAZARDS:

Tectonically the entire Tripura region has a closed link with the extended fringe of

Arakan-Yoma Belt which is indicative of pervasive nature of natural disaster or any

other kind of calamities e.g. earthquake, flood, avalanche and landslides in major

scale. Tripura is situated in the earthquake prone zone –V. So, there is a probable

chance of feeling the tremor of earthquake activity in any time.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/ultisol


https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/alfisol


https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/enrichment


Page | 48


11. MINERAL RESOURCES: Overview of Mineral

Resources and details of resources-

The topic has been discussed in Point no. 7 in this DSR.

12. METHODOLOGY OF BRICK EARTH AND

ORDINARY EARTH MINING AND GUIDING

PRINCIPLES:

Manual open pit mining will be carried out for excavation of brick earth. Depth of the

excavation will be limited to 2.0m from surface. 0.2m top soil will be resolved for future

use in agricultural purpose. A 7.5m wide strip of land along the periphery (i.e.,

statutory or berm area) of each plot of land will be left intact for safety of mining

operations and saving the nearby agriculture fields from inadvertent encroachment

while carrying out mining.

Mining will be carried out during day light hours.

Brick earth being soft in nature, requires no drilling and blasting, and therefore

no ground vibration will get generate.

Depth of the excavation from surface will be limited to 2.0m and this will be in

two stage of 0.9m each (First 0.20m will be top soil layer)

About 12 to 20 labours will be employed for excavation of brick earth.(Basically

it depends upon project capacity)

If it exists, the top soil will be scraped and kept separately for future use of restoring the fertility.

13. OVERVIEW OF BRICK EARTH MINING ACTIVITY:

As per attached as Appendix –A to this DSR.


Page | 49


14. BRICK EARTH MINING: Quantification &

Recommendations

Brick earth is excavated by a method of slicing of top soil. Top soil up to 2m are

used for making bricks especially for clay bricks in brick industry. Needless to say,

profitability of a brick industry is highly dependent on the nature and engineering

properties (load bearing strength, porosity, permeability, cohesiveness and sticky

property of soil) of availability of sufficient brick earth materials followed by proper

accessibility to the area of proposed project site provided that the excavated brick

earth materials are to be collected without jeopardizing the stability of environment

and ecology i.e., a sustainable development is needed for successful completion of a

brick earth mining project. The common fact is that if the number of brick kiln

projects is increased, the total economic scenario of the region, in pilot scale, will be

changed automatically. So increase the area of mining of brick earth, higher will be

the frequencies of bricks from point of view of production. The proper quantification

of more and more running brick kiln factory must give an impetuous on the present

economy of Tripura ameliorating the standard of living in such way so that most of

the people in and around the project site can reach to the acme of progress

economically.

Some recommendations are to be followed strictly for proper running of brick kiln

project smoothly. The common hydrological regime here also plays a pivotal role

and it is defined by the tropical monsoon climate with alternating dry and wet

seasons. All the districts of Tripura, in this regard, give a best fit result without

showing any pitfalls. The spatiality of rain is also controlled by the orientation of

the axis of monsoon trough. In Tripura, due to excessive use of pesticides and

chemical fertilizers top soil are damaged and below thin veneer of soil cover (0.2m)

activity of brick earth mining is carried out up to a depth of 1.8m. It is an

established fact, obtained by field investigation that no land has become barren due

to excavation of brick earth in brick sectors rather it has helped agricultural activity

to sustain. The brick kiln owners themselves contract with the owners of private

lands or holdings to make it better for the farmers to improve their cultivation.

There is no harm to environment in exploitation of brick earth or clay from private

lands or holdings for moulding of bricks. In case of brick earth mining, feasibility

assessment form an essential part of the process of assessing a brick earth mining

project. Here geological study is followed by prefeasibility study and feasibility

study/ mining report are well defined. The degree of economic viability (economic or

sub-economic) is assessed in the course of prefeasibility and feasibility studies. But

it is to be kept in mind that a prefeasibility study provides a preliminary

assessment will lower level of accuracy than that of feasibility study by which

economic viability of brick earth mining is assessed or judged.


Page | 50


Alterations or modifications of the said attributes may cause hazardous impact on

ecological equilibrium of riverine regime. Therefore, awareness campaigning is

inevitable and should be followed by all to make the environment clean and save

the environment eco-friendly.


Page | 51


15. ORDINARY EARTH MINING: Quantification &

Recommendations

By ordinary earth mining, we mean haphazard and disseminated digging out of earth

materials which ultimately help to fulfill the desire of domestic purposes or in few cases to make river embankment or filling of low line areas or swampy lands or civil

construction purposes. Compared to that of brick earth mining, ordinary earth

mining doesn’t bear any cryptic signature to fulfill the economic thirst. But huge mining of ordinary earth at a time will impose an adverse effect upon the environment

regionally. So, quantification of ordinary earth mining is to be avoided as per generated

situation, just to trigger the brick earth mining activity.

Ordinary earth mining near or adjacent to a river or stream has a direct impact on the

stream’s physical characteristic such as channel geometry, bed elevation, substratum

composition and stability, in-stream roughness of the bed, flow velocity, discharge

capacity, competency of river, water laden sediment transport capacity, turbidity and temperature etc.


Page | 52


16. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MINING: Brick Earth and

Ordinary Earth Mining

Both brick earth mining and ordinary earth mining are the manifestation of

exploitation of minor minerals. The study of cash flow forecast gives positive result in favour of brick earth mining compared to that of ordinary earth mining. A

person who has no iota of knowledge about the differences lying between brick

earth mining and ordinary earth mining, he never can take a holistic and futuristic strategy to operate brick earth mining/ brick kiln factory. In case of brick earth

mining, the applicant is bound to spend some amount of money for the purpose of

community service. Although, the figures are tentative and are subjected to generation of profit. About 5% of the annual profit will be made available for CSR.

But for ordinary earth mining the picture is different to some extent. Brick earth

mining is sanctioned for five (05) years i.e., mine life is taken as five (05) years but

ordinary earth mining does not follow any time schedule and it is carried out as per need to solve the imminent problems raised due to natural activities followed

by manmade interferences. Brick earth mining’s provision is fixed to a particular

land having soils characterized by all the properties which are amenable for bricks making. For brick earth mining a close relation exists amongst site selection,

selecting mining method, invested money for the project, written money and

demand supply gap. Again in brick earth mining, the land is generally returned to the owner of land; deployed manpower will be reemployed elsewhere; therefore,

economic repercussion for closure of mine and manpower retrenchment will have

low impact upon this project. Again the abandonment cost will be zero as the mined out pits will be restored for agricultural activity by landlord. These

parameters are not valid in case of ordinary earth mining. More money is required

for ordinary earth mining as it is carried out to fulfill the objectives of emergency

cases. No compatible relation is found to be seen between ordinary earth mining and employment generation. The digging of ordinary earth material provides

temporary deployment of labourers for a short span of time.

For progressive advancement of brick earth project, the project proponent initially invests money just to provide the following amenities or facilities:

It generates direct and indirect employment

Provides provision for safe drinking water i.e., potable water

Safe, healthy and conducive working atmosphere

Provisions for first aid

Provisions for health check up facility once in a year

Haulage road construction as a symbol of connectivity from brick kiln site to

other sites

No such cost is taken into account for ordinary earth mining. So it is pertinent to

say that brick earth mining is of mammoth importance in economy of Tripura state and also to generate revenue for the Govt. of Tripura.


Page | 53


17. Concluding Remarks:

Mining of minor minerals, though individually, because of smaller size of mine leases is

perceived to have lesser impact as compared to mining of major minerals. However, the activity

as a whole is seen to have significant adverse impacts on environment. It is, therefore,

necessary that the mining of minor minerals is subjected to simpler but strict regulatory

regime and carried out only under an approved framework of mining plan, which should

provide for reclamation and rehabilitation of the mined out areas. Further, while granting

mining leases by the respective State Governments "location of any eco-fragile zone (s)

within the impact zone of the proposed mining area, the linked Rules/ Notifications governing

such zones and the judicial pronouncements, if any, need be duly noted. The Union

Ministry of Mines along with Indian Bureau of Mines and respective State Governments

should therefore make necessary provisions in this regard under the Mines and Minerals

(Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 and adopt model

Guidelines to be followed by all States (emphasis supplied)".

Brick earth mining comes under Category B2. For Category B2 mining, mining

area is up to 5 hectares. So the considered area is small and mostly confined to

agricultural fields. Mostly local people are employed in this activity. There will be

minimum adverse effect of this activity on the drainage system.

A brick is block made of clay burnt in kiln. It is one of the primary building

materials known to mankind. Overtime, bricks have appeared, gained prominence,

lost importance and then come to the forefront again with various styles of

architecture.

Besides to generate a number of direct employments, indirect employment will also

be generated in this area by this activity. This is also a source to generate revenue

to the Government. It can be concluded from the above facts that the mining of

brick earth from this area will not have any adverse impacts but would help in

improving the socioeconomic condition of the surrounding villages.

BLOCK_ID STATE DISTRICT MOUZA PROPONENT BLOCK_NAME LATITUDE LONGITUDE

A 24°17'26.67"N 92°0'16.43"E

B 24°17'27.00"N 92°0'22.69"E

C 24°17'24.17"N 92°0'23.57"E

D 24°17'24.21"N 92°0'22.56"E

E 24°17'25.72"N 92°0'22.45"E

F 24°17'25.64"N 92°0'20.35"E

G 24°17'25.81"N 92°0'19.58"E

LIST OF BRICK EARTH/KILN IN UNAKOTI DISTRICTAppendix- A to DSR on Brick Earth mining (Reter: Point No. 13)

UN-BR-01 KAILASHAHARUNAKOTITRIPURAM/S ASHA BRICKS CONSTRUCTION

RAJAT BHATTACHERJEE

G 24°17'25.81"N 92°0'19.58"E

H 24°17'25.74"N 92°0'16.45"E

A 24°10'54.12"N 92°06'33.74"E

B 24°10'53.24"N 92°06'33.58"E

C 24°10'51.40"N 92°06'37.98"E

D 24°10'53.17"N 92°06'38.26"E

A 24°07'49.26"N 92°06'39.03"E

B 24°07'47.48"N 92°06'39.02"E

C 24°07'44.04"N 92°06'40.46"E

D 24°07'39.82"N 92°06'39.92"E

PECHARTHAL UNAKOTITRIPURAUN-BR-02M/S DURGA BRICKS

INDUSTRIES

ARUN KANTI CHANDRA &

OTHERS

D 24°07'39.82"N 92°06'39.92"E

E 24°07'39.96"N 92°06'37.91"E

F 24°07'40.34"N 92°06'37.38"E

G 24°07'40.87"N 92°06'37.29"E

H 24°07'44.63"N 92°06'37.29"E

I 24°07'46.25"N 92°06'37.30"E

J 24°07'47.58"N 92°06'36.89"E

K 24°07'49.35"N 92°06'36.85"E

A 24°13'02.80"N 91°58'54.16"E

B 24°13'04.55"N 91°58'55.21"E

C 24°13'03.45"N 91°58'57.53"E

D 24°13'04.49"N 91°58'58.28"E

UTTAR MACHMARA

UNAKOTITRIPURAUN-BR-03 M/S M.S.B.ISUBAL CHANDRA

SARKAR

E 24°13'04.19"N 91°58'59.94"E

F 24°13'00.41"N 91°59'00.15"E

G24°12'58.68"N 91°58'56.68"E

H24°13'00.27"N 91°58'56.32"E

I 24°13'02.27"N 91°58'55.45"E

A 24°18'08.69" N 92°02'43.88" E

MAHI BRICKS INDUSTRY

ABDUL MANNANUN-BR-04 TRIPURA UNAKOTI DHANBILASH

A 24°18'08.69" N 92°02'43.88" E

B 24°18'11.52" N 92°02'44.64" E

C 24°18'17.65" N 92°02'49.75" E

D 24°18'07.67" N 92°02'53.59" E

E 24°18'07.30" N 92°02'49.92" E

A 24°18'22.92" N 92°02'51.18" E

SHREE BRICKS INDUSTRY

UN-BR-05 TRIPURA UNAKOTIBHAGABAN

NAGARMANJU GOPAL

DAS

B 24°18'24.48" N 92°02'51.20" E

C 24°18'27.23" N 92°02'53.23" E

D 24°18'25.39" N 92°02'55.98" E

E 24°18'22.63" N 92°02'54.72" E

A 24°16'25.77" N 92°00'40.06" E

B 24°16'29.37" N 92°00'41.04" E

AKASH ENGINEERING

COMPANY UN-BR-06 TRIPURA UNAKOTI

BHAGABAN NAGAR

GITA ROY

C 24°16'30.88" N 92°00'42.29" E

D 24°16'30.71" N 92°00'46.69" E

E 24°16'24.98" N 92°00'44.11" E

A 24°08'25.66" N 92°00'02.90" E

SAGAR ENGINEERING CO-OP. SOCIETY LTD.

UN-BR-07 TRIPURA UNAKOTIBIR CHANDRA

NAGARPRANAB PAUL

B 24°08'26.24" N 92°00'02.73" E

C 24°08'27.99" N 92°00'08.31" E

D 24°08'25.88" N 92°00'08.39" E

E 24°08'25.14" N 92°00'06.40" E

A 24°10'17.08" N 92°03'06.20" E

B 24°10'17.35" N 92°03'08.74" E

MANU BRICKS INDUSTRIES

UN-BR-08 TRIPURA UNAKOTIEAST

RATACHARAALOK KUMAR

SAHA & OTHERS

C 24°10'15.23" N 92°03'10.50" E

D 24°10'14.36" N 92°03'12.89" E

E 24°10'11.57" N 92°03'13.20" E

A 24°09'51.10" N 92°01'11.23" E

B 24°09'54.77" N 92°01'12.34" E

C 24°09'54.55" N 92°01'16.87" E

D 24°09'48.96" N 92°01'15.61" E

JOY GURU INDUSTRY

BIPROTIK BRICKS INDUSTRY

UN-BR-09 TRIPURA UNAKOTI KUMARGHATKISHORE KUMAR

DAS & OTHERS

UN-BR-10 TRIPURA UNAKOTIEAST

RATACHARABIPLAB DEB

E 24°09'49.22" N 92°01'13.15" E

A 24°12'46.63" N 92°02'09.54" E

B 24°12'48.26" N 92°02'12.45" E

C 24°12'47.45" N 92°02'19.86" E

D 24°12'46.79" N 92°02'20.58" E

E 24°12'44.94" N 92°02'16.91" E

ALLIED BRICKS INDUSTRY

UN-BR-11 TRIPURA UNAKOTI KUMARGHATMANASH

KUMAR SAHA & OTHERS

E 24°12'44.94" N 92°02'16.91" E

A 24°11'41.58" N 92°01'07.19" E

B 24°11'42.37" N 92°01'07.51" E

C 24°11'42.02" N 92°01'20.43" E

D 24°11'39.25" N 92°01'16.88" E

E 24°11'40.47" N 92°01'13.09" E

A 24°12'02.17" N 92°01'18.89" E

KRISHNA NAGAR BRICKS INDUSTRY

UN-BR-12 TRIPURA UNAKOTIKRISHNA NAGAR

AJOY KUMAR DAS

B 24°12'04.48" N 92°01'18.76" E

C 24°12'05.88" N 92°01'21.67" E

D 24°12'02.43" N 92°01'21.80" E

A 24°05'02.80" N 91°58'49.47" E

B 24°05'06.04" N 91°58'48.23" E

C 24°05'07.20" N 91°58'50.70" E

D 24°05'05.10" N 91°58'53.43" E

UN-BR-13 TRIPURA UNAKOTIKRISHNA NAGAR

DEBABRATA GHOSH

JOY RAM BRICKS INDUSTRIES

UN-BR-14 TRIPURA UNAKOTI MASHAULI SATYABAN DASRAMKRISHNA

BRICKS INDUSTRIES

E 24°05'03.11" N 91°58'53.98" E

A 24°10'25.74" N 92°01'27.95" E

B 24°10'25.29" N 92°01'33.70" E

C 24°10'21.81" N 92°01'33.76" EUN-BR-15 TRIPURA UNAKOTI KUMARGHAT BISHNUPADA SAHA

SOMA MECHANISED

BRICKS INDUSTRY

8 ',675,&76859(

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