{. all organic compounds hydrocarbons hydrocarbon derivatives standard hydrocarbons with c x h x...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
{
![Page 2: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
All Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives
Standard Hydrocarbons with CxHx
Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO other elements.
![Page 11: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Organic Halides: are when 1 or more hydrogens have been replaced by a halogen (Group 17; F, Cl, Br, I)
The element itself (Organic Halide) is its own functional group and is named the same as any other branch group.
1 2
![Page 12: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Practice (Easy)
1234567
***Name the side branches alphabetically just like with ethy and methy, etc.***
![Page 13: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Practice (Cyclo/Benzene)
![Page 14: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
This type of reaction occurs when UNSATURATED hydrocarbons react with diatomic molecules like;
H2
Cl2
Br2
I2
HBrHClHI
The addition of these diatomic molecules saturate the
hydrocarbon…..breaks the double or triple bonds and adds BOTH onto the chain.
![Page 15: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
H H
***Addition of H2 breaks the double bond and adds the hydrogens onto the hydrocarbon.***
![Page 16: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
***For every diatomic molecule you add to a UNSATURATED hydrocarbon it break a bond…so it breaks the “unsaturations” step by step.***
ClH
Step 1
![Page 17: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ClH
Step 2
2, 2 – dichloropropane
Cl
H
![Page 18: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
This type of reaction occurs when SATURATED hydrocarbons react with diatomic molecules like;
H2
Cl2
Br2
I2
HBrHClHI
The substitution of these diatomic molecules trade places with hydrogens already in the
hydrocarbon…..breaks the SINGLE BOND and adds ONE onto the chain.
The second joins with substituted element and forms another compound that leaves the hydrocarbon chain.
![Page 19: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Just indicates a common catalyst…DOES NOT MAKE A DIFFERENCE!!!
Cl
![Page 20: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Such as;
1. Higher Solubility in water.2. Increased boiling point . 3. Short-Chain alcohols (less than 3 C’s are VERY soluble.4. Long chain alcohols (more than 5) are slightly soluble.
Adding an alcohol(OH-) Functional Group to a hydrocarbon drastically changes the properties of the hydrocarbon.
![Page 23: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Methanol and EthanolMethanol (CH3OH) AND Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) are the two most common alcohols.
***Because Methanol and Ethanol only differ from one another by a “CH2” they are part of a
“homologous series”.***
Homologous Series:A series of compounds that only differ by a single repeated “group”.
CH3OH CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CH2CH2OHMethanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol
![Page 24: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Alcohol…Alcohol was is made by fermentation (yeast, baking, making bread).
Alcohol is poisonous, the “drunk” feeling is the feeling of being poisoned.
The disorientation and loss of motor functions (stumbling) is because YOU ARE BEING POISONED!
Ethanol CH3CH2OH is the ONLY alcohol that wont outright kill you.
So…..DON’T TRY TO MAKE IT….IT COULD BE WRONG.
![Page 25: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Alcohol…Alcohol added to fuel to help it burn more efficiently.
Alcohol often added to fuel to as gas line antifreeze.
CH3OH (methanol) is TOXIC.
Add methanol to Ethanol (alcohol you could drink) makes IT TOXIC TOO.
Ethanol used in;Lacquers.Varnishes.Perfume.Synthetic Flavours.
![Page 26: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Naming AlcoholsHydrocarbons that contain alcohols are named THE SAME way as usual.
1. You name the longest parent chain.2. You use –ane –ene –yne for single, double, triple bonds.**You number the hydrocarbon ‘Parent Chain” so branches are on lowest carbon numbers****Number the carbons so ALCOHOL is on the lowest number possible** 3. You add “–ol” on the end of a hydrocarbon to show an alcohol (OH) functional group is present.
-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-OHH H
H
H
HH
H
H H
HH
HH
H
H
7 Carbons long
Hept
All single bonds
an
1234567
Number carbons so OH on lowest number.
-1-ol
***Its very common to just NOT put -1- for alcohols on the end of hydrocarbons***
Heptanol
![Page 27: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Multiple Alcohols***When there is more than 1 alcohol functional group in a hydrocarbon you describe it the same as you would if there were multiple F’s or Br’s (Halide groups).***Diol -----2Triol-----3
***Make sure if you use “di” you have listed two places….1,2 or 2,5..3,4…etc****
***Make sure if you use “tri” you have listed three places….1,2,3 or 2,2,5..3,5,5…etc****
![Page 28: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
H--C--C--C--C--C--HH
H
OH
H
HH
OHH
H
H12345
Practice
5 Carbons long
Pent
--
A DOUBLE BOND!!
-1-ene
Number carbons so double bond on lowest number.
Alcohol groups on 2 different carbons.
diol
State which carbon alcohol groups are on.
-2,4-
![Page 29: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
AlcoholsPrimary, Secondary, Tertiary
Whether an alcohol containing hydrocarbon is considered primary, secondary, or tertiary is dependant on the Carbon that the OH group is attached to.
H--C--C--C--C--C--OHH
H
H
H
HH
H H
H
H
The carbon that the OH group is attached to make this a primary alcohol.
Carbon connect to ONE other carbon makes it primary.
![Page 30: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
AlcoholsPrimary, Secondary, Tertiary
Whether an alcohol containing hydrocarbon is considered primary, secondary, or tertiary is dependant on the Carbon that the OH group is attached to.
H--C--C--C--C--C--HH
H
H
H
OHH
H H
H
H
The carbon that the OH group is attached to make this a secondary alcohol.
Carbon connect to TWO other carbon makes it secondary.
![Page 31: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
AlcoholsPrimary, Secondary, Tertiary
Whether an alcohol containing hydrocarbon is considered primary, secondary, or tertiary is dependant on the Carbon that the OH group is attached to.
H--C--C--C--C--C--HH
H
H
H
HOH
H H
H
--C-- The carbon that the OH group is
attached to make this a Tertiary alcohol.
Carbon connect to
THREE other carbon makes it secondary.
HH
H
![Page 32: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
AlcoholsCombination Practice
Whether an alcohol containing hydrocarbon is considered primary, secondary, or tertiary is dependant on the Carbon that the OH group is attached to.
H--C--C--C--C--C--HH
H
H
H
HOH
H H
H
--C--HH
H
12345
5 Carbons long.
an
All SINGLE bonds.
pent
OH on carbon 3.
-3-ol
CH3 group (methyl) on carbon 3.
3-methyl
![Page 33: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Practice Cyclo/Benzene
Alcohols
OH
OH
Cyclopentane-1,2-diolOr
O-cyclopentane-diol
OH
OH
Cyclohexane-1,3-diolOr
M-cyclohexane-diol
![Page 34: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Practice Cyclo/Benzene
Alcohols
OH
OH
Cyclopentane-1,2-diolOr
O-cyclopentane-diol
![Page 35: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Elimination Reactions
It is often very useful to be able to create alkenes and alkynes from alkanes.
This can be done in TWO ways;
1. Ethene produced from Ethane Cracking
2. Ethene produced by Ethane Elimination Reactions.
![Page 36: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Ethane cracking is a special hydrocarbon cracking in which Ethane (single bonded-Saturated) is “cracked” into Ethyne (double bonded-unsaturated).
![Page 37: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Elimination and Addition Reactions
H--C--C--C--C--C--OHH
H
H
H
HH
H H
H
H
***Elimination reactions are also called Dehydration reaction because they UNSATURATE a hydrocarbon and produce water as a second product.***
Pentanol
H2SO4
H3PO4
H--C--C--C--C--CH
H
H
H
HH
H H
H
H
--
Pentene
+ H2O
![Page 38: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Elimination and Addition Reactions
H--C--C--C--C--C--HH
H
H
H
HH
Cl H
H
H
***Elimination reaction are also called Dehydration reaction because they UNSATURATE a hydrocarbon and produce water as a second product.***
2- chloropentane
KOHNaOH
+
H--C--C--C--C--C--HH
H
H
H
HH
Cl-H
H
--+ + H2O
Pent-2-ene
![Page 39: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Elimination and Addition Reactions
***Addition reaction are also called hydration reactions because they SATURATE a hydrocarbon by adding water as a reactant.***
It is the exact opposite of a hydration reaction. The double or triple bond is broken and the H and OH group are added onto the carbons to keep the 4 bonds rule.
H--C--C--C--HH H
H
H--
Propene
+ HOH H--C--C--C--HH
H
H
H
H
OH
Propan-1-ol
![Page 40: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Alcohols and Elimination Reactions
Functional Group: -OH (hydroxyl group)
• Drop the “e” from the end of the alkane, alkene, or alkyne and add -ol
• If necessary add the number of the carbon the –OH group is on; eg., propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol
• If there are more than 1 OH you keep the whole name (KEEP THE “E”) use “di” or “tri” “ol” instead.
![Page 41: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Alcohols and Elimination Reactions
Preparation:If you react an alkENE with water (hydration reaction) it will break the double or triple bond and add “H” and “OH”.
H--C--C--C--HH H
H
H--
Propene
+ HOH
Water
H--C--C--C--HH
H
H
H
H
OH
Propan-1-ol
![Page 42: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Alcohols and Elimination Reactions
Elimination Reactions:(Dehydrations)• The opposite of an addition (hydration) reaction.
An Alcohol is unsaturated creating a double bond and H2O.
General Formula:Alcohols alkene + Water
R-C—C-ROHH
HH H2SO4
H3PO4
R-C = C-R
HH
+ HOH
![Page 43: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Alcohols and Elimination Reactions
Elimination Reactions:(Organic Halide (OH-/Basic)
• The reaction of hydrocarbons containing a halide (F, Cl, Br, I) with an OH- group (basic environment)
General Formula:Organic Halide + OH- Alkene + Halide ion (Cl-) + Water
R-C—C-RClH
HH R-C = C-R
HH
+ HOH
+ Cl-
+ OH-
![Page 44: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
A functional group consisting of; a double bonded oxygen and OH groups bound to end carbon of a hydrocarbon.
***Can be attached to ANY hydrocarbon chain***Carboxylic acid naming is done the same as a normal hydrocarbon EXCEPT at the end of the hydrocarbon name you add “–oic acid”
Methane Methanoic Acid
Butane Butanoic Acid
![Page 45: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
A functional group consisting of a single bonded O between TWO carbons and double bonded O.
Named by counting the number of carbons on the =O side and changing the ending to “–oate”.
ethaneethanoateMethyl
You name the second half of the ester (side without =O) like a alkane branch ending in “–yl”
![Page 46: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The Ester Functional Group
***Esters are often added to foods for artificial flavours.***
![Page 47: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Making an Ester (Esterification)
***An Ester is formed when a carboxylic acid (COOH) reacts with an alcohol (COH) and undergoes a condensation reaction (dehydration).***
Butanoic AcidEthanol
H + OH HOH (Water)
![Page 48: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Making an Ester (Esterification)
***An Ester is formed when a carboxylic acid (COOH) reacts with an alcohol (COH) and undergoes a condensation reaction (dehydration).***
butanoateEthy
l
+ H2O
![Page 49: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Ester Formation Summary
CH3-C-OH
=O
+ HO-CH3
HOH
CH3-C- + O-CH3 CH3-C-
=
O
O-CH3
ethanoateMethyl
![Page 50: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Esterification and Benzene Rings***Esterification when benzene rings have the required carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups.***
![Page 51: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Esterification and Benzene Rings***Esterification when benzene rings have the required carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups.***
![Page 52: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The common plastics around you are formed from single unit monomers linked together into longer chains called polymers.
PolymerMonomerMonomerMonomer
**Addition polymers form from alkene or alkyne monomers.**
![Page 55: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Example 1: Polypropene (Propylene)
Propene monomer “sub” units
Again the joining of the monomers breaks the double bonds and connects the monomers together.
General Formula
![Page 56: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Example 2: Polyvinyl Chloride
Viny chloride monomer “sub” units
Again the joining of the monomers breaks the double bonds and connects the monomers together.
General Formula
![Page 57: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Example 3: Polystyrene
Styrene monomer “sub” units
Again the joining of the monomers breaks the double bonds and connects the monomers together.
General Formula(Styrofoam)
![Page 58: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Example 4: Teflon
tetrafluoroethene monomer “sub” units
Again the joining of the monomers breaks the double bonds and connects the monomers together.
General Formula
![Page 59: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Condensation polymers are made in a similar way to addition polymers as BOTH polymers are formed from monomer “sub” units.
***BUT, in condensation polymers the “sub” unit are alternating “double ended” carboxylic acids and alcohols forming “ester” linkages.***
OH-C-CH2-CH2-C-OH=
O
=
O
Butane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid
+OH-CH2-CH2-OH
Ethane-1,2-diol
***Just like in esterification, an HOH is removed when they join together***
![Page 60: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
OH-C-CH2-CH2-C-OH
=
O=
O
Butan-1,4-dicarboxylic acid
+OH-CH2-CH2-OH
Ethan-1,2-diol
HOH
OH-C-CH2-CH2-C-O -CH2-CH2-OH
O
=
-C-CH2-CH2-C-O-CH2-CH2-O-
n
+ HOH
***You ARE NOT expected to be able to name this***
General Formula
O
=
![Page 61: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Example 1: Lipids
+ 3 Fatty Acids + 3 HOH
![Page 62: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Example 1: Polyester (Synthetic Lipids)
OH-C-CH2-CH2-C-OH
O
=
O=
Butane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid
+OH-CH2-CH2-OH
Ethane-1,2-diol
→-OH-C-CH2-CH2-C-O-
O
=
O
=
CH2-CH2-
n
+ HOH
![Page 63: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Example 2: Protein Synthesis( P + P = Amino)
N-CH2-C-OH
O=
(Acids)H
H Glycine(Amino Acid)
No need to memorize
+ N-CH-C-OHH
H CH3
O
=
Alanine(Amino Acid)
→ -N-CH2-C-O-
O
=
HN-CH-C-O-H CH3
O=
Protein Segment
+ HOH
Watern
n
**The bond between two amino acids is called a PEPTIDE bond**
![Page 64: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Example 2: Nylon( Synthetic Amino Acids)The same as peptide bonding, EXCEPT no Amino Acids, just alternating “double ended” COOH (carboxylic acid) subunits and “double ended” NH2 (Nitryl) subunits”.
“Double Ended” COOH “Double Ended” NH2
→+ HOH
Watern
n
**The bond between two Nylon molecules is called a AMIDE bond**
![Page 65: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Example 2: Kevlar( Synthetic Amino Acids)The same as peptide bonding, EXCEPT no Amino Acids, just alternating “double ended” COOH (carboxylic acid) subunits and “double ended” NH2 (Nitryl) subunits”. AND THERE IS HYDROGEN BONDING BETWEEN POLYMER CHAINS!
OH-C-
O=
-C-OH
O
=
“Double Ended” COOH
+ N- -NH
H
H
H“Double Ended” NH2
→ -C-
O
=
-C-
O
=
N- -N-H H
+ HOH
n
n
![Page 66: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Example 2: Kevlar( Synthetic Amino Acids)
-C-
O
=-C-
O
=
N- -NH H
-C-
O
=
-C-
O
=
N- -NH H
-C-
O
=
-C-
O
=
N- -NH H
-C-
O
=
-C-
O
=
N- -NH H
****When multiple polymers line up they hydrogen bond to each other making the polymer even stronger.***
![Page 67: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: {. All Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Standard Hydrocarbons with C x H x Hydrocarbons..(C’s and H’s) BUT ALSO](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022103112/551acf6355034606048b50b5/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)