an earthquake is ground movements that occur when blocks of rock in earth move suddenly and release...
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An earthquake is ground movements that occur when blocks of rock in Earth move suddenly and release energy.
Earthquakes occur along fault lines.◦ Faults are breaks in Earth’s crust where blocks of
rock slide past each other. As the plates move, pressure builds up near
their edges, causing fault lines.
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The Focus is the place beneath Earth along a fault line where a block of rock breaks causing an earthquake.
The Epicenter is the exact spot on Earth’s surface directly above the focus.
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A wave is a disturbance in an substance that transports energy from one place to another.
Seismic waves are vibrations given off by Earthquakes that cause ground movements. ◦ When blocks of rock break, the released energy
travels in seismic waves.
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Body waves (travel through Earth)◦ P waves (primary waves) travel through solid,
liquid, and gas because they move in a back and forth direction (slinky). fastest
◦ S waves (secondary waves) can only travel through solids because they move up and down. Second Fastest
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Surfaces Waves◦ Only travel along Earth’s Surface. ◦ Travel back and forth and up and down. ◦ Slowest.
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A seismograph is a tool used to measure the size of an Earthquake based on seismic waves.
The Richter Scale measures the ground motion of Earthquakes. ◦ A scale of 1-10 where each magnitude increase is
equal to 10 times the ground movement.
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The moment magnitude scale◦ The modern rating system which measures the
energy output of an earthquake.
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Mercalli Scale◦ Measures earthquakes by the amount of damage
they produce. (intensity)
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Stress is pressure on a block of rock causing it to bend and break (caused by Earth’s plates).
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Tension stress stretches rock, making it thinner. (occurs at Divergent Boundaries)
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Compression stress shortens and squeezes rock. (occurs at Convergent Boundaries)
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Shear stress pushes different blocks of rock past each other. (Occurs at Transform Boundaries)
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◦ Faults are breaks in Earth’s crust where blocks of rock slide past each other.
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Normal fault◦ Caused by tension and can be found at divergent
boundaries.
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Reverse Fault Are a result of compression and can occur at
convergent plate boundaries.
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Strike Slip Fault Caused by shearing and can be found at transform
boundaries.
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The Law of Superposition◦ If rock layers are undisturbed, the youngest will
be on top. Rocks will get older the deeper you get into the crust.
◦ Sediments are continuously deposited on top of each other.
◦ If rock layers are undisturbed, the deeper you get the older the rocks, fossils, etc. are.
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When rock layers are disturbed or changed, the oldest is not always found on the bottom. ◦ Folding, faulting, and the rise of magma change
rock layers. ◦ Anytime igneous rocks cut across sedimentary
rock layers, they are the youngest. ◦ This causes the law of superposition to be
incorrect at times.
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The movement of Earth’s Plates and convection currents causes the rock cycle. ◦ Zones of subduction form magma, which rises
and creates igneous rocks. ◦ Zones of subduction also create metamorphic
rock, exposing rocks to extreme heat and pressure.
◦ When mountains are formed, they will weather, creating sediments and sedimentary rock.