GLOBAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY I

REGENTS REVIEW

Andes Mountains and Amazon River?◦ South America

China, India, Tibet?◦ Asia

Why study Geography?◦ Show connections between people and places

Physical Map would show?◦ Mountain ranges

Early civilizations start in river valleys because?◦ Periodic flooding left rich soul, which was ideal for

farming

Geography

Time line is?◦ Chronological relationship between events

Archaeologist◦ Study artifacts

Anthropologist◦ Study culture

Historian Topics

Hunters and Gatherers Migration starts in Africa around the world Earliest humans began in Africa Nomads Small populations

Paleolithic Era

Domestication of animals Food Surplus Begin living in permanent settlements Development of civilizations especially river

valley ones. Food supplies became more reliable

Neolithic Revolution

Caused by the introduction of agriculture Before towns and cities can develop

◦ An agricultural surplus is needed Is a result of the Neolithic Revolution Has 8 aspects:

◦ Cities◦ Organized government◦ Complex religions◦ Job specialization◦ Social classes◦ Arts and Architecture/Improved technology◦ Public Works◦ Writing/Record Keeping

Civilization

Drs. Mary Leaky and Louis Leaky Discovered “Lucy” Hominid

Homo Habilis (Handy Men) - First to make tools Homo Erectus (first to stand tall) - Discovered fire Homo Sapiens

Neanderthals (Ritual Burials) Cro-Magnon (US)

Where does our story start?

Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia

MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA

Sargon - Founded worlds 1st Empire (Akkadian Empire)

Hammurabi - First written laws in Babylon created by this king

Nebuchadnezzar- Neo-Babylonian Emperor rebuilt the empire

Cyrus- Founder of the Persian Empire

Darius I-Built roads to connect empire and divided Persian Empire into Satraps

EGYPT AND THE HEBREWS Akhenaton- tried to make Egypt a monotheistic kingdom under the god

Aton

Hatshepsut -1st Female ruler of Egypt

Thutmose III - Made Egypt into an empire

Ramses II - Signed the first peace treaty

Abraham - Founder of Judaism, a Monotheistic religion; main book the Torah (Old Testament of the Bible)

Moses- Created (given) the 10 Commandments

David- 1st King of Israel

Solomon- Builds the temple of David, richest king of Israel.

Mesopotamian and Egyptian Timelines Mesopotamian Civilizations (in chronological order) Egyptian Time Periods

Sumer Akkad Babylon Hittites Assyria Neo-Babylon Persia

Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom

Comparing Egypt and Persia

Similarities Differences

Polytheistic Have a social order Both became empires Both had a written

language Both had a king

King was not both a god and king in Persia (Egyptian pharaoh was a god-king)

Barter economy vs. token economy

Size of the empire (Persia was larger)

Persians accepted the Hebrews

Ancient China and India

Geography of India and ChinaIndia China

Indus River Subcontinent Peninsula Gangetic plain Deccan Plateau Coastal Plains

Hung He (yellow ) River

Himalayas mountains from India

Tian Shan Desert from middle east

Empires/Dynasties

India China

Indus Civilization (2600 B.C.E.)

Aryan Civilization (1500 B.C.E)◦ Hinduism (750 B.C.E.)◦ Buddhism (563 B.C.E.)◦ Jainism (500 B.C.E.)

Maurya Empire (321 B.C.E.)

Gupta Empire (320 C.E.) Golden Age

Shang Zhou

◦ Confucius◦ Taoism

Qin◦ Legalism

Han

The belief that a Chines dynasty’s actions gave them the right to rule

If a Chinese dynasty does a poor job of organizing society, they lose their right to rule

What was the Mandate of Heaven?

Created during Han Dynasty Reached from China to the Mediterranean

Sea Sparked interaction between various people

(Cultural Diffusion) Helped spread Buddhism

Silk Road

Established by the Aryans Enforced by the Hindu Religion Helped created a social order in India People were born into a specific level of

society and could not escape it or change their destiny

Caste System

Founder:

Location: Important Text: Key Teachings:

Aryans and Indus natives

India Vedas Goal is to reach Moksha

(liberation) Caste System Karma (actions and

deeds have consequences) and Dharma (virtuous behaviors that allow the universe to function)

Hinduism

Founder: Location: Important Text: Key Teachings:

Mahavira India Vedas All people can perform

rights not just priests Believe that Ahimsa

means one should not harm any living creature

Meditation and self-denial of food

Jainism

Founder: Location: Key Teachings:

Siddhartha Gautama India Tripittaka “Three

Baskets of Wisdom” Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path Rejected the caste

system Rejected the millions

of gods of Hinduism

Buddhism

Chinese philosopher Analects Social Order Five relationships Younger generation

respects older and wiser generation

Older generation should be a good role model

Civil Service Exams

Confucius

Founder: Location: Important Text:

Key Teachings:

Founded by Laozi China Writings are Dao De Jung

(Way of Virtue) Balance between humans

and nature Universal order between

life and the universe Support less government

interaction Government causes a

imbalance in nature.

Doaist or Taoist

Han Feizi Chinese

philosopher The law is always

right and must be followed to the letter

Man is inherently evil and only laws can provide order

Legalism

Ancient Greece

Geography Peninsula Mountainous topography Mountains - lead to disunity among city

states Mountains lead to creation of independent

city-states

ATHENS Civic values Promoted art and

literature All adult male

citizens were eligible to vote

Established a government that had democratic elements

Direct democracy

SPARTA The government

and society of Sparta are so strict the people have little voice in government.

Military Service

Athens and Sparta

Golden Age Time of an explosion in the arts Advances in literature, science, medicine,

architecture

Greek Indiviuals to Know Leonidas - King of Sparta, leader of the 300 (Battle of Thermopylae)

Pericles- Politician from Athens Golden Age

Alexander the Great- Conquered the whole known world from Greece to Egypt to Persia

Miltiades- Athenian General during the 1st Persian war at Marathon

Philip II- Father of Alexander the Great of Macedonia

Herodotus- Father of History-Wrote first history book and history of the Persian Wars

Thucydides- Writes history of the Peloponnesian War writes without bias.

Key Greek Events

Trojan War- War between the Greeks and Trojans over trade

Persian War- 1st war fought between Athens and Persia; 2nd Athens and Sparta vs. Persia

Peloponnesian War- Athens (Delian League) vs. Sparta (Peloponnesian League)

Direct Democracy - All citizens vote directly on issues (Athens)

Oligarchy- Power is in the hands of a few elders (Sparta)

Alexander the Great Conquered the Persian Empire, Egypt,

Palestine, and parts of India Spread Hellenistic Culture to these regions Greek becomes a international language Through his conquering and the library of

Alexandria cultural diffusion occurs

Famous Greek Philosophers, Scientists and Mathematicians Socrates- Founder of philosophy and questioning

everything

Plato- created the School of Athens

Aristotle- Found of physics

Euclid-founder of geometry

Archimedes-Created simple machines

Hippocrates- Code of Doctors

The Roman Empire

3 phases of Roman Government from 400 B.C.E. to 476 C.E.

Kingdom of Rome Republic of Rome Empire of Rome

Pax Romana EmperorsBad Emperors

Caligula (37-41A.D.) ◦ Mentally Disturbed

(assassinated) Nero (54-68 A.D.)

◦ Good Administrator, but vicious and cruel

◦ Set fire to Rome to rebuild it

◦ Persecuted Christians Domitian (81-96 A.D.)

◦ Ruled like a dictator did not accept Senate counsel

◦ Feared treason

Good Emperors

Nerva (96-98 A.D.)◦ Began custom of adopting heir

Trajan (98-117 A.D.)◦ Empire reached its greatest

extent◦ Undertook vast building program◦ Enlarged social welfare

Hadrian (117-138 A.D.)◦ Consolidated earlier conquest◦ Recognized the bureaucracy

Antonius (138-161A.D.)◦ A time of peace and no war and

persecution Marcus Aurelius (161-180

A.D.)◦ Brought empire to its economic

height◦ Defeated invaders

Geography of Rome Peninsula Center of the Mediterranean Sea Excellent for trade, commerce, and travel

What caused the Roman Empire?What causes a golden Age? Strong Central government Stable governments

Rome's Impact Governmental structure Roads to create unity and communication 12 Tables

◦ Individuals rights within government.◦ Written legal systems.

Role of Women? Some legal rights after husband’s death,

otherwise husband owned them

Fall of Rome Weak central government Disunity Political corruption Invaders Disorder Resulted in the Dark Ages (Period of time

within the Middle Ages)◦ Chaos and disorder

Christianity Has roots in Judaism Monotheistic Belief that Jesus Christ is the Son of God and savior

of mankind due to his death and resurrection (Easter)

Ethical code Roman Catholic Church founded by Peter

◦ Protestant Religions (broke away from Catholic Church) Baptists, Calvinists, Huguenots, Lutherans (Martin Luther/95

Theses), etc. Eastern Orthodox (Greece/ Byzantine) (Paul/Thomas)

◦ Russian Orthodox Coptic (Egypt) (Andrew/James)

Byzantine Empire, Early Middle Ages, and Islam.

Byzantine Empire The eastern region of Europe/ Roman

Empire was unified under the Byzantine Empire

The location of Constantinople contributed to its prosperity

They preserved Greek and Roman learning and passed it on to Western and Eastern Europe

Its location made it the crossroads of Europe and Asia

Feudalism Under feudalism, land became an economic

commodity Feudalism developed after the Roman

Empire collapsed Feudalism is a system in which land is

exchanged for military service and loyalty Supported by the labor of peasants Society based on social classes

Roman Catholic Church Religion played a significant role in the lives

of residents Most important force in providing unity and

stability through out Western Europe during the Middle Ages

Demonstrated centralized power in the Pope

Popes and monarchs often clashed on who held power over whom

Western Europe and the Middle Ages Was caused by a break down in central

government. Is characterized by the manor system and

the importance of land ownership. Also known as manorialism Limited social mobility Individual social status is determined by

birth Education declined as a result of the fall of

the Roman Empire

Islam Spread along Arab trade routes Empire extended from Spain to India Islamic Golden Age - Development of

medical encyclopedias, development of algebra and astronomical tables

From Southern Spain across northern Africa, occupying the Arabian peninsula to Southeast Asia is the extent of the Muslim world

Islamic Golden Age A time of advances in math, science,

medicine and literature Started when the Arab people began

expanding their empire They accepted the ideas of all people in the

empire which resulted in a cultural diffusion of knowledge which led to inventions

Pax Romana (Peaceful Rome) Started with the Caesar Augustus lasted for

200 Due to his stable government, Pax Romana

began A time of peace and no major conflict and

the creation of architecture and literature

High and Late Middle Ages

Eastern Schism◦ Roman Catholic Church◦ Greek Orthodox Church

Western Schism◦ Pope in France◦ Pope in Rome

Schisms

Started when the Byzantine Empire Asked for help

3rd Crusade was the most successful Motives

◦ End of feudal obligation◦ Defend the Holy Land (Jerusalem)◦ Forgiveness of sins◦ Wealth

Crusades

Resulted in an increased interest in middle eastern goods

Contact with the Byzantines and Muslims lead to an interest in knowledge

Brought new ideas to the world Cultural exchange between Christians and

Muslims Increase in trade with Middle East

Crusades

Rose to power by defeating the Byzantine Empire

Controlled parts of the Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Europe

Strategically located between Europe and Asia

Combined religion with tradition

Ottoman Empire

A strengthening of power of monarchies

High and Late Middle Ages

Is conquered by the duke of Normandy his name was William.

He created the Domes Day or dooms day book to keep a record of taxes.

England

Power of the monarch is limited (kings and queens must adhere to the law)

Habeas Corpus – the principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with evidence.

Magna Carta (1215)

England –Parliament France- Estates General

Governing Bodies

Caused by an increase in trade Affected the economy by causing

production to decline and prices to rise Spread through trade with Asia People of North Africa, Europe, and Asia

trade routes Started in Asia Caused a break down in the social order Helped strengthen the power of the

monarchies

Bubonic Plague

Mongol China and Feudal Japan

Tang and Song Dynasties Built canals to aid in troop movements Great wall was used to keep nomadic

people out of China

Mongolian Empire (Mongols) Genghis Khan was the first emperor (1206 to 1227) By 1300, this empire controlled most of Asia Used stirrups and excellent horsemanship to build

an empire. Started trade again with Europe in the 1250’s Contributed to cultural diffusion Used psychological warfare Political stability Pax Mongolia (stability that resulted from Mongol

rule) Led to trade and control of the Silk Road

Marco Polo Promoted interest in Asian goods.

Ming Dynasty (China) Defeated the Mongols Promoted the civil service system Traded with many diverse people Zheng He helped open new sea trade routes Zheng He opened trade with Africa But due to the expense in oversees trade

they stopped exploring

Japan Share China’s idea of Monarch’s divine right. China had influence on Japan due to geographical

proximity Korea served as a bridge between the two civilizations. Started making Zen gardens, drawing calligraphy, and

tea ceremony Japan though still kept an independent culture from

China Geography - volcanoes, limited resources, large coastal

population Shintoism - worship nature; promotes a harmony

between humans and nature.

Feudalism Had a well defined social class Samurai- were warriors who followed Bushido which mad them

loyal to their Daimyo There is a decentralized political system Power is based on class relationships Difference from European feudalism is the centralization of the

Shoguns power Bushido helped bring about a culture of militarism. It also helped give a guide of behavior for the warrior class Women are to be obedient to men Tokugawa Shogunate isolates Japan Merchants were viewed as having little purpose in Japanese

society Bushido is similar to chivalry in Europe

The Renaissance

Secular (non-religious) achievements were emphasized

Began in Italy because Italian city-states had grown wealthy from trade between Europe and Asia (access to the Mediterranean Sea)

Revival of Greek and Roman culture Stress the importance of the individual

Renaissance

Wrote “The Prince” The ends justify the means Leaders may use any method to achieve

what is best for the state Better to be feared then loved, but not

feared enough for people to rebel Employ absolute power to maintain order in

the areas under their rule

Machiavelli

Helped sparked changes in Europe Helped spread Martin Luther’s ideas Led to the spreading of Scientific Revolution

and Enlightenment ideas

Printing Press

95 Theses helped directly led to divisions in the church

Attacked sale of indulgences Indulgences do not lead to salvation Attacked corruption among high officials of

the Church Starts the Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther

Challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church

Helped bring the end of Christian Unity Brought a decline in the power of the

Church Creates the Anglican Church of England

Henry VIII

Power of monarchs grew Immediate effect – destroyed the religious

unity of Europe

Protestant Reformation

The crusading spirit continued in Spain. It was called the Reconquista

The goal was to drive Muslims off the Iberian peninsula

Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim people

By 1300, Christians controlled the entire region except Granada

Muslim influence continued, however, and shaped the arts and literature in Christian Spain

Reconquista