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Page 1: Appendices - SIL InternationalAppendices - SIL International ... Appendices

Appendices

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Table of Contents

APPENDIX A : WORDLISTS ....................................................................................................... 41

A.1 International Phonetic Alphabet Chart ............................................................................................... 41

A.2 Lexical Similarity Comparison Procedures........................................................................................... 42

A.3 Wordlist Biodata ................................................................................................................................. 45

A.4 Wordlist Data, Similarity Grouping, and English and Nepali Prompts ................................................. 46

A.5 Lexical Similarity Percentage Matrix for Eight Tharu Wordlists .......................................................... 87

APPENDIX B : RECORDED TEXT TESTING (RTT) ............................................................... 89

B.1 Standard Procedure for Recorded Text Testing (RTT) ......................................................................... 89

B.2 Pre-RTT Questions ............................................................................................................................... 93

B.3 Post-RTT Questions ............................................................................................................................. 94

B.4 Practice Story ...................................................................................................................................... 95

B.5 West Story with RTT Questions ........................................................................................................... 96

B.6 East Story with RTT Questions .......................................................................................................... 105

B.7 Recorded Text Testing Results in West ............................................................................................ 113

B.8 Recorded Text Testing Results in Central .......................................................................................... 116

B.9 Recorded Text Testing Results in East ............................................................................................... 119

APPENDIX C : INFORMAL INTERVIEWS .............................................................................. 123

C.1 Informal Interview Schedule ............................................................................................................. 123

C.2 Key to Abbreviated Terms ................................................................................................................. 126

C.3 Informal Interview Data Questions 1-8 ............................................................................................. 127

C.4 Informal Interview Data Questions 9-16 ........................................................................................... 128

C.5 Informal Interview Data Questions 17-20c ....................................................................................... 131

C.6 Informal Interview Data Questions 21-26 ......................................................................................... 133

C.7 Informal Interview Data Questions 27-28c ....................................................................................... 135

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C.8 Informal Interview Data Questions 29-35a ....................................................................................... 137

C.9 Informal Interview Data Questions 36-40b ....................................................................................... 139

C.10 Informal Interview Data Questions 41-44 ......................................................................................... 141

C.11 Informal Interview Data Questions 45-49a ....................................................................................... 144

C.12 Informal Interview Questions 50-52 ................................................................................................. 146

C.13 Informal Interview Questions 53a-55c .............................................................................................. 148

APPENDIX D : KNOWLEDGEABLE INSIDER INTERVIEW ............................................... 151

D.1 Knowledgeable Insider Interview Schedule ...................................................................................... 151

D.2 Knowledgeable Insider Interview Data ............................................................................................. 153

APPENDIX E : DIALECT MAPPING PARTICIPATORY METHOD .................................... 157

E.1 Dialect Mapping Procedures in English ............................................................................................. 157

E.2 Dialect Mapping Procedures in Nepali .............................................................................................. 158

E.3 Dialect Mapping Data........................................................................................................................ 160

APPENDIX F : EXPANDED GRADED INTERGENERATIONAL DISRUPTION SCALE .. 169

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Appendix A: Wordlists

A.1 International Phonetic Alphabet Chart

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A.2 Lexical Similarity Comparison Procedures

For a lexical similarity count, the wordlists are compared, in order to determine the extent to which the vocabulary of each pair of speech forms is similar. No attempt is made to identify genuine cognates based on a network of sound correspondences. Rather, two items are judged to be phonetically similar if at least half of the segments compared are the same (category 1) and of the remaining segments at least half are rather similar (category 2). For example, if two items of eight segments in length are compared, these words are judged to be similar if at least four segments are virtually the same and at least two are rather similar. The criteria applied are:

Category 1

Consonants (consonant-like) segments which match exactly Vowels (vowel-like) segments which match exactly or differ by only one articulatory

feature Phonetically similar consonant segments (of the sort which frequently are found as

allophones, such as difference in only one articulatory feature) which are seen to correspond in at least three pairs of words

Category 2

All other phonetically similar pairs of segments which are not, however, supported by at least three pairs of words

Category 3

Pairs of segments which are not phonetically similar A segment which is matched by no segment in the corresponding item

Other criteria used specifically for the analysis of this survey are:

Aspirated and unaspirated sounds are considered as category one Nasalised vowels considered as simil / and /n/) Double consonants were considered one segment (i.e. /p/ and /pp/) Retroflex and alveolar sounds that were otherwise the same, were considered similar

(i.e. ɖ d d ) Dipthongs were counted as one segment /ɹ/, /ɾ/, and /r/ were all counted as similar due to transcription difficulties with

these sounds Palatalized stops (/kʲ ) were disregarded during comparison I ə d g d d Due to variation during transcription, /ɑ , , d ə were all counted as similar.

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An increase in the number of segments in category 3 is permitted if it is compensated by an increase in the number of segments in category 1 (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Word length and lexical similarity

Word Length

Category One

Category Two

Category Three

2 2 0 0 3 2 1 0 4 2 1 1 5 3 1 1 6 3 2 1 7 4 2 1 8 4 2 2 9 5 2 2 10 5 3 2 11 6 3 2 12 6 3 3

After pairs of items on two wordlists had been determined to be phonetically similar, according to the criteria stated above, the percentage of items judged similar was calculated. The procedure was repeated for each pair of language varieties.

When eliciting verbs, two different forms were asked: the simple past for 3rd person singular and the imperative for 2nd person singular. This was done to identify a common root morpheme, rather than comparing the words as a whole. The common root morpheme was used for the comparison.

During the process of wordlist elicitation, the researcher transcribes the words phonetically by using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The transcriptions should be done as accurately as possible. It would be best if only one person did the transcriptions, because each field worker eliciting words may hear and transcribe the sounds slightly differently. Wordlists for this survey were collected by multiple researchers. Therefore, in order to maintain accuracy, after the actual wordlist collection, the researchers listened to the recorded wordlists to account for and unify in notation all the variations that were thought to represent the same sound but marked in different ways.

The Tharu varieties of this survey do not use tone, and therefore, tone was not considered during transcription and comparison.

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Some elicited words were excluded from the lexicostatistic count. Tharu and Nepali numbers use the same lexical term. In some cases, slight variation from the Nepali pronunciation were given. Clearly a loan word, these words were not considered in the comparison. A few items were disqualified because of doubts to whether people had really given a word with the same meaning. Those entries were disqualified in order to eliminate potential skewing. The final word count of the comparisons in this report were between 266 and 268 lexical items.

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A.3 Wordlist Biodata

Rautahat (West) Siraha (Central) Morang (East) 1. Informed Consent Given Given Given 3. Date 5-Apr-13 28-Apr-13 28-Feb-13 4. Village, District Simara, Rautahat Jahadi, Siraha Gidhaniya, Morang 5. Interviewer Jessica Mitchell Stephanie

Eichentopf Jessica Mitchell 6. Language of elicitation Nepali Nepali Nepali 7. Language of response Nepali Nepali Nepali 8. Interpreter N/A N/A N/A 9. Sex Male Male Male 10. Name Jugi Ram

Chaudhary Ram Shankar Chaudhary

Dokaram Bishwas Tharu

11. Age 51 48 59 12. Caste Tharu Tharu Tharu 13. Religion Hindu Hindu Hindu 14. Occupation Farmer Teacher Farmer 15. Have you ever been to school? Yes Yes No 15a. (If yes) Up to which class? 8 Plus 2 N/A 16. Mother tongue Tharu Tharu Tharu 17. Birthplace Simara Jahadi Gidhaniya 18. Where do you live now? Simara Jahadi Gidhaniya 19. How long have you been living there/here? 51 years 48 years 59 years 20. Have you lived anywhere else for more than a year?

No No No

21. Where is your father from? Simara Jahadi Gidhaniya 22 F ’ m tongue Tharu Tharu Tharu 23. What language did your father usually speak to you when you were a child?

Tharu Tharu Tharu

24. Where is your mother from? Padari, Bara Jahadi Gakhuwa 25 M ’ m tongue Tharu Tharu Tharu 26. What language did your mother usually speak to you when you were a child?

Tharu Tharu Tharu

27. What language(s) can you speak?

Tharu, Nepali, English, Hindi, Maithili

Tharu, Nepali, English, Hindi

Tharu, Nepali, English, Hindi, Maithili

28. Which language do you speak best (a), second best (b), and third best (c)?

a. Tharu b. Maithili c. Nepali

a. Tharu b. Nepali c. Hindi

a. Nepali b. Tharu c. Hindi

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A.4 Wordlist Data, Similarity Grouping, and English and Nepali Prompts

These three 268-item wordlists from Kochila Tharu villages were compared with five other wordlists collected in October 2011 from Dangaura Tharu and its closely related varieties (Deukhuri, Desauriya, and Malhoriya), as well as Kathariya Tharu. The comparison shown here only displays the data from the three Kochila Tharu wordlists of this survey. The grouping numbers used here are from the complete comparison of all eight wordlists and therefore, may appear incomplete. The similarity percentage matrix for all eight wordlists is in Appendix A.5 following the Kochila Tharu comparison.

Verbs were elicited in 3rd person past and informal imperative in order to determine the verb root for comparison. Only the 3rd person past form is displayed in the comparison.

Abbreviations:

IPA – International Phonetic Alphabet

N/A – Not applicable

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 1 body जी उ dʒ u Morang (East) :ŋ 3

Bara (West) d ə 2

Siraha (Central) d ə 2

2 head टा उको ʈ uk Morang (East) muɾ 2 3

Bara (West) muɾ 3

Siraha (Central) muri 2 3

3 hair कपा ल kʌp Morang (East) dʒɔʈə 3

Bara (West) k 4

Siraha (Central) kʲ 4

4 face अनहुा र / मखु ʌ u muk Morang (East) ə u ə 3

Bara (West) up 4

Siraha (Central) m 1

5 eye आखँा k Morang (East) k 1

Bara (West) k 1

Siraha (Central) ə k 1

6 ear का न kan Morang (East) kan 1

Bara (West) kan 1

Siraha (Central) kan 1

7 nose ना क nak Morang (East) k 1

Bara (West) nak 1

Siraha (Central) nak 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 8 mouth मखु mukh Morang (East) m k 3

Bara (West) m 1

Siraha (Central) m (see face) 1

9 lips ओठ ʈ Morang (East) ʈ 3

Bara (West) ʈ 1

Siraha (Central) ʈ ɔ 3

10 tooth दा तँ d Morang (East) d ʈ 1

Bara (West) d ʈ 1

Siraha (Central) d 1

11 tongue ज जब्र ो dʒ bɾ Morang (East) dʒ 3

Bara (West) dʒ u 2

Siraha (Central) dʒ 2

12 chest छा ती ʃ Morang (East) ʃ 1

Bara (West) sati 1

Siraha (Central) ʃ 1

13 belly/stomach पटे p ʈ Morang (East) pet 1

Bara (West) p ʈ 1

Siraha (Central) p ʈ 1

14 waist कम् मर kʌmːʌ Morang (East) ɖ ɖə 3

Bara (West) ɖ 3

Siraha (Central) d 3

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 15 whole arm हा त hat Morang (East) 1

Bara (West) 1

Siraha (Central) 1

16 elbow कुह हनो / कुह हना ku(h)ino / ku(h)ina Morang (East) kaunhi 1

Bara (West) kehuni 1

Siraha (Central) kə u 1

17 palm हत् के ला hatkela Morang (East) ə ə 3

Bara (West) ə əʈ 3

Siraha (Central) ə ə ə 3

18 finger औलंा ʌᵘ Morang (East) jɛŋu 1

Bara (West) əŋu 3

Siraha (Central) ɔ ŋgə 2 3

19 fingernail नङ ʌŋ Morang (East) ɔ ə 2 3

Bara (West) 3

Siraha (Central) ɔ 1

20 leg खटु्टा k uʈʈ Morang (East) ʈʲ ŋ 3

Bara (West) gɔ 1

Siraha (Central) ʈ ŋ 3

21 knee घ ुडँा g ɖ Morang (East) əʈ u 1

Bara (West) ʈ u 2 3

Siraha (Central) ɛŋg u 2

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 22 skin छ ा ल ा ʃ Morang (East) ɖ ə 1

Bara (West) sala 1

Siraha (Central) ʃ 1

23 bone हा ड ɖ Morang (East) əɖ ɖ 2

Bara (West) əɖ ɖ 2

Siraha (Central) har 2

24 heart म टु ु muʈu Morang (East) muʈ ʈu 1

Bara (West) kɔ 2

Siraha (Central) muʈu 1

25 blood रग त ɾʌgʌ Morang (East) ə u 3

Bara (West) lehu 3

Siraha (Central) ə u 3

26 urine ह प स ा ब pisab/p Morang (East) mut 1

Bara (West) mut 1

Siraha (Central) m 1

27 feces ह दस ा disa Morang (East) g 1

Bara (West) g ə) 1

Siraha (Central) g 1

28 village ग ा उँ g Morang (East) g 1

Bara (West) g 1

Siraha (Central) gam 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 29 house घ र g ʌ Morang (East) g 1

Bara (West) g 1

Siraha (Central) ghar 1

30 roof छ ा न ा ʃ Morang (East) ʃəpə 1

Bara (West) sanhi 4

Siraha (Central) ʃ 5

31 door ढ ो क ा ɖ k Morang (East) kʲ 2

Bara (West) kewari 2

Siraha (Central) kʲ 2

32 firewood दा उ रा d uɾ Morang (East) k ʈ 1

Bara (West) dʒ 2

Siraha (Central) dʒə ə 2

33 broom कु च ो kutso Morang (East) b ɖ ə 3

Bara (West) bə 2 3

Siraha (Central) bə 2 3

34 stick ल ट्ठ ी ʌʈʈ Morang (East) ʈ ʈ 1

Bara (West) ʈ 1

Siraha (Central) ʈ 1

35 pestle ल ो हो रो / लो हरो ɾ ʌɾ Morang (East) ɔ ɖ 1

Bara (West) lorha 1

Siraha (Central) ɖ 2

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 36 spices mortar ज स ल ौ टो ʌᵘʈ Morang (East) p ʈ 1

Bara (West) ᵘʈ 2

Siraha (Central) ʈ 2

37 small hammer घ न g ʌ Morang (East) ə ᵘɖ əʈ ᵘɖ 1 4

Bara (West) əʈ uɖ 1 4

Siraha (Central) ə ᵘd 4

38 large Nepali

knife खकुु री k ukuɾ Morang (East) ɖəb j 3

Bara (West) dabeja 3

Siraha (Central) dəb 3

39 sickle हजँ स य ा sija Morang (East) kə ʃ j 2

Bara (West) ə u 1 2

Siraha (Central) ə u 1 2

40 axe ब न् च र ो bʌ ʌɾ Morang (East) kuɖ 1

Bara (West) ŋ 4

Siraha (Central) kuher 1

41 rope ड ो री ɖ ɾ Morang (East) ɖ 3

Bara (West) dʒ ᵘ 4

Siraha (Central) g d 5

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 42 thread धा ग ो dhago Morang (East) u ə 2

Bara (West) ɖɔ 1

Siraha (Central) d əg 1

43 needle ज स यो sijo Morang (East) pə 3

Bara (West) pə 3

Siraha (Central) pə 3

44 cloth क प डा kʌpʌɖ Morang (East) kəpəɖ 3

Bara (West) kəpəɖ 3

Siraha (Central) kəpəd bə ə 3

45 hat टो प ी ʈ p Morang (East) ʈ p 1

Bara (West) ʈ p 1

Siraha (Central) ʈ p 1

46 ring औठं ी ᵘʈ Morang (East) əŋʈᵗ 3 4

Bara (West) ᵘ ʈ 3 4

Siraha (Central) ᵘʈ j 2

47 gold स नु sun Morang (East) ʃ ɑ 2

Bara (West) 1 2

Siraha (Central) ʷə 1 2

48 sun स युय / सजु े uɾ j u dʒ Morang (East) u udʒ 3

Bara (West) u udʒ 3

Siraha (Central) ə udʒ k ) 3

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 49 moon जू न dʒu Morang (East) 2

Bara (West) ʃə əmə ə 4

Siraha (Central) dʒɔ j 3

50 sky आक ा श k k ʃ Morang (East) m g 2

Bara (West) ək 1

Siraha (Central) mɛg 2

51 star त ा रा ɾ Morang (East) ə 2

Bara (West) ə 2

Siraha (Central) tara 2

52 rain प ा न ी (पछय ) p pʌɾ ʃ ʌ) Morang (East) bə ə ʃ excluded Bara (West) m g bə excluded Siraha (Central) p p ʃ excluded

53 water प ा न ी pani Morang (East) pani 1

Bara (West) pani 1

Siraha (Central) p 1

54 small river खो ल ा khola Morang (East) əd d 2

Bara (West) əd 2

Siraha (Central) əd 2

55 cloud ब ा दल b dʌ Morang (East) b də 3

Bara (West) b də 3

Siraha (Central) mʲɛg 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 56 bolt of lightning च ट या ङ ʃʌʈjæŋ Morang (East) bədʒəɖ 5

Bara (West) ʈ ə k 4

Siraha (Central) kə 4

57 rainbow इन् े णे ी dɾ ɳ Morang (East) ə bə 2

Bara (West) pə ʃ k ) 1

Siraha (Central) pɛ ɔk 1

58 wind हा वा hawa Morang (East) bə j 3

Bara (West) bʲ 3

Siraha (Central) bə 2

59 small stone ढ ङु्ग ा / ढ ुगँा ɖ uŋg Morang (East) p ə 2 3

Bara (West) pəʈ 2 3

Siraha (Central) p k ə dɔŋgə) 3

60 unirrigated field ब ा री b ɾ Morang (East) b ɖ 1

Bara (West) b ɖ 1

Siraha (Central) bari 1

61 irrigated field खते k Morang (East) k ɛ 2

Bara (West) k 2

Siraha (Central) k ɛ 2

62 path/road ब ा टो b ʈ Morang (East) b ʈ 2

Bara (West) p ɑ 3

Siraha (Central) pera 3

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 63 fire आग ो ago Morang (East) agin 1

Bara (West) agi 1

Siraha (Central) g 1

64 smoke धवुा ँ d u Morang (East) d m 1

Bara (West) d 1

Siraha (Central) dʷ j du j ) 1

65 ash खरा न ी k ʌ Morang (East) ʃ ᵒ 2

Bara (West) saur 2

Siraha (Central) ʃ ᵘ 2

66 soil/clay म ा टो m ʈ Morang (East) m ʈ ʈ 1

Bara (West) m ʈ 1

Siraha (Central) m 1

67 dust धलु ो dhulo Morang (East) d u 1

Bara (West) d u 1

Siraha (Central) gə d 3

68 tree रू ख rukh Morang (East) g ʃ 2

Bara (West) g 2

Siraha (Central) g ʃ 2

69 leaf प ा त pat Morang (East) pə 1

Bara (West) pə 1

Siraha (Central) pə 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 70 Root (below

ground) ज रा dʒʌɾ Morang (East) sir 2

Bara (West) sur 2

Siraha (Central) sir 2

71 seed ब ीउ biu Morang (East) b ʃə 3

Bara (West) bia 1

Siraha (Central) bia 1

72 bark ब ो क्रो b kɾ Morang (East) ɖ ə 2

Bara (West) ə 2

Siraha (Central) ʃ 2

73 thorn क ा डँ ो / क ाडँ ा k ɖ k ɖ Morang (East) k ʈə 1

Bara (West) k ʈ 1

Siraha (Central) k ʈ 1

74 flower फुल phul Morang (East) p u 1

Bara (West) p u 1

Siraha (Central) p u 1

75 bamboo tree ब ा सँ b Morang (East) bɑ 1

Bara (West) b 1

Siraha (Central) b 1

76 bamboo shoot त ा म ा tama Morang (East) mə 1 4

Bara (West) tam 4

Siraha (Central) tama 1 4

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 77 fruit फल फूल p ʌ p u Morang (East) p ə p u 1

Bara (West) pə p u 1

Siraha (Central) phal phul 1

78 mango आपँ p Morang (East) m 1

Bara (West) m 1

Siraha (Central) m 1

79 banana के रा k ɾ Morang (East) kela 1

Bara (West) k dʒ 2

Siraha (Central) kela 1

80 wheat ग हू ँ gʌ ) Morang (East) g əm 2

Bara (West) gə um 1 2

Siraha (Central) gə um 1 2

81 uncooked rice च ा म ल mʌ Morang (East) ʃəᵒ 1

Bara (West) ʃ u 1

Siraha (Central) ʃ ᵘ 1

82 unhusked rice धा न d Morang (East) d 1

Bara (West) d 1

Siraha (Central) d 1

83 cooked rice भात b Morang (East) b 1

Bara (West) b 1

Siraha (Central) b 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 84 vegetable त रका री ʌɾk ɾ Morang (East) sag 2

Bara (West) tiuna 1

Siraha (Central) sag 2

85 potato आल ु alu Morang (East) ə u 1

Bara (West) ə u: 1

Siraha (Central) ə u 1

86 egg plant भन्टा b ʌ ʈ Morang (East) b gə 1

Bara (West) b ə ʈ 2

Siraha (Central) b ə ʈ 2

87 ground nut ब दा म bʌd m Morang (East) bəd m 1

Bara (West) bedam 1

Siraha (Central) bəd m 1

88 chili खो स ा यन ी k ɹ Morang (East) mə ʃʲɪ 1

Bara (West) m ʃ 1

Siraha (Central) m ʃ 1

89 tumeric ब ेस ा र besar Morang (East) ə d 1

Bara (West) ə ɖ 1

Siraha (Central) ə d 1

90 garlic ल स नु ʌ u Morang (East) lesun 1

Bara (West) ə u 1

Siraha (Central) ə u 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 91 onion प्या ज pʲ dʒ Morang (East) p j dʒ 1

Bara (West) p j dʒ 1

Siraha (Central) pʲ dʒ 1

92 cauliflower क ाउल ी kauli Morang (East) p u k b 1

Bara (West) k b 1

Siraha (Central) kobi 1

93 ginger अ दवुा ʌdu Morang (East) d ə 1

Bara (West) d d 1

Siraha (Central) adi 1

94 tomato ग ो ल भ ेडं ा g b ɖ Morang (East) g b ə ʈ 2

Bara (West) əm ʈə 1

Siraha (Central) əm ə 1

95 cabbage ब न्दक ोब ी bʌ dʌk b Morang (East) bə k b 2

Bara (West) munakobi 2

Siraha (Central) muna kobi 2

96 cucumber क ा कँ्रो k kɾ Morang (East) k ɾ 1

Bara (West) k 1

Siraha (Central) k 1

97 oil त ेल tel Morang (East) tel 1

Bara (West) tel 1

Siraha (Central) tel 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 98 salt नू न nun Morang (East) nun 1

Bara (West) nun 1

Siraha (Central) ɔ ə 1

99 meat म ा स ु masu Morang (East) mə 3

Bara (West) mas 4

Siraha (Central) mə 3

100 fat part of flesh ब ो स ो boso Morang (East) 4

Bara (West) tel 4 1

Siraha (Central) tel (see oil) 4

101 fish म ा छ ा m ʃ Morang (East) m ʃ ə 1 2

Bara (West) mə ʃə 1

Siraha (Central) m ʃ 2

102 chicken कु खरुा kuk u Morang (East) murga 1

Bara (West) mu əg 1

Siraha (Central) murga 1

103 egg फुल phul / ʌɳɖ Morang (East) ɖ m 2

Bara (West) ə ɖ 1

Siraha (Central) dima 2

104 cow ग ा इ gai Morang (East) gə u 1

Bara (West) g j 1

Siraha (Central) g 2

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 105 buffalo भ सं ी b ʌ Morang (East) b ɑ 2

Bara (West) b 2

Siraha (Central) b 2

106 milk दूध dudh Morang (East) d ud 1

Bara (West) dud 1

Siraha (Central) dud 1

107 horn ज स ङ ŋ Morang (East) ŋ 1

Bara (West) ŋ 1

Siraha (Central) ŋ 1

108 tail प चु् छ र pu ʃ ʌ Morang (East) ŋə 1 2

Bara (West) əŋə 2

Siraha (Central) əŋə 2

109 goat ब ा ख्रा b k ɾ Morang (East) bəkə 3 4

Bara (West) bəkə 3 4

Siraha (Central) bək 3 4

110 pig स ुं ग रु uŋguɾ Morang (East) ugə 2

Bara (West) ugə 2

Siraha (Central) ugə 2

111 dog कु कु र kukur Morang (East) ku 2

Bara (West) kuta 2

Siraha (Central) kuta 2

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 112 cat ह ब रा लो b ɾ Morang (East) b 2

Bara (West) b 2

Siraha (Central) b 2

113 snake स पय / सा पँ ʌ pʌ p Morang (East) p 2

Bara (West) p 2

Siraha (Central) p 2

114 monkey ब ा दँर b dʌ Morang (East) b ə 1

Bara (West) b ə 1

Siraha (Central) b ə 1

115 bird च रा ʌɾ Morang (East) ʃ ə 3 4

Bara (West) ʃ ə 2 3 4

Siraha (Central) ʃ 1 3 4

116 wings प खटेा pʌk ʈ Morang (East) ɖ ə 1

Bara (West) də 1

Siraha (Central) ɖɛ 1

117 feather प् वा खँ p k Morang (East) p k ə ə 1

Bara (West) p k 2

Siraha (Central) p k 2

118 rat/mouse म सु ा musa Morang (East) musa 2 3

Bara (West) mus 2

Siraha (Central) mus 2

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 119 mosquito ल ा म खटेु्ट mk uʈː Morang (East) pək jə 5

Bara (West) mɔ ə 3 4

Siraha (Central) mə ʃə 4

120 fly ज ं ग ा dʒ ŋg dʒ ŋː Morang (East) m ʃ 1 2

Bara (West) masi 2

Siraha (Central) m ʃ 1 2

121 honey bee म ा हरु ी / म ाउ री m )uɾ Morang (East) məd u 3 4

Bara (West) mɔd 4

Siraha (Central) m ɔ ud 2

122 ant क ह मल ा kʌm Morang (East) ʃ 1

Bara (West) ʃ m 1 2

Siraha (Central) ʃɪ 1 2

123 spider म ा कु रा / मा कु रो makura / makuro Morang (East) məkə 1

Bara (West) məkə 1

Siraha (Central) məkə 1

124 louse ज मु्र ा dʒum Morang (East) d ə d) 4

Bara (West) d d) 4

Siraha (Central) d ɪ 4

125 bed bug उडु स uɖu Morang (East) bɪdʒ j 4

Bara (West) uris 1

Siraha (Central) bɪg j 4

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 126 flea उपिय ाँ up j Morang (East) upəɖ 3

Bara (West) upəɖ 3

Siraha (Central) upə 3

127 leech ि नी जुक p j uk Morang (East) ʃ məɽə 2

Bara (West) dʒɔ k p ) ŋ 3

Siraha (Central) dʒɔ k 3

128 person म ननस / म न् े a m m ʃ Morang (East) manus 4

Bara (West) ədm 3

Siraha (Central) lok (most often) 2

129 man लोग् नaम न् े a / िुरुष g m ʃ pu u Morang (East) m əd dm 3

Bara (West) marda 3

Siraha (Central) mu ɑ mə əd) 3

130 woman/female आइम इ / महिल aimai / mahila Morang (East) dʒə 1

Bara (West) m ᵘg 4

Siraha (Central) məᵘg 4

131 baby बच् ा bʌ bʌ ʃ Morang (East) bə ʃ 3

Bara (West) kə 2

Siraha (Central) bə ʃ 3

132 boy कa ट k ʈ Morang (East) ʃ ᵘd 3

Bara (West) ʃ ᵘ 2 3

Siraha (Central) ʃ ᵘ 2 3

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 133 girl कa टी k ʈ Morang (East) ʃ ᵘɖ 3

Bara (West) ʃ ᵘ 3

Siraha (Central) ʃ ᵘ 3

134 father ब / बुब ba / buwa Morang (East) bɑ bɑpu 2

Bara (West) babu 1 2

Siraha (Central) babu 1 2

135 mother आम ama Morang (East) mɑ 2

Bara (West) dai 1

Siraha (Central) məj 3

136 older brother द जु / द ई d dʒu d Morang (East) dəd 1

Bara (West) dada 1

Siraha (Central) d də 1

137 younger brother भ ई bhai Morang (East) b j 1 2

Bara (West) b ᵘ 1

Siraha (Central) b 2

138 older sister हददी didi Morang (East) də 2

Bara (West) didi 1

Siraha (Central) bə k dəj 3

139 younger sister बहिनी bʌ ) Morang (East) bə 4

Bara (West) bəj 1 2

Siraha (Central) dəj 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 140 son ेोर / ेोरो ʃ ɾ ʃ ɾ Morang (East) beta 4

Bara (West) b ʈ 4

Siraha (Central) bɛʈ 4

141 daughter ेोरी ʃ ɾ Morang (East) beti 3

Bara (West) b ʈ 3

Siraha (Central) bɛʈ 3

142 husband लोग् नa / श्रीम न g ɾ m Morang (East) mə əd 3

Bara (West) marda 3

Siraha (Central) g ə b 4

143 wife स व स नी / श्रीमती ɾ mʌ Morang (East) m ᵘg 3

Bara (West) m ᵘg 3

Siraha (Central) g ə b 4

144 grandfather िजुर ब ʌdʒuɾ b Morang (East) bud ə b p excluded

Bara (West) b ud b bu excluded Siraha (Central) baba excluded

145 grandmother िजुर आम ʌdʒuɾ m Morang (East) bud mʲ excluded Bara (West) b ud d excluded Siraha (Central) dadi excluded

146 grandson न ती nati Morang (East) ɑ d ug ’ ) 2

Bara (West) nati 2

Siraha (Central) 2

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 147 granddaughter न नतनी natini Morang (East) ɑ d ug ' ) 2

Bara (West) natini 1 2

Siraha (Central) natin 1 2

148 f ’ d

brother ठूलो ब बु ʈ u b bu Morang (East) bə k b p excluded

Bara (West) bək b bu excluded Siraha (Central) bə k b p b bu) excluded

149 f ’ y u g brother

स न ब बु sana babu Morang (East) kək 1

Bara (West) kaka 1

Siraha (Central) kaka 1

150 f ’ d

sister फुिू phupu Morang (East) pisu 4

Bara (West) p u d d 3

Siraha (Central) didi 2

151 m ’ d

brother म म mama Morang (East) məmə 1

Bara (West) məm 1

Siraha (Central) mama 1

152 m ’ d

sister ठूलो आम ʈ u m Morang (East) bə k 2

Bara (West) bə k d 2

Siraha (Central) mɔ 3

153 m ’

younger sister स न आम sana ama Morang (East) m 1

Bara (West) kaki 2

Siraha (Central) mɔ 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 154 friend स थी sathi Morang (East) ə ŋ 2

Bara (West) əŋ ə j 1

Siraha (Central) m bəgə j 1

155 name न म / न उाँ nam Morang (East) 1

Bara (West) u 1

Siraha (Central) nam 1

156 language भ ष bhasa Morang (East) b 1

Bara (West) b 1

Siraha (Central) b 1

157 day हदन din Morang (East) din 1

Bara (West) din 1

Siraha (Central) din 1

158 night र त ɾ Morang (East) rat 1

Bara (West) rat 1

Siraha (Central) 1

159 morning बबि न b ʌ Morang (East) bihan 2

Bara (West) bihan 2

Siraha (Central) b b ɪ ə 4

160 afternoon हदउाँ सो d Morang (East) d pə ə 1

Bara (West) kə ᵘ pə ə 3

Siraha (Central) dupə ə 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 161 evening बaलुक beluka Morang (East) ɛʈpə ə excluded

Bara (West) dʒ pə ə excluded Siraha (Central) dʒ excluded

162 today आज dʒʌ Morang (East) ɑdʒu 2

Bara (West) dʒu 2

Siraha (Central) 3

163 yesterday हिजो d)ʒ Morang (East) k ɛ 2

Bara (West) k u 1 2

Siraha (Central) k ɛ 2

164 tomorrow भोलल bholi Morang (East) kalu 1

Bara (West) bihan 2

Siraha (Central) k 1

165 week िप्त ʌp Morang (East) əp ə 1

Bara (West) əp ə 1

Siraha (Central) əp əp 1

166 month महिन mʌ Morang (East) m ə 1

Bara (West) m ə 1

Siraha (Central) mə 1

167 year बषष bʌ ʌ Morang (East) bə ʃə ə) 3

Bara (West) bə 2

Siraha (Central) bə 2

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 168 big ठूलो ʈ u Morang (East) bə kə 1

Bara (West) bəɖ g 3

Siraha (Central) bə k 1

169 small स नो sano Morang (East) ʃ um 4

Bara (West) ə g 5

Siraha (Central) ʃ k 6

170 heavy गहु्रङ्गो / गरुुं गो gʌɾuŋg Morang (East) b 4

Bara (West) b 4

Siraha (Central) bari 4

171 light िलुक / िलुङ्गो ʌ uk ʌ uŋg Morang (East) kə 1

Bara (West) ə uk 1

Siraha (Central) ə uk 1

172 old (thing) िुर नो puɾ Morang (East) pu ə 1

Bara (West) puran 1

Siraha (Central) purna 1

173 new नय ाँ ʌj Morang (East) əj 1

Bara (West) əj 1

Siraha (Central) əbək 2

174 good (person) असल / र म्रो ʌ ʌ ɾ mɾ Morang (East) ə ə bə 4

Bara (West) mə 5

Siraha (Central) k ə ə 4

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 175 bad (person) खर ब / नर म्रो k ʌɾ b ʌɾ mɾ Morang (East) g 4

Bara (West) ə mə 3

Siraha (Central) ə m 3

176 wet लभजaको b d)ʒ k Morang (East) ə 2

Bara (West) b dʒ 1

Siraha (Central) b dʒə 1

177 dry सुक्ख ukk ʌ Morang (East) uk ə 2

Bara (West) uk ə 1

Siraha (Central) uk ə 1

178 long (thing) ल मो lamo Morang (East) mə 1 2 3

Bara (West) lam 2

Siraha (Central) nam 2 3

179 short (thing) ेोटो ʃ ʈ Morang (East) k ʈə 2

Bara (West) ə g 4

Siraha (Central) ʃɔ k 3

180 thin (person) दबु् लो dublo Morang (East) pɑ ə 2

Bara (West) pə ə 2

Siraha (Central) p ə 2

181 hot (weather) गमी gʌɾm Morang (East) gə m 2

Bara (West) gə əm 1 2

Siraha (Central) gə m 2

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 182 cold (weather) ज डो dʒ ɖ Morang (East) dʒ 1

Bara (West) dʒ ɖ 1

Siraha (Central) dʒ 1

183 hot (water) त तो tato Morang (East) d ɪp ə 3

Bara (West) d k ə 2

Siraha (Central) d pə d gə əm 2 3

184 cold (water) चासो tsiso Morang (East) dʒu ə 1

Bara (West) dʒu 1

Siraha (Central) dʒu 1

185 cracked/burst फुटaको / फुट यो p uʈ k p uʈj Morang (East) p u ə p u ə 1

Bara (West) p u ə 1

Siraha (Central) p u ə 1

186 broken/damaged बबचिएको b gɾ k Morang (East) bɪg d ə 1

Bara (West) b gə g 1

Siraha (Central) b gə 1

187 broken भ ाँाaको b ʃ k Morang (East) u 3

Bara (West) u g 1

Siraha (Central) tutal 1

188 empty ख लल k Morang (East) k 1

Bara (West) k 1

Siraha (Central) k 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 189 full भरीभर उ b ʌɾ b ʌ u Morang (East) b ə 2

Bara (West) b ə ə 1

Siraha (Central) b ə ə 1

190 few/a little थोरै ə Morang (East) kə dʒə ə 4

Bara (West) ə k 5

Siraha (Central) kəmʲɛ 6

191 many धaरै d ɾə Morang (East) bɔ u 2

Bara (West) bə u 2

Siraha (Central) bɔ u 2

192 all सबै ʌbʌ ʌpːʌ Morang (East) sauna 2

Bara (West) əb 1

Siraha (Central) əbə 3

193 equal (same

amount) बर ब र bʌ b Morang (East) bə b 1

Bara (West) ə 2

Siraha (Central) bə b 1

194 similar/same उस तै u ʌ Morang (East) ə ɛ ɛŋ 4

Bara (West) ᵘ ə k 5

Siraha (Central) ɛ ɛ ʲ 4

195 different फ़रक p ʌ ʌk Morang (East) p ə ək 1

Bara (West) ə g ə g 2

Siraha (Central) p ə ək 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 196 various बबलभन् न b b ːʌ b β ːʌ Morang (East) bə u 1

Bara (West) bə u 1

Siraha (Central) bə u əŋ 1

197-210 the numbers 1-

12, 20, and 100 Morang (East)

not applicable (excluded) Bara (West) Siraha (Central)

211 white सaतो seto Morang (East) udʒ ə 3

Bara (West) udʒə 1

Siraha (Central) udʒə 1

212 black क लो kalo Morang (East) k jə 1 2

Bara (West) kə j 1 2

Siraha (Central) kari 2

213 red र तो ɾ Morang (East) lal 1

Bara (West) lal 1

Siraha (Central) lal 1

214 right द य ाँ / द हिनa d j / dahine Morang (East) də ə 1

Bara (West) də 1

Siraha (Central) də 1

215 left ब य ाँ / दaब्रa b j d bɾ Morang (East) bəmə 1 2

Bara (West) bəy 2

Siraha (Central) bəm 1 2

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 216 near नजजक / ननर ʌ d)ʒ k ɾʌ Morang (East) əgə 2

Bara (West) əg 1 2

Siraha (Central) əg 2

217 far ट ढ ʈ ɖ Morang (East) ɖu 1

Bara (West) bəd ɖu 2

Siraha (Central) du 3

218 here यि ाँ y Morang (East) jɛ 5

Bara (West) dʒ g 4

Siraha (Central) jɛ 5

219 there त् यि ाँ y Morang (East) ɔ ʲɛ 1

Bara (West) u 2

Siraha (Central) ɔ 1

220 at -म -ma Morang (East) me 1

Bara (West) me 1

Siraha (Central) me 1

221 beside aे उम ʃ m Morang (East) əgə 5

Bara (West) əg 2 5

Siraha (Central) k mɛ 4

222 inside लभत्र b Morang (East) əɾə (me) 2

Bara (West) b ə 1

Siraha (Central) bitri 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 223 outside ब हिर b ʌ Morang (East) bahar 1

Bara (West) bə ə 1

Siraha (Central) bahar 1

224 above/on top of म चथ mathi Morang (East) upə 1

Bara (West) upə 1

Siraha (Central) upə 1

225 below/under तल /मुनन ʌ ʌ mu Morang (East) ə ɛ 1

Bara (West) ʃ 2

Siraha (Central) ʃ 2

226 around वररिरर waripari Morang (East) ʃ k ʃ ᵘ əd 6

Bara (West) ʃ u 2 7

Siraha (Central) ʃ ub 5 7

227 who को ko Morang (East) kʲ 1

Bara (West) ke 1

Siraha (Central) kʲɛ 1

228 whose कसको kʌ k Morang (East) kəkə 1

Bara (West) k kə 1

Siraha (Central) kʲɛkə 1

229 what कa ke Morang (East) kun 2

Bara (West) kə 3

Siraha (Central) kə 3

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 230 why ककन k ʌ Morang (East) kʲ m 4

Bara (West) kahela 5

Siraha (Central) kə ɛ 6

231 where कि ाँ kʌ Morang (East) kə 2

Bara (West) kə 1

Siraha (Central) kə 2

232 when कहिलa kʌ ) Morang (East) kək ə kə ʲə 1

Bara (West) kə j 1

Siraha (Central) kə j 1

233 which कुन kun Morang (East) ku ʈ 2

Bara (West) k ᵘ 1

Siraha (Central) kʷɔ 1

234 how many कनत kʌ Morang (East) kə ə ɛ 3

Bara (West) k ə 3

Siraha (Central) kə ʲɛk 1 2

235 how (what is it

like) कस तो kʌ Morang (East) k ɛŋ 1

Bara (West) kə ə 3

Siraha (Central) kʲ ɛ 2

236 how (to do

something) कसरी kʌ ʌɾ Morang (East) k ɛŋk 1

Bara (West) kə 2 3

Siraha (Central) kʲ k 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 237 this यो jo Morang (East) ʈ 2

Bara (West) ji 3

Siraha (Central) ji 3

238 that त् यो tjo Morang (East) uʈ 2

Bara (West) u: 1

Siraha (Central) u 1

239 go गयो gajo Morang (East) gele 3

Bara (West) gə ə 3

Siraha (Central) gʲɛ 3

241 come आयो ajo Morang (East) jɛ 2

Bara (West) a: 1

Siraha (Central) j 2

243 come down झयो dʒ ʌɾj Morang (East) ɛ 1

Bara (West) dirgel 2

Siraha (Central) kə ə g 3

245 climb up ाढ यो ʃʌɖj Morang (East) ʃəɾ 2

Bara (West) ʃəɖ əg 2

Siraha (Central) ʃ ᵘɖ 2

247 climb down ओल् रययो ɾ j Morang (East) ɛ excluded

Bara (West) uʈə g 1

Siraha (Central) u ə 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 249 bring ल् य यो ljajo Morang (East) ə k 3

Bara (West) ʲ ək 2

Siraha (Central) la balke 2

251 take down तल लग् यो ʌ ʌ ʌgj Morang (East) dʒ ə kə 3

Bara (West) g ɛ 1

Siraha (Central) g ɛ 1

253 take out झझक् यो dʒ kj Morang (East) nikalke 2

Bara (West) g ʃ ɛ kə 2

Siraha (Central) k ə k 2

255 put in र ख् यो rakhjo Morang (East) k ə k 2

Bara (West) ək d 2

Siraha (Central) k ə k 2

257 die मर् यो mʌɾj Morang (East) m ɾ 2

Bara (West) mə g 2

Siraha (Central) mu g ɛ 2

259 be hungry भोक ल ग्यो b k gʲ Morang (East) b k gə ə 1

Bara (West) b k gɛ b 1

Siraha (Central) b k gə 1

260 be thirsty नतखष ल ग्यो ɾk gʲ Morang (East) p j gə ə 1

Bara (West) p j gɛ 1

Siraha (Central) pʲ g 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 261 sleep सुत् यो sutjo Morang (East) u ə 1

Bara (West) u ə ə ək 1

Siraha (Central) ʷ gʲɛ 1

263 lie down िल् ट यो pʌ ʈj Morang (East) ɔgə kɛ 1

Bara (West) əʈəg ɛ 2

Siraha (Central) ŋ ə gʲɛ 3

265 sit down बस यो bʌ j Morang (East) b ʈ 1

Bara (West) b ʈ gɛ 1

Siraha (Central) b kə 1

267 get up उठ यो u ʈ j Morang (East) uʈ 1

Bara (West) k gɛ 2

Siraha (Central) u ʈ gɛ 1

269 stand उलभयो ubhijo Morang (East) d ə ɛ excluded

Bara (West) k b gɛ excluded Siraha (Central) u gɛ excludedwalk

271 walk हिुंड यो ɖj Morang (East) ə 4

Bara (West) bu gɛ 2

Siraha (Central) ʃ ʃ 3

273 fly (verb) उड यो uɖj Morang (East) uɖ 1

Bara (West) uɖ g 1

Siraha (Central) u gɛ 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 275 run दगुर् यो dʌguɾj Morang (East) d uɖ ə 2

Bara (West) d ᵘ gɛ 2

Siraha (Central) dəᵘ 2

277 laugh ि ाँस यो j Morang (East) has le 1

Bara (West) ə gɛ 1

Siraha (Central) ə ə 1

279 cry रोयो rojo Morang (East) kan le 2

Bara (West) k gɛ 2

Siraha (Central) kə ə 2

281 vomit ब न् त गर् यो b gʌ j Morang (East) b kəɾ ək 5

Bara (West) bəkɔ gɛ 5

Siraha (Central) b kə ə k 5

283 spit थुक् यो thukjo Morang (East) uk p kə k 1

Bara (West) k 1

Siraha (Central) uk p kə k 1

285 eat ख यो k j Morang (East) k k 2

Bara (West) k ɛ 2

Siraha (Central) k ɛ k 2

287 bite टोक् यो ʈ kj Morang (East) d ə k 2

Bara (West) k ʈ ək 1

Siraha (Central) d ə ə k 2

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 289 drink पियो pijo Morang (East) (same as eat) excluded

Bara (West) p ək 1

Siraha (Central) p jə kə 1

291 give हदयो dijo Morang (East) delke 1

Bara (West) d d ək 1

Siraha (Central) dɛ kə 1

293 burn द उर ब ल्यो daura baljo Morang (East) pədʒ k 2

Bara (West) dʒ ə bə gɛ 1

Siraha (Central) dʒ ə pədʒ ə kə 2

295 bury ग ड यो g ɖj Morang (East) g ɖ ə k 1

Bara (West) g ɖ 1

Siraha (Central) g ɖ ə kə 1

297 kill म र् यो m ɾj Morang (East) m ə k 2

Bara (West) mu d ək 1

Siraha (Central) m ə kə 2

299 cut क ट यो k ʈj Morang (East) k ʈə k 1

Bara (West) k ʈd 1

Siraha (Central) k ʈə kə 1

301 throw फ ल् यो phaljo Morang (East) p k ə k 1

Bara (West) b g d ək 2

Siraha (Central) pʲɛk ə kə 1

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 303 talk/chat ेलफल गर् यो ʃʌ p ʌ gʌɾj Morang (East) b b ʃ kə ə k 1

Bara (West) b ʃ k ək 3

Siraha (Central) ʃ ə p ə ə kʲɛ k 2

305 say/tell भन् यो b ʌ j Morang (East) kə ə k 1

Bara (West) kə ə ək 1

Siraha (Central) k ə ə k 1

307 hear/listen सुन् यो sunjo Morang (East) u ə k 1

Bara (West) u ɪ 1

Siraha (Central) u ə k 1

309 watch/see दaख् यो d k j Morang (East) d kə k 1

Bara (West) d k ək 1

Siraha (Central) d k ə k 1

310 look िaयो ɾj Morang (East) (same as watch/see) excluded

Bara (West) (same as watch/see) excluded

Siraha (Central) (same as watch/see) excluded

312 wash धोयो dhojo Morang (East) d k 1

Bara (West) d ək 1

Siraha (Central) d u ə k 1

314 my मaरो mero Morang (East) məmə 2

Bara (West) əmə 2

Siraha (Central) mə 2

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 315 our ि म्रो ʌm Morang (East) əmə k 2

Bara (West) əm k 2

Siraha (Central) mə ᵘ k 2

316 your (formal/singular)

ति ईंको ʌp k Morang (East) tor 2

Bara (West) ə 3

Siraha (Central) ɔ ə 3

317 your (formal/plural)

ति ईंिरुको ʌp ʌ uk Morang (East) tor siake 3

Bara (West) j əbk 4

Siraha (Central) ɔ ɑᵘk 3

318 his/her उि ाँको u (ha)ko Morang (East) u kə 3

Bara (West) ɔkə 3

Siraha (Central) əkə 3

319 their (formal) उि ाँिरुको u ) ʌ uk Morang (East) kə k 3

Bara (West) u əbk 4

Siraha (Central) əkə ᵘk 5

320 I म mʌ Morang (East) əm 2

Bara (West) əmə 2

Siraha (Central) əm 2

321 you (singular/formal)

ति ईं ʌp Morang (East) ʲ 2

Bara (West) ə 3

Siraha (Central) 4

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Number English Gloss Nepali Gloss IPA Variety Transcription Grouping 322 he/she (formal) उि ाँ u Morang (East) we 4

Bara (West) ɔkə 5

Siraha (Central) u 2

323 we ि मी hami Morang (East) əm 3

Bara (West) əm 2

Siraha (Central) mə ᵘ 4

324 you (plural/formal)

ति ईंिरु ʌp ʌɾu Morang (East) ə 2

Bara (West) j əb j 3

Siraha (Central) ɔ ᵘ 4

325 they (formal) उि ाँिरु ʌɾu Morang (East) okra sia 3

Bara (West) ɔkə əb 4

Siraha (Central) əkə ᵘ 5

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A.5 Lexical Similarity Percentage Matrix for Eight Tharu Wordlists

Malhoriya 85% Deukhuri 82% 83% Dangaura 82% 80% 75% Desauriya 73% 71% 69% 73% Kathariya 56% 55% 51% 55% 59% Bara 52% 52% 49% 51% 52% 73% Siraha 51% 49% 46% 49% 51% 65% 70% Morang

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Appendix B: Recorded Text Testing (RTT)

B.1 Standard Procedure for Recorded Text Testing (RTT)1

The extent to which speakers of related linguistic varieties understand one another can be studied by means of recorded texts. Such studies investigate whether speakers of one variety understand a narrative text of another variety and are able to answer questions about the content of that text. The accuracy with which subjects answer these questions is taken as an indicator of their comprehension of that speech form. From the percentage of correct answers, the amount of intelligibility between speech forms is inferred. The recorded text testing used in this survey is based on the procedures described in Casad (1974) and Blair (1990).

Short, personal-experience narratives are deemed to be most suitable for recorded text testing in that the content must be relatively unpredictable and the speech form should be natural. Folklore or other material that is widely known is avoided. A three to five minute story is recorded from a speaker of the regional vernacular, and then checked with a group of speakers from the same region to ensure that the spoken forms are truly representative of that area. The story is then transcribed and a set of comprehension questions is constructed based on various semantic domains covered in the text. A set of fifteen to twenty questions is initially prepared. Some of the questions will prove unsuitable because the answer is not clear in the text or because the question is confusing to native speakers of the test variety. Unsuitable questions are then deleted from the preliminary set, leaving a minimum of ten final questions for each RTT. To ensure that measures of comprehension are based on the ubj ’ u d d g f x f d m u d d g f questions, these questions must be recorded in the regional variety of the test subjects. This requires an appropriate dialect version of the questions for each RTT for each test location.

In the RTTs, test subjects hear the complete story once, after which the story is repeated with test questions and the opportunities for responses interspersed with necessary pauses in the recorded text. Appropriate and correct responses are directly extractable from the

1 The description of recorded text test procedures is adapted from that found in Appendix A f O’L y d 1992) by C O’L y

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segment of speech immediately preceding the question. Thus the RTT aims to be a close f f ubj ’ mp f gu g f, f m m y, intelligence, or reasoning. The average or mean of the scores obtained from subjects at one test location is taken as a numerical indicator of the intelligibility between speakers of the dialect represented.

In order to ensure that the RTT is a fair test of the intelligibility of the test variety to speakers from the regions tested, the text is first tested with subjects from the region where the text was recorded. This initial testing is referred to as the hometown test (HTT). The hometown test serves to introduce subjects to the testing procedure in a context where intelligibility of the dialect is assumed to be complete since it is the native variety of test subjects. In addition, hometown testing insures that native speakers of the text dialect could accurately answer the comprehension questions. Once a text has been hometown tested with a minimum of ten subjects who have been able to correctly answer the selected comprehension questions, with an average score of 90% or above, the test is considered validated.

It is possible that a subject may be unable to answer the test questions correctly because they do not understand what is expected. This is especially true with uneducated subjects or those unacquainted with test-taking. Therefore, a short pre-test story with ten questions is recorded in the local variety before beginning the actual testing. The purpose of the pre-test is to teach the subject what is expected according to the RTT procedures. If the subject is able to answer the pre-test questions, it is assumed that they would serve as a suitable subject. Occasionally, a subject fails to perform adequately on an already validated hometown test. Performances of such subjects are eliminated from the final evaluation, the assumption being that uncontrollable factors unrelated to the intelligibility of speech forms are skewing the test results. Generally, subjects performing at levels of less than 70% on the pre-test are eliminated from further testing.

When some subjects have had significant previous contact with the speech form recorded on the RTT, while others have not, the scores usually vary considerably, reflecting the degree of learning that has gone on through contact. For this reason, it is important to include a measure of dispersion which reflects the extent to which the range of scores varies from the mean -- the Standard Deviation. On a RTT with 100 possible points (100 percent), standard deviations of more than 12 to 15 are considered high. If the standard deviation is

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relatively low (10 or below) and the mean score for the subjects from the selected test point is high, the implication is that the community as a whole probably understands the test variety rather well. This might occur either because the language being tested has high g b y p k ’ gu g , b u v y b acquired rather consistently and uniformly throughout the speech community. If the standard deviation is low and the mean RTT score is also low, the implication is that the community as a whole understands the test variety rather poorly and that regular contact has not facilitated learning of the test variety to any significant extent. If the standard deviation is high, regardless of the mean score, one implication is that some subjects have learned to comprehend the test variety better than others. In this last case, inherent intelligibility between the related varieties may be mixed with acquired proficiency, which results from learning through contact. The relationship between RTT scores and their standard deviation can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Relationship between test averages and standard deviation

High Low

Average Score

High Situation 1 Many people understand the story on the test tape well, but some have difficulty

Situation 2 Most people understand the story on the test tape.

Low Situation 3 Many people cannot understand the story, but a few are able to answer correctly.

Situation 4 Few people are able to understand the story on the test tape

High standard deviations can result from many causes, such as inconsistencies in the circumstances of test administration and scoring or differences in attentiveness of subjects. Researchers involved in recorded text testing need to be aware of the potential for skewed results due to such factors, and to control for them as much as possible through careful test development and administration.

Questionnaires administered at the time of testing can help researchers discover which factors are significant in promoting contact that facilitates acquired intelligibility. Travel to or extended stays in other dialect regions, intermarriage between dialect groups, or contacts with schoolmates from other dialect regions are examples of the types of contact that can occur.

In contrast to experimentally controlled testing in a laboratory or classroom situation, the results of field-administered methods such as the RTT cannot be completely isolated from

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potential biases. Recorded texts and test questions will vary in terms of the clarity of the recording. Comparisons of RTT results from different texts need to be made cautiously. It is therefore recommended that results from RTTs not be interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds, but rather evaluated in light of other indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher with accompanying low standard deviations are usually taken to indicate that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate intelligibility.

Responses to questions asked after the administration of an RTT can reflect attitudes held toward the test dialect. These opinions, then, can also help the researcher interpret the scores obtained on the tests.

All storytellers and participants involved in the Recorded Text Testing gave oral and recorded informed consent before assisting with this research.

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B.2 Pre-RTT Questions

My name is ____. We are from Tribhuvan University. We are here to learn about how your language is used for speaking and writing. We will ask you questions about yourself and your language. The information that you give us about your language, we will give to others. Can you give us help?

म ेरो न ाम _____ ह ो। ह ाम ी ह ि भवु न ह व श् व हव ्ा लय बाट आए क ा ह ौ।ं ह ा म ी तप ा ईँहरु क ो भ ाष ा कस री बो ज ल न ेरह छे क स री ल ेजखन े रह ेछ भन् न े कु रा ज ा न् नक ा ल ाह ग आएक ा ह ौ ।ं तप ा ईं र त प ा ईंक ो भ ाष ाक ा बारेम ा ह ाम ी केह ी प्र श् न हरु स ो ् छौ ।ं तप ा ईंल ेह दन ुभ ए क ो भ ा ष ास म् ब न् ध ी ज ा न क ा री अ रू मा ह नस ल ा ई प हन द खे ा उन ेछौ ।ं तप ा ईंल ेह ा म ील ा ई स ह ाय त ा ग नय सक् न हुनु् छ?

1. Informed Consent: Given / Not Given 2. Subject Number: 3. Date (DD-MM-YY): 4. Village Name: 5. Interviewer Name: 6. Language of Elicitation: 7. Language of Response: 8. Interpreter Name: 9. Sex 10. Full Name तप ा ईंक ो पू रा न ा म के ह ो? 11. Age: तप ाईंक ो उम ेर क हत भय ो? 12. Caste: तप ाईंक ो ज ात कु न ह ो? 13. What religion do you practice? तप ा ईं कु न ध मय म ान्न हुनु् छ? 14. What is your occupation? तप ाईं के क ाम ग न ुय हनु् छ? 15. Have you ever been to school? तप ाईंल ेस् कू लम ा प ढ न भुय ो? 15a. (If yes) Up to which class? क हत क् ल ास स म् म (कक्ष ास म् म) ? 16. What is your mother tongue? तप ाईंक ो म ात ृभ ाष ा (आफ न ो भ ाष ा) कु न ह ो? 17. Where were you born? तप ाईं क ह ा ँजन् म नभुय ो? 18. Where do you live now? तप ाईं आज भ ोज ल कह ा ँबस् नहु नु् छ? 19. How long have you been living

there/here? तप ाईं य ो ठा उँम ा क हत बषय बस् न भुय ो?

20. Have you lived anywhere else for more than a year?

तप ाईँ आरु ठा उँम ा ए क बषय भ न् द ा बढी बस न भु ए क ो छ?

20a. Where? क ह ा?ँ 20b. When? क हह ल?े 20c. How long did you live there? क हत स मयस म्म? 21. Where is your father from? तप ाईंक ो बवु ा क ो ख ास ग ा उँ कु न ह ो? 22. What is his mother tongue? उह ा कँ ो म ात ृभ ाषा के ह ो? 23. What language did your father usually

speak to you when you were a child? तप ाईं स ा न ो ह ुदँ ा तप ा ईंक ो बवु ा ल ेतप ा ईँस गँ कुन भ ा षा म ा बो ल्न हु नु थ य ो?

24. Where is your mother from? तप ाईंक ो आम ाक ो म ाइहतघ र कह ा ँह ो? 25. What is her mother tongue? उह ा कँ ो म ात ृभ ाषा के ह ो? 26. What language did your mother

usually speak to you when you were a child?

तप ा ईं स ा न ो ह ुदँ ा तप ा ईंक ो आम ा ल ेत पा ईँस गँ कु न भ ाष ा म ा बो ल्न हु नु थ य ो?

27. What language(s) can you speak? तप ाईं कु न कु न भ ाषा बोल् न सक् नहु नु् छ? 28. W gu g d y u p k… ह त भ ाष ाहरू म ्य े तप ाईं कु न भ ाष ा _______ बो ल् न हु नु् छ? 28a. Best? स ब भ न्द ा राम्र ो? 28b. Second best? द ोस्र ो राम्र ो? 28c. Third best? त ेस्र ो राम्र ो? 29. (If MT was not listed as best language)

Please estimate how well you speak Kochila Tharu: Very well (a), Some (b), Only a little (c)

क ोजच ल ा थारु भ ाष ा ध ेर राम्र ो हक ह ठक हठक हक अ जल अ जल बोल् न सक् नहु नु् छ?

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B.3 Post-RTT Questions

PM1 Where do you think the storyteller is from? य ो कथ ा भन्न े म ान् छेक ो घ र कह ा ँह ोल ा ?

PM2 How did you like their speech? उह ा लँ ेबो ल केो भ ा ष ा क स्त ो ल ा ग्य ो ?

PM3 How much of the story did you understand? (All, Most, Half, Less than half)

य ो कथ ा क हत बझु्न भु य ो ? ( प रुा, ए उट ा द ईुट ा कु रा बझु्न भ ए न , आधी , आध ीक ो कम)

PM4 Is the language in this story the same, a little different, or very different from the language spoken here?

य ह ा ँबो ज लए क ो भ ाष ा कथ ा म ा उस्त छ ह क आजल आजल फ रक छ, ह क ध ेर फ रक छ?

PM5 Did he speak Tharu purely? उह लँ ेश ु् द थ ारु भ ाष ा म ा बो ल्न भुय ो ? PM5a If no, in what way is his speech not

pure? ह क न ा सधु ा छ न ?

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B.4 Practice Story

English Nepali Answer

1. When I was a child, my father bought a cow. म स ा न ो ह ुं दा म रेो बवु ा ल ेग ा ई ह कन्न ुभय ो ।

Q1. What did the father buy? उस क ा बवु ा ल ेके हक न्न ुभय ो ? cow / गाई 2. He bought the cow because

we needed milk. ह ा म ील ा ई दधु च ा ह हए क ोल ेग ा ई ह क न्नभुय ो ।

Q2. Why did he buy a cow? ह क न ग ा ई ह क न्न भुय ो ? for milk / दधु जाहियो

3. He paid Rs. 600 for it. यस ल ाई छ सय पय्र ो ।

Q3. How much did the father pay for the cow? गा ईल ाई कहत पयो ? 600 / छ सय

4. One day as I was milking the cow a bee bit the cow.

ए क ह दन म ल ेगा ईक ो दधु द हुह रहंद ा ए उट ा म ौरील े गा ईल ाई ट ोक् यो ।

Q4. What bit the cow? गा ईल ाई के ल े ट ोक् यो ? bee / मौरी 5. The cow got upset and

kicked the milk pail, गा ईल ाई ररस उठ्य ो र द धु क ो बाल्ट ील ाई ल ात्तील े ह ान्य ो

Q5. What did the cow do? गा ईल े के गाय ो ?

kicked milk pail

/ दधुको बाल्टीलाई

लात्तीले िान्यो 6. and all the milk was spilled. र स ब दधु प ोजखय ो ।

Q6. What happened to the milk? दधु के भय ो ? spilled / पोखियो

7. Because my mother would be angry, I was afraid. आम ा ररस ा उन हु नु् छ भ न रे मल ा ई डर ल ाग् यो ।

Q7. How did the speaker feel? बोल्न े म ान् छेल ाई कस्त ो ल ाग्यो ? afraid / ‍डर लाग्यो

8. I tried to borrow milk from the neighbors, but they had none to spare.

म ल ेज छम के ो बाट प चं ो ज ल न ेक ो ज शष ग रंे त र उन ी ह ा रुस गं दधु ज थए न ।

Q8. How much milk did the neighbors give? ज छम के ी ल ेक हत द धु प चं ो हदय ो ?

none / कत्त्त पनि

हदएि

9. When my mother found out about the spilled milk, she scolded me.

ज ब आम ा ल ेदधु प ो जख ए क ो कु रा थ ा ह ा प ा उन भुय ो मल ा ई ग ा ल ी ग न ुय भय ो ।

Q9. What did the mother do? आम ा ल ेके ग न ुय भय ो ? scold / गाली गिुभुयो

10. As a punishment, I had to go without milk for one week.

सजय क ो रु पम ा म ल ाई एक हप्त ास म्म दधु ख ान प ाइन ।

Q10. How long did the speaker have to go without milk?

बोल्न े म ान् छेल े क हत स मयस म्म दधु खानप ाए न? one week / एक िप्ता

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B.5 West Story with RTT Questions

Tharu स ोहन च ौध री रह े Nepali स ोहन च ौध री जथय ो

Free Nep स ोहन च ौध री जथय ो। Free Eng There was a man named Sohan Chaudhary.

Tharu औक रा ए गो ल ड्क ा रह े ख सु ी च ौध री Nepali उस क ो ए उट ा छोरा जथय ो ख सु ी च ौध री

Free Nep उस क ो ए उट ा छो रा क ो न ा म ख सुी च ौध री जथय ो। Free Eng He had one son named Khusi Chaudhary.

Tharu ख सु ी च ौध रीके ज न मसेहे ी म ान जसक क म ज ोरी रह े Nepali ख सु ी च ौध रीक ो ज न्म द ेखी म ान जसक क म ज ोरी जथय ो

Free Nep ख सु ी च ौध री ल ा ई ज न् म द ेजख मान जस क कमज ोरी जथयो। Free Eng From birth, Khusi Chaudhary's mind was weak.

Tharu म ान जसक स म स्य ा रह े अ ँ ओक राबा द म े ज बान भ ेल Nepali म ान जसक स म स्य ा जथय ो र त् यसप जछ ज व ान भ य ो

Free Nep म ान जसक सम स्य ा जथ य ो र त्यसप जछ ऊ ज व ान भय ो। Free Eng There was a mind problem. And he became a youth.

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Tharu हबबा ह क ो बाद ओक रा द गुो ल ड्क ी भ ेल आ ऐ गो ल ड्क ा भ ेल Nepali हबबा ह प जछ उस क ा द ईुव ट ी छोरी भ ए र ए उट ा छोरा भ य ो Free Nep हव व ाहप जछ उस क ा द ईुव ट ी छोरी भ ए र ए उट ा छोरा भ य ो।

Free Eng After marriage, he had two daughters and one son.

Q1 Tharu ख सु ी के क ए गो बटे ा रह?े ऐगो

Nepali ख सु ी क ा कहतवट ा छोरा जथ ए? एउटा

English How many sons did Khusi have? One

Tharu ओक राबा द म े ओक र प ररबार हबम ार प रगेल Nepali त् यसप जछ उस क ी श्र ीमत ी हबराम ी भ ई

Free Nep त्यसिने उसकी श्रीमती बबर मी भई। Free Eng Then his wife became sick.

Q2 Tharu ख सु ी के, प ररव ारके कथ ी भले रह?े बिमारी भेल रह े

Nepali ख सु ी क ी श्र ीमत ील ाई के भए क ो जथयो? बिरामी भएको थियो

English What happened to Khusi's wife? Became sick

Tharu हबम ार प रगेल ाके बाद म े आजथय क अ व स्थ ा क म ज ोर रह े Nepali हबराम ी प रे प जछ आजथय क अ व स्थ ा क म ज ोर भ य ो

Free Nep हबराम ी प रेप जछ आजथय क अ व स्थ ा कमज ोर भय ो। Free Eng After becoming sick, his financial condition went bad.

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Tharu ओक राबा द म े गा व सम ाजम े ऋ ण ल ेके अप न प ररव ारके उप च ारकेल ेल ह ोस हपट ल ल ेगेल

Nepali त् यसप जछ ग ा उँ-स म ाज म ा ऋ ण जलए र आफ न ी श्र ीमत ीक ो उप च ारक ो

ल ाह ग अ स्प त ाल जल ए र गय ो Free Nep त् यसप जछ ग ा उँ-स म ाज म ा ऋ ण जल ए र उपच ारक ो ल ाह ग श्र ीमत ील ाई अ स्पत ाल जलए र गय ो।

Free Eng Then, taking a loan from the village, he took his wife to the hospital for treatment.

Tharu ह ोस हपट ल भ ेल आ ह ोस हपट लम े उप च ार क ए ल ख Nepali अ स्प त ाल म ा गय ो र अ स्प त ाल म ा उप च ार गराय ो

Free Nep अ स्प त ाल म ा गए र उप च ार गराय ो। Free Eng She was given treatment at the hospital.

Tharu द व ाइस व चल ल ल ेहक न ओक र प ररव ार व ाचे न सक ल

Nepali औष ध ी गर् य ो त र उस क ी श्र ीमत ी बा चँ्न स ह क न Free Nep औष ध ी गर् य ो त र उस क ी श्र ीमत ी बा चँ्न स हक न ।

Free Eng Treatment was given to her, but she did not live.

Tharu तअ ओक राबा द म े ख सु ी ऐ गो हबबा ह के ल ेल तय ारी बत एल ख Nepali अ ँ त् यसप जछ ख सु ी ए उट ा हव व ाह को ल ाह ग तय ारी बन ाइय ो

Free Nep त् य सप ज छ ख सुी ए उट ा हव व ाह क ो ल ाहग तयारी बन ाइय ो। Free Eng Then Khusi was made ready for another marriage.

Tharu आ हबबा ह क ए ल ख ओक राबा द म े द ु बरीस त घ र प ररव ार बन्न् हय ास े चल एल ख Nepali र हव व ाह गर् य ो त् यसप जछ द ईु व षय त घ र प ररव ार रा म्र ो स गँ चल ाय ो Free Nep र हव व ाह गर् य ो त्यस प जछ द ईु वषय त घ र-प र रव ा र रा म्र ो स गँ च ल ाय ो ।

Free Eng He got married. And for two years he ran the family well.

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Q3 Tharu क इस े घ र-प ररव ार च ल ए ल ख? िन्हीयास े

Nepali क स री घ र-प ररव ार चल ाए क ो जथय ो? राम्रोसगँ

English How did he run the family? Well

Tharu ओक राबा द म े ओक र ज व न प ररव ार ज वत द ोस र हबबा ह क के टय ल े रह े Nepali त् यसप जछ उस क ो ज नु श्र ीमत ी ज नु द ोस्र ो हव व ाह गरेर ल्य ाए को जथय ो Free Nep त् यसप जछ उस ल ेज नु अ क ी श्र ी मत ी ह वव ा ह ग रेर ल्य ाए क ो ज थय ो,

Free Eng Then, his second wife...

Tharu ऊ ए गो य ोज न ा बन ल ख ह क ए क र ज व न प हहल े ह ोएल व ाल ा बाल बच्च ा Nepali उस ल े ए उट ा य ोज न ा बन ाय ो ह क यस क ो ज नु प हहल े ज न्म ेको स न्त ान Tharu बा ओक राके ख त म क रद ु क ह के म ारद ु क ह के य ोज न ा बन ल ख Nepali छ उन ीह रुल ाई ख त म ग रह द न ु भ न ी म ा र रह द न ु भ न ेर य ोज न ा बन ाय ो Free Nep उस ल े प हहल ेकी श्र ीम तीबाट ज न्म ेका स न्त ान मारेर खत म प ान ेय ोज न ा बन ाई। Free Eng made a plan to kill the children from his first marriage.

Tharu ओक रबाद म े ख सु ी तय ार भ ेल ख ऊ बाल बाच्च ाके म ारेके ल ेल Nepali त् यसप जछ ख सु ी तय ार भ य ो त् यो स न्त ानल ाई म ानय क ो ल ाह ग

Free Nep त् य सप ज छ ख सुी त ी स न्त ान ल ाई म ानय को ल ाह ग तय ार भ य ो। Free Eng Then Khusi became ready to kill the children.

Tharu त उ स मय म े न ौ बज त रह े न ौ बज े रात ह ोइत रह ेNepali त त् यो स मय मा न ौ बज् द जथयो न ौ बज े रात भ ए क ो जथयो Free Nep त् यो स मयम ा रात क ो न ौ बज ेको जथयो।

Free Eng It was nine o'clock at night by that time.

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Q4 Tharu उ स मय म े रातके के त न ा बज इत रह?े नौओ िजरैात रहे

Nepali त् यो स मय रात क ो क हत बज ेको जथय ो? नौ िजकेो थियो

English What time at night was it? Nine o'clock

Tharu त ओक र बाल बच्च ा स ब स ब सतु रह ल रह े

Nepali त उस क ो स न्त ान ह रु स ब स हुत सके क ो ज थय ो

Free Nep उस क ा सन् तान स ब स हुतस के क ा जथ ए। Free Eng All his children were sleeping.

Q5 Tharu ओक र क ए ज न ा बा ल बच्च ा सतु ल रह?े सभे (सि)

Nepali उस क ा कहत वट ा बच्च ा हरू सतु केा ज थ ए? सि ै

English How many of his children were sleeping? All

Tharu त ओक रा म ारेके ल ेल य ी द नु कु ो ई य ोज न ा बन ल ेरह े ट ाङी रख ल े रह े Nepali त ब उन ीह रू ल ाई म ानय क ो ल ाहग य ी द ईुज न ा य ोज न ा बन ाए क ो जथय ो बन्च रो राख ेको जथय ो Free Nep त ब उन ीहरू ल ाई म ानय क ो ल ाह ग द ईुज न ाल े य ोज न ा बनाए क ा जथए । बन्च रो राख ेका जथए ।

Free Eng Then, the two had made a plan to kill them. They had an axe ready.

Q6 Tharu ओक न ीके म ारेके लले कथ ी रख ल े रह?े टाङी

Nepali उन ीह रू ल ाई म ानय ल ाई के राख ेको जथय ो? िञ्चरो

English For killing them, what had they kept? Axe

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Tharu और ऊ सतु ल रह े ऊ द नु ु बच्च ा आ ओक र ज ेठका Nepali अ हन ऊ स हुत रह के ो जथय ो त ी द ईुट बच्च ा र उस क ो ज ेठो Tharu ल डक ा द ोस र क ोठाम े सतु ल रह े

Nepali छोरा अ क ो क ोठाम ा स हुत रह के ो जथय ो

Free Nep अ हन ऊ स हुत रह के ो जथय ो । त ी द ईुट बच्च ा र उस क ो जठेो छो रा अ क ो क ो ठा म ा स हुत रह के ा जथ ए। Free Eng He was sleeping. Two children and his eldest son were sleeping in the next room.

Q7 Tharu के द ोस र कोठा म ेस तुल रह?े ओकर जठेका लड्का

Nepali अ क ो को ठाम ा क ो स हु त रह के ो ज थय ो? उसको जठेो छोरा

English Who was sleeping in the other room? His eldest son

Tharu त ज ाके ऊ ट ाङी उठाके द नु ु ल डक ीया के ट ाङीस े म ारद ेल Nepali त गए र ऊ बन्च रो उद ाए र द ईुट छोरील ाई बन्च रोल े म ार रहदय ो Tharu क ाटद ेल प रुा म रुउर क ाट के म आुद ले

Nepali क ाह ट हदय ो पू र ट ाउक ोस ाउक ो क ाट ेर म ार रहदय ो Free Nep ऊ गए र बन्च रो उद ाए र द ईुट छोरील ाई बन्च रोल े माररहदय ो, पू र ट ा उक ोस ा उक ो क ा हट हदय ो ।

Free Eng He sharpened the axe. He killed the two girls by cutting off their heads with the axe.

Q8 Tharu ट ाङीस े कथ ी क ा ट के मयु ाद लेख? मरुी काटके मयुाकेलख

Nepali बञ्च रोल े के क ाट ेर म ार् य ो? (छोरीह रु क ो के काट ेर म ार् य ो )? टाउको काटरे

English What did the axe cut? (What was cut on the daughters)? Head

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Tharu त ओक र बाबा गेट ेम े सतु ल रह े Nepali त उस क ो ह ज रुबबुा ढोक ाम सतु के ो ज थय ो

Free Nep अ हन उसक ो ह ज रुबबुा ढो क ा म स तुके ो ज थय ो। Free Eng His grandfather was sleeping by the gate/door.

Q9 Tharu ग टे म ेके सतु ल रह े? ओकर िािा

Nepali गेट म ा को सतु के ो जथय ो? उसको हजरुििुा

English Who slept at the gate? His grandfather

Tharu त ज व न अ व ाज द ेल ख त ऊ अ व ाजस े ओक र हन न ट टुग ले Nepali त ज नु अ व ाज हदय ो त ऊ अ व ाजल े उस क ो हन े ा भ ङ्गभ यो Free Nep त् यो आव ाजल ेउस क ो हन े ा भ ङ्गभयो।

Free Eng The sound woke him up.

Q10 Tharu ओक र बाबाके आव ा ज स नु के क थ ी भले ले? बनन टटुगेल

Nepali अ व ाज स नु रे उस क ो हज रुबबुाल ा ई के भ य ो? बनद्राले छोड् यो

English What did his grandfather do after hearing the sound? Woke up

Tharu हन न ट टुल ा के बाद म े घ रम े द ेखेल ागल ज े क जथ भ ेल घ रम े क ह के Nepali हन े ा भ ङ्गभ एप जछ घ रम ा ह ेनय थ ाल्य ो ह क के भ य ो घ रम ा भ न ेर Free Nep हन े ा भ ङ्गभ एप जछ घ रम ा ह ेनय थ ाल्य ो, के भय ो भन ेर।

Free Eng After waking, he looked in the house. "What happened?," he asked.

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Tharu त घ रम े द ेख त त द नु ु बाच्च ाके म ारद ेल े रह े त Nepali त् यसप जछ घ रम ा द ेख्द ा त द इुट बच्च ाल ाई म ार रहदए क ो जथय ो त Free Nep त् यसप जछ घ रम ा द ेख्द ा त द इुट बच्च ा म ार रएक ा जथए । Free Eng Then, in the house he looked and the two girls were murdered. Tharu ओक राबा द म े ह ल्ल ा क ल ख ओक र बाबा त ग ा वँ स म ाज के ल ो ग पू रा स व के Nepali त् यसप जछ ह ल्ल ा गर् य ो उस क ो ह ज रुबा बाल े त् यस री ग ा उँ स म ाज क ो म ान् छेह रूल ाई Tharu ज ान क ारी भ ेल

Nepali ज ान क ारी भ य ो Free Nep त् यसप जछ उस क ो ह ज रुबा बाल ेहल्ल ा ग र् य ो अ ह न ग ा उँ-स म ाज क ा मान् छेहरू ल ाई ज ान क ारी भय ो।

Free Eng Then the grandfather made noise and people in the village came to know what happened.

Tharu त ब य ी द नु ु भ ाग ल ज ाइत रह े घ र छोरके घ रस े हन क ल के द नु ुNepali त ब य ी द ईुट भ ा ग रे ज ादँ ज थय ो घ र छोडेर घ रबाट हन स्के र द ईुट Tharu भ ाग लज ाइत रह े ओक रबाद म े ग ा वँ स म ाज स ब गेल आ प क रके ल ेआए ल Nepali भ ा ग रे ज ादँ ज थय ो त् यसप जछ ग ा उँ स म ाज ह रू गय ो र प के्र र ल्य ाय ो Tharu और प्र ह रीके ज ान क ारी द ेल ख

Nepali अ हन प्र ह रील ाई ज ान क ारी हदय ो Free Nep त ी द बु जन ा घ रबा ट ह न स्के र घ र छो डेर भ ा ग रे ज ा दँ जथए । त्य सप ज छ ग ा उँ-स म ाज गए र उन ीहरू ल ाई पके्र र ल्य ाए र प्र ह रील ाई ज ान कारी हदए ।

Free Eng The two were fleeing from the house. Then the villagers went, caught them, and informed the police.

Q11 Tharu य ी द नुजु न ा क ह ासँ ेभ ा ग ल ज ा ईत रह?े घरस ेबनकलके भागल जाईत रह े

Nepali द ईुज न ा कह ा बँाट भ ाग ीरह ेको जथय ो? घरिाट बनकलरे भागीरहकेा थिए

English Where did the two people flee from? They fled from the house

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Tharu प्र ह री आए ल प्र ह रीके स ाथम े उ स बके क ा न नु प्र ह क्रय ाअ नसु ा र हन यम Nepali प्र ह री आय ो प्र ह रीक ो स ाथम उन ी ह रू लाई क ा न नु प्र ह क्रय ाअ नसु ा र हन यम Tharu क ा न नुअ नसु ा र ओक रा जजल्ल ा ल ेगेल ए तन े

Nepali क ा न नुअ नसु ा र उन ीह रुल ाई जजल्ल ा ल ाह गय ो य हत Free Nep प्र ह री आए। प्र ह री क ो स ाथ म उन ीह रू ल ा ई क ा ननु प्र हक्रय ाअ न सुा र, हन यम-क ा न नु अन सु ा र जजल्ल ा ल ाह गय ो।

Free Eng The police came and, according to the legal process and law, the two were taken to the district police office.

Tharu जजल्ल ाम े जजल्ल ाम े ल ेगेल ओक राबा द म े ओक रा ज ेल द ेदले ख और ओक रा ज व न Nepali जजल्ल ाम ा जजल्ल ाम ा ल हगय ो त् यसप जछ उस ल ाई ज ेल हद इय ो अ हन उस क ो ज नु Tharu बाल बच्च ा व ा आज ु ओक रो स ाद ी हबबा ह भ ेल अ आज ु ख सु ीस े व ा Nepali बाल बच्च ा छ आज उस क ो प हन हव व ाह भ य ो अ आज ख सु ीस गँ छ Free Nep उन ीह रू ल ाई जज ल्ला-ज ज ल्ला म ा ल हगय ो अ ह न ज ले म ा थ हु नय ो। अह न उस क ा बाल बच्च ा क ो प ह न अ हह ल ेह वव ा ह भ इस क् यो । आज उन ी ह रू खसु ीस गँ बस के ा छन । Free Eng They were taken from district to district and put into jail. His children are already married. Today they are living happily.

Tharu घ र प ररव रम े ओक र ज व न व ाच ल रह े ओक र हबबा ह ह ोग ेल Nepali घ र प ररव ारम ा उस क ो ज नु बा चँ े को जथय ो उस क ो हव व ाह भ य ो Tharu आज ु ख शु ी स े व ा आज ु व राम त व ा

Nepali आज ख शु ी स गँ छ आज स जु खत छ Free Nep घ र-प ररव ारम ा ज नु बच्च ा बाचँ े क ो जथय ो, उस क ो ह वव ाह भय ो । आज ऊ ख सुी स गँ बस के ो छ।

Free Eng The child that was saved has gotten married. Today he is living happily.

Tharu य ीह े घट ल घट न ा व ा Nepali यह ी घट ेको घट न ा ह ो

Free Nep घट ेको घट न ा य ही ह ो। Free Eng This is the event that happened.

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B.6 East Story with RTT Questions

Tharu ह म आप न एक् ट ा ज े ह म् रा व्य हिगत घट न ा घट ल ीस उट ा Nepali म आफ न ो ए उट ा ज ो म ेरो व्य हिगत घट न ा घट ेको त् यो Tharu घट न ाके बारे म े अ ँ ऐ त े ह म क ह ह रहल ज छन

Nepali घट न ाक ो बारेम ा अ ँ य ह ा ँ म भ ह न रह के ो छु Free Nep म म ेरो व्य हिगत घट न ा भ न्न छुे।

Free Eng I will tell my personal event.

Tharu ह म े ए क बरे चल गेन ीछल न हनय ा स स रु क त े स कट ी म े मaजव न Nepali म ए क प ल्ट ग ए क ो ज थए ँ श्र ी मत ी क ो आम ा क ो बबुा स स रु क ह ा ँ म ङन ीम ा प ा हनु ा Free Nep म ए कप ल्ट श्र ीमत ीक ो आम ाक ो बबुा स स रुा कह ा ँम ङ्न ी म ा प ाह नु ा गए क ो ज थए।ँ

Free Eng I once had been to my wife's father's home (as a guest) to ask for her hand in marriage.

Q1 Tharu बोल ेव ला आद् म ी कक र कत ेम ेज व ान गेल ीछल? नबनया ससरु कत े

Nepali बोल्न े म ाह न स कस क ोम ा प ा ह नु ा गए क ो ज थय ो? िाज ेससरुाकोमा

English Where did the speaker go as a guest for the proposal? Father-in-law’s house

Tharu ह ाल ाकी म ेज व ान गेन ीछल त ह म र प ररव ारो गेल ीछल Nepali ह नुत प ा हनु ा ग ए क ो ज थए ँ त म ेरो श्र ीमत ी प हन गए क ो जथयो

Free Nep श्र ी मत ी प हन मस गँ प ाह नु ा गए हक जथ ई। Free Eng My wife also accompanied me (as a guest).

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Tharu प ररव ार के स ाथ स ाथ एक् ट ा छौडीव ो ग ले ी छल Nepali श्र ीमत ी क ो स गँ स गँ ए उट ा के ट ी प हन गए क ो जथयो

Free Nep श्र ी मत ीस गँ ए उटी के ट ी प ह न गए हक जथ ई। Free Eng There was also a girl that went with my wife.

Q2 Tharu बोल ेव ला आद् म ी के प ररव ार स ङे के ग ले ी छल ? छौडी

Nepali बो ल्न ेम ा ह न स को श्र ी मत ीस गँ क ो गए क ो जथय ो? छोरी (केटी)

English Who also went with the speaker's wife? A young lady

Tharu ल ेकी न कु न ह ेल ी ओत ेकरा ज ब प गु् न ी स ह कट ीरा घ र ल ग्त ा जत ेNepali हक न भ न े के भ य ो त् य ह ा ँ ज ब प गु े म ङ्न ी घ र न जज क ज ह ा ँTharu म ेज व ान ख्य ा गेन ी ह म र प ररव ार प छ्व ारी द न े ऐ ङ्न ढुक ी गेल ी Nepali प ा हनु ा ख ान गए क ो म ेरो श्र ीमत ी प छाडी बाट आगँ न जछय ो Free Nep म ेरी श्र ीमत ी म ङ्न ी घ रक ो प छा ह डबा ट आगँ न म ा ज छरी ।

Free Eng My wife entered the courtyard from behind the house.

Tharu ह म े च ल ग ने ु जसद् व ा रीम े ह म् रा त क ोइ जच न् व ेन क रल्क ी के इ Nepali म ग ए ठूल ो आगँ न म ा म ल ाई क स ल े च ीन्न स के न के ऊ Tharu बाऊ ज म्य ा छेक ी क हह के

Nepali ज् व ा इ ँ ह ो भ न ेर Free Nep म ठूल ो आगँ न म ा ज ादँ ा क स ल ेप ह न ज् व ा इ ँह ो भन रे ज च न्न स के न न ।

Free Eng As I went to the big courtyard, nobody recognized me as the son-in-law.

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Tharu ह ाल ाकी ओत े स क ट्या स ौ म ेज् व ान स ब छेल ी स क ट्या स ङे Nepali ह नुत त् य ह ा ँ म ङ्न ीम ा आए क ो ह रु प ा हनु ा स ब जथय ो म ङ्न ीम ा आए क ो स गँ Tharu ह म ु रह न ी ख ेनी हप न ी

Nepali म रह े ख ाए प ीए Free Nep म ङ्न ी म ा आए क ा हरूस गँ म ल ेख ा ए,ँ रह े,ँ ह प ए ।ँ

Free Eng I ate, stayed, and drank with other people that had come for the proposal event.

Q3 Tharu बोल ेव ला आद् म ी कक र स ङे रह ल ी, ख ेल्क ी, हप ल्क ी? सकट् या सङे

Nepali बो ल्न ेम ा ह न स क ोस गँ बस रे ख ान ा खा य ो, हपय ो? मगनीमा आएकाहरूसगँ

English With whom did the speaker stay, eat, and drink? With the people that had come for the proposal event

Tharu स क ट्या न ा चल गेली घ र ह म े म ेज् व ान आद म ी क त े ज ेउ घ र स ा ो ह ेल ी Nepali म ङ्न ीम ा आए क ोहरू ग ए घ र म प ा हनु ा म ाह न स क ह ा ँ ज ाउ घ र स ा भ य ो Free Nep म ङ्न ीम ा आए क ाहरू स ब घ र फ के । म प ा हनु ा क ह ा ँघ र ज ान,ु स ा ँ प ह न प र रस के क ो जथय ो ।

Free Eng The people that came for the proposal all returned home. Me, as a guest, where would I go? It was also getting dark.

Tharu प ा छु ओत े क हह न ो हक जस मस े रात रह न ी Nepali प जछ त् य ह ा ँ जस ो तस ो रात रह े

Free Nep प ज छ त्य ह ा ँजस ोतस ो बा स बस े।ं Free Eng Later, I spent the night there.

Tharu एक् ट ा ओहह न ेङ जच ना ज ान ा छेल ी Nepali ए उट ा त् यसत जच नके ो ज ान ेको जथय ो

Free Nep म ल े जच नजे ानके ो ए कज न ा म ान् छे जथय ो। Free Eng There was a person I knew.

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Q4 Tharu ओहह न ेङे ओत ेकरा कत् न्य ा न ा जच न ा ज ान ा छेल ी? एकझना (एक्टा)

Nepali त् य स री न त्य ह ा हँ न र उत ा क हत ज ना जच न-ेज ान ेका जथ ए? एक जना (एउटा)

English How many people were there that he knew? One

Tharu प हने् क रो उट ा गा व म े ओक् रे क त े ज् य ाके रात रह न ी Nepali प जछल ेको त् यो ग ा उँम ा उ क ह ा ँ ज ए र रात रह े

Free Nep म त्य स गा उँम ा त्य ो म ा ह न स कह ा ँगए र बा स बस े।ं Free Eng I spent the night with that man in the village.

Tharu व ाद म े बाप ह म र क ह ल्क ी छल ओत े म ेज व ान ज ेव े कर्क्षय ाय उट ा Nepali ए क जछनम ा बबुा म ेरो भ न्न भुए क ो जथय ो त् य ह ा ँ प ा हनु ा गइरह ेछौ त् यो Tharu ग ा वँ स े पू रु ए क हठन ा छेल ी हबह ा ज ो ओत ेकरा हबह ाम ेNepali ग ा उँक ो पू बय ए क ठा उँ जथय ो हव व ह ा ज ाऊ त् य ह ा ँ हव व ह ाम ा Tharu च मु ा न त मु ान दय ा हद ह ान चल आव हहय ान

Nepali द जक्ष न ा त जक्ष न ा हद इ द ेउ फ के र आऊ Free Nep प ज छ म रेो बबुा ल ेभन्न भुए क ो ज थ य ो त्य ो ग ा उँक ो पू वय परट्ट अ क ो गा उँम ा ह व व ाह छ। त्य ह ा ँग ए र द जक्ष ण ा हद ए र फ कय ।

Free Eng Later, my father told me that eastward, in the next village, there was a wedding. I had to go and return after giving a financial gift.

Q5 Tharu बोल ेव ला आद् म ी के ग ावँ स ेपू रू ह वह ा छु, क हह के के कह ल्क ी? िाप

Nepali बो ल्न ेम ा ह न स को ग ा उँद जे ख पू वय ह व वा ह छ, भ न ेर कसल े भ न्य ो? िवुाल े

English Who told the speaker that there was a wedding to the east of the village? Father

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Tharu ह म् रु अ स्ल े ह ेल ी ओत ेकरा जच न् व ोन ी क रल्क ी त क र हबह ान उठी स ठुी Nepali म ल ाई अस ल भ य ो त् य ह ा ँ जच न्न स के न त् यस क ो हबह ान उठेर Tharu के जतजे े रात रह न ी ओत े च ाइय ो त ाइय ो ख्य ाद ेल्क ी च ाइ त ाइ ख्य ाके Nepali

ज ह ा ँ रात रह ेको जथय ो त् य ह ा ँ जच य ा ख ान हदय ो जच य ा ख ाइस के र

Tharu चल गेन ी ओत ेकरा च मु ा न द ेव े Nepali ग ए ँ त् य ह ा ँ द जक्ष ण ा हद न Free Nep म ल ा ई ह ठक भय ो त्य ह ा ँक स ल ेमल ा ई ज च न ने न र बा स बस के ो ठा उँम ा जच य ा हप उन ह दए । त्य सप ज छ दज क्षण ा ह द न गए ।ँ

Free Eng It was good for me. Nobody knew me there. They gave me tea at the house where stayed. Then I went to give the financial gift.

Q6 Tharu च ाइ ख्य ाके, बोल ेव ल ा आद् म ी कत्त े च लगेल ी? चमुान दवेे

Nepali जच य ा ख ाए र बोल्न े म ाह नस क ह ा-ँक त ा गय ो? उपहार बदन

English After drinking tea, where did the speaker go? To give the gift

Tharu त क रव ाद ओत े ज् य ाके च मु ा न त मु ा न द् य ा के द ोस र हद न ा ख्य ा हप हव के Nepali त् यसप जछ त् य ह ा ँ गए र द जक्ष ण ा हद ए र अ क ो हद न ख ाए र हप ए र Tharu ज ब ह म े घ नु ी

Nepali ज ब म फ के Free Nep त् य ह ा ँह वव ा हम ा द जक्षण ा हदए र अ को हद न खाई-हप ई गरी फ कें ।

Free Eng The next day I returned after eating, drinking, and giving the financial gift.

Tharu त ब फे र ओत ेकरा ऐ न ी य ाह ारा गा व द न े अ ब ग ने ी छल स ङह Nepali त ब फे री त् य ह ा ँ आए यह ी ग ा उँ बाट अ ब गए क ो जथए स गँ Tharu म ेज व ान ओक् रा त ल्य ाके आव े प ल ी न ी आप न प ररव ार के Nepali प ह नुा उस ल ाई त जल ए र आउन ु प छय न ी आफ न ो श्र ीमत ी ल ाई Free Nep अ ब ज नु ग ा उँम ा पा ह नु ा खा ए र ग ए क ो ज थए,ँ त्य ह ी बाट ो भ ए र श्रीमत ील ाई पहन त्य ो ग ा उँबाट ज लए र ज ान ुपदय थय ो।

Free Eng Now, in that village where I had been a guest, eaten, and left, I had to walk with my wife through the same village.

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Q7 Tharu बोल ेव ला आद् म ी कक् रा ल्य ाके आव े प हतय? पररवार के

Nepali बोल्न े म ाह न सल े कस ल ाई जलए र आउन ुप थय ो? श्रीमतीलाई

English Who did the speaker have to bring? His wife

Tharu त ओत ेकरा आहव के ग ा वँ रा के बाह ारम े एक् ट ा छौडा के क ह न ी Nepali त त् य ह ा ँ आए र ग ा उँक ो बाह ह रम ा ए उट ा के ट ा ल ाई भ न ेTharu रे क ा ल ु स ह कट ी ह ेल ी स ह कट ी रा घ रम े एक् ट ा म ेज व ान Nepali ए हह जो म ङ्न ी भ य ो म ङ्न ी भ ए क ो घ रम ा ए उट ा प ा हनु ा Free Nep म ग ा उँक ो बा ह ह र ए उट ा के ट ाल ा ई म ङ्न ी भ ए क ो घ रमा प ा ह नुा ह नु छुे भ न रे भ न े।ं

Free Eng Out of the village, I told one boy that I was going to be a guest at the house where the proposal event had taken place.

Q8 Tharu बोल ेव ला आद् म ी ग ावँ रा के बाह ारम े क क र स ङे बात क रल्क ी? छौडा सङे

Nepali बो ल्न ेम ा ह न सल ेग ा उँक ो बा ह ह र क ो स गँ कु रा ग र् य ो? केटासगँ

English Who did the speaker talk to outside the village? With a young man

Tharu ओक् रा क हह के आश छुे ज् य ा क ह ल्कु घ र ज छुे Nepali उस ल ाई भ न्न ु प जखय रह ेको छ ज ान भ न् द छ घ र ज ादँ छ

Free Nep उस ल ा ई भ न्न ुघ र ज ा न ला ई प जखय रह ेको छ। Free Eng Tell them that I'm waiting to go home.

Tharu त ब ओत े ह ल्ल ा ख ल्ल ा भ ेल ी ज े बाप रे त ब ज् य ाके Nepali त ब त् य ह ा ँ ह ोहल्ल ा भ य ो ज नु बाबा ह े त ब ज ए र Tharu उट्ट ा म ेज् व ान द् य ा के सनु्न ी छल ए ल ी

Nepali त् यो प ा हनु ा बारेम ा

स नु के ो जथ ए आए क ो जथ ए Free Nep त ब त्य ह ा ँह ोहल्ल ा भय ो। "ए त्य ो प ा ह नुा क ो बा रेम ा सनुके ो ज थय ौ,ं आए क ो छ" भ न ेर।

Free Eng Now there was a commotion. They said, "Oh! Yes, we heard about that guest; he had come."

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Tharu आ रात ी क ोइ न इ जच न ल्क ी स ा हबह ान उठी स ठुी के चल गेली Nepali अ ँ राह त क स ल े प हन ज च नने न स ा ँम ा हबह ान उठेर ग ए Free Nep स ा ँ भ ए को ल ेकस ल ेजच न ने न । ह बह ान उठी ग ए ।ँ

Free Eng Because it was evening, nobody recognized me. Waking up early in the morning, I left.

Tharu अ ँ स न्ज ोग वस ए ल ी त ख्न े ओत ेस े ज् य ाके ह म्म र न ा म म ीय ा Nepali अ ँ स न्ज ोग वस आए त् य स वख त त् य ह ा बँाट गए र म ेरो

म ाम ा

Tharu स स रु न हनय ा स स रु ऐ ल ी ल्य ाग्ल Nepali स स रुा बाज े स स रु अ ए र ल ग े Free Nep संज ो ग वस आए क ो क ा रण उसक ो म ा म ा सस रुा, बा ज ेस स रुाल ेम ल ा ई लग्य ो।

Free Eng Because of having come coincidentally, my wife's uncle took me to his place.

Tharu क ान्य ाह आग्रह क ररके ल्य ा न ह े जच न े स ाक् न ी ऐ न े ओन े Nepali ध ेर आग्रह गरेर ल

जच न्न स हक न य स्त ो त् य स्त ो

Tharu बह तु हक जस म क हह के ल्य ाग्ल े Nepali ध ेर हक जस म भ न ेर ल ग्य ो Free Nep जच न्न स हक न भन ी म ाफ म ाग्द म ल ा ई ल ा न भुय ो।

Free Eng Saying "I'm sorry I could not recognize you," he took me to his place.

Tharu त क रव ाद ओत ेकरा ह म् रा द इु रात श ख ल्क Nepali त् यसप जछ त् य ह ा ँ म ल ाई द इु रात राख े

Free Nep त् य सप ज छ म ला ई त् य ह ा ँद इुरा त प ाह नु ा रा ख।े Free Eng Then, they kept me for two nights as a guest.

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Q9 Tharu बोल ेव ला आद् म ी के ओत ेकरा क त् न्य ा रात राख ल्क ी? दइु रात

Nepali बो ल्न ेम ा ह न सल ा ई त्य ह ा हँन र / उत ा कह त रात राख्य ो? दईु रात

English How many nights did he stay there? Two nights

Tharu त ब द इु रात रहह के त ब ह म् रा स ौ घ र ऐ न ी Nepali त ब द इु रात रह ेर त ब ह ाम ीह रुस ब घ र आय ौ ं

Free Nep त् य ह ा ँद इुरा त बस रे घ र फ क् य ौं। Free Eng After staying two nights there, we returned home.

Q10 Tharu त ब द इुरात रहह के ओक रजसह ा कु न क रल्क ी? घर ऐली

Nepali अ हन द ईुरात बस ेर उन ीहरू ल ेके गरे? घर आए

English After staying two nights, what did they do? Returned home

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B.7 Recorded Text Testing Results in West2 3

Subject Number

Practice Test

Score ERTT1 ERTT2 ERTT3 ERTT4 ERTT5 ERTT6 ERTT7 ERTT8 ERTT9 ERTT10

W3S01 90 No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

W3S02 90 Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

W3S03 90 Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes

W3S04 100 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

W3S05 90 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

W3S06 80 Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

W3S07 80 No No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes

B3J01 80 No No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes

B3J03 80 No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

B3J07 100 No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

C3J14 90 No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

C3J07 100 Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

C3J11 90 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

C3S04 90 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

C3S05 90 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes

C3S06 80 No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

C3S08 70 No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No

2 Pre-RTT responses are included in the Informal Interview data and are not listed here as the questions are the same for both. 3 Three subjects were administered post-RTT questions only and not the complete RTT. That data is included here.

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Subject Number

Practice Test

Score ERTT1 ERTT2 ERTT3 ERTT4 ERTT5 ERTT6 ERTT7 ERTT8 ERTT9 ERTT10

C3S10 90 Yes No No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes

C3J13 80 No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

C3J04 80 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No

Subject Number

East PM1 Where do you

think the storyteller is

from?

East PM2 How did you

like their speech?

East PM3 How much of the

story did you understand?

East PM4 Is the language in the story the same, a little

different, or very different than the

language spoken here?

East PM5 Did he

speak Tharu purely?

East PM5a If no, in which way was the

speech not pure?

B3J04 Saptari Good less than half a little different no

C3S02 Toward east Understand all 45% different yes

C3S03 West Good half little no

W3S01 Saptariya/Sunsari Good all

understood but different. We

can't speak like that, but we

understand it

no

W3S02 Sunsari

It’s okay, but they

mixed languages a

little hard to

understand

75% understood words are the same but

speaking is different

it is tharu, not

pure for us

here

W3S03 Toward east

Siraha/Saptari

Good, okay,

sounds good

1 or 2% didn't

understand little no maithili bhasa

W3S04 Sarlahi

Not as good as the

first one (cow

story)

most very no

W3S05 Sarlahi Very good all very

no (the first

was - cow

story)

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Subject Number

East PM1 Where do you

think the storyteller is

from?

East PM2 How did you

like their speech?

East PM3 How much of the

story did you understand?

East PM4 Is the language in the story the same, a little

different, or very different than the

language spoken here?

East PM5 Did he

speak Tharu purely?

East PM5a If no, in which way was the

speech not pure?

W3S06 Mohattari Okay a little bit

W3S07 Someone else

answered for her Good most little no

B3J01 Toward Lahan Felt good -

maithili all very different yes

B3J03 Siraha Saptari Good all very different ghumera no maithili mix

B3J07 Dhanusa Couldn’t

understand a little most very different no

C3J14 Other district Very good most little yes

C3J07 Pacheem Good most very different no

C3J11 Siraha nike lagle all same yes

C3S04 pura patiko

It works, good,

but a little

different

most little

for them

maybe, I don't

know

C3S05 Sunsari

Good, but

understanding is

hard

half 50% different different from

our district

C3S06 Morang Good all little a little only

C3S08 Siraha Okay all little yes

C3S10 Toward Sunsari Good most little yes

C3J13 Other district Very good most little yes

C3J04 Sunsari, Morang It is okay all little yes, very

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B.8 Recorded Text Testing Results in Central4

Subject Number

Practice Test

Score WRTT1 WRTT2 WRTT3 WRTT4 WRTT5 WRTT6 WRTT7 WRTT8 WRTT9 WRTT

10 WRTT

11 C3J14 90 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No

C3J07 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No

C3J11 90 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No

C3S04 90 No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes

C3S05 90 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No

C3S06 80 No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes

C3S08 70 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No

C3S10 90 Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No

C3J13 80 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No

C3J04 80 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No

4 Three subjects were administered Post-RTT questions, but not the full West RTT. Two subjects were administered Post-RTT questions, but not the full East RTT. That data is included here.

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Subject Number

West PM1 Where do you

think the storyteller is

from?

West PM2 How did you like

their speech?

West PM3 How much of the

story did you understand?

West PM4 Is the language in the story the same, a little

different, or very different than the

language spoken here?

West PM5 Did he speak

Tharu purely?

West PM5a If no, in which way was the speech not

pure? C3J02 here (Jahadi) Good all little yes

C3S02 Not in Siraha - west It works all little no

C3S03 Morang Good half little no

C3J14 Jahadi Very good half same yes

C3J07 Other district Okay all little no

C3J11 Jahadi nikje lagle most same yes

C3S04 Siraha/Saptari Good (we speak

that) all same yes

C3S05 Mahattori district Tharu, but a little like

Bhojpuri all little

yes, but a little

like bhojpuri

C3S06 Dang Good all same yes

C3S08 Morang Okay less than half little yes

C3S10 Siraha (but not here) Good all little yes

C3J13 jahadi Very good half same yes

C3J04 Toward Bara

ali nai lagyo -

understood, but

couldn't respond

all little yes for his

district

Subject Number

Practice Test

Score ERTT1 ERTT2 ERTT3 ERTT4 ERTT5 ERTT6 ERTT7 ERTT8 ERTT9 ERTT10

C3J14 90 No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

C3J07 100 Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

C3J11 90 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

C3S04 90 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

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Subject Number

Practice Test

Score ERTT1 ERTT2 ERTT3 ERTT4 ERTT5 ERTT6 ERTT7 ERTT8 ERTT9 ERTT10

C3S05 90 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes

C3S06 80 No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

C3S08 70 No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes No

C3S10 90 Yes No No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes

C3J13 80 No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

C3J04 80 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No

Subject Number

East PM1 Where do you

think the storyteller is

from?

East PM2 How did you like

their speech?

East PM3 How much of the

story did you understand?

East PM4 Is the language in the story the same, a little

different, or very different than the

language spoken here?

East PM5 Did he speak

Tharu purely?

East PM5a If no, in

which way was the

speech not pure?

C3S02 Toward east understand all 45% different yes

C3S03 West Good half little no

C3J14 Other district Very good most little yes

C3J07 Pacheem Good most very different no

C3J11 Siraha nike lagle all same yes

C3S04 pura patiko It works and is good,

but a little different most little

for them maybe, I

don't know

C3S05 Sunsari

good, but

understanding is

hard

half 50% different different from our

district

C3S06 Morang Good all little a little only

C3S08 Siraha Okay all little yes

C3S10 Toward Sunsari Good most little yes

C3J13 Other district Very good most little yes

C3J04 Sunsari, Morang It is good all little yes, very

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B.9 Recorded Text Testing Results in East5

Subject Number

Practice Test

Score WRTT1 WRTT2 WRTT3 WRTT4 WRTT5 WRTT6 WRTT7 WRTT8 WRTT9 WRTT

10 WRTT

11 MJ04 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

MJ09 70 No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

M3S02 80 No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes

M3S04 100 No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No

M3S08 90 No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No

M3S09 80 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes

M3J02 80 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes

M3J04 90 No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

M3J06 90 No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

M3J07 100 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes

M3J08 90 No Yes No No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes

MS07 90 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes

M3S05 80 No No No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No

C3J14 90 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No

C3J07 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No

C3J11 90 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No

C3S04 90 No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No

C3S05 90 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No

C3S06 80 No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes

5 Six subjects were administered Post-RTT questions, but not the full West RTT. That data is included here.

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Subject Number

Practice Test

Score WRTT1 WRTT2 WRTT3 WRTT4 WRTT5 WRTT6 WRTT7 WRTT8 WRTT9 WRTT

10 WRTT

11 C3S08 70 No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No

C3S10 90 Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No

C3J13 80 Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No

C3J04 80 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No

Subject Number

West PM1 Where do you think

the storyteller is from?

West PM2 How did you like

their speech?

West PM3 How much of the

story did you understand?

West PM4 Is the language in

the story the same, a little

different, or very different than the language spoken

here?

West PM5 Did he speak

Tharu purely?

West PM5a If no, in which way was the speech not

pure?

M3S07 Saptariya Good (but can't

understand) most No response Not clear

M3J01 Morang Good all same no a little maithili

mixed

M3J03 Saptari Good most little yes

his speech was

different, that's

why

C3J02 here (Jahadi) Good all little yes

C3S02 Not in Siraha - west Works all little no

C3S03 Morang Good half little no

MJ04 Sunsari because a little

difficult to understand

a little hard to

understand most little probably, not ours

MJ09 Saptari Good all little no hindi mix

M3S02 West, but nearby It's like Saptariya most very Maybe for them didn't ask

M3S04 Gidhaniya Good most little Yes

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Subject Number

West PM1 Where do you think

the storyteller is from?

West PM2 How did you like

their speech?

West PM3 How much of the

story did you understand?

West PM4 Is the language in

the story the same, a little

different, or very different than the language spoken

here?

West PM5 Did he speak

Tharu purely?

West PM5a If no, in which way was the speech not

pure?

M3S08

From the west. Things

like this happen in

Saptariya.

Okay most little No different from

ours

M3S09 Saptariya Okay - understood all little no Culture isn’t the

same

M3J02 Sunsari (east) Good most little no this language

here is straight

M3J04 No response Good most little no our language but

different

M3J06 Saptari Good half little no

M3J07 Saptari Good most little no

M3J08 Biratnagar (not sure,

really just guessing) Good half little no

MS07 Siraha/Saptari Understood most 1/2 different

maybe for them, I

don't know. Not

for here.

M3S05 Sunsari Good most little No Not clear

C3J14 Jahadi Very good half same yes

C3J07 Other district Okay all little no

C3J11 Jahadi nikje lagle most same yes

C3S04 Siraha/Saptari Good (we speak that) all same yes

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Subject Number

West PM1 Where do you think

the storyteller is from?

West PM2 How did you like

their speech?

West PM3 How much of the

story did you understand?

West PM4 Is the language in

the story the same, a little

different, or very different than the language spoken

here?

West PM5 Did he speak

Tharu purely?

West PM5a If no, in which way was the speech not

pure?

C3S05 Mahattori district Tharu, but a little like

Bhojpuri all little

yes, but a little

like bhojpuri

C3S06 Dang Good all same yes

C3S08 Morang Okay less than half little yes

C3S10 Siraha (but not here) Good all little yes

C3J13 jahadi Very good half same yes

C3J04 Toward Bara

ali nai lagyo -

understood, but

couldn't respond

all little yes for his district

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Appendix C: Informal Interviews

C.1 Informal Interview Schedule

My name is ____. We are from Tribhuvan University. We are here to learn about how your language is used for speaking and writing. We will ask you questions about yourself and your language. The information that you give us about your language, we will give to others. Can you give us help?

म ेरो न ाम _____ ह ो। ह ाम ी ह ि भवु न हव श् व ह व ् ा लय बा ट आएक ा ह ौ।ं ह ाम ी तप ाईँह रुक ो भ ाषा कस री बोजल न े रह ेछ कस री ल ेजख न े रह ेछ भन् न े कु रा ज ान् न क ा लाह ग आए क ा ह ौ ।ं तप ा ईं र त प ाईंक ो भ ाष ाक ा बारेम ा ह ाम ी केह ी प्र श् न हरु स ो ् छौ ।ं तप ा ईंल ेह दन ुभ ए क ो भ ाष ास म् ब न् ध ी ज ान क ारी अरू म ाह नसल ाई प हन द खे ा उन ेछौ ।ं त पा ईंल ेह ा म ील ा ई सह ाय त ा ग नय सक् नहु नु् छ?

1. Informed Consent: Given / Not Given 2. Subject Number: 3. Date (DD-MM-YY): 4. Village Name: 5. Interviewer Name: 6. Language of Elicitation: 7. Language of Response: 8. Interpreter Name: 9. Sex 10. Full Name तप ा ईंक ो पू रा न ा म के ह ो? 11. Age: तप ाईंक ो उम ेर क हत भय ो? 12. Caste: तप ा ईंक ो ज ात कु न ह ो? 13. What religion do you practice? तप ा ईं कु न ध मय म ान्न हुनु् छ? 14. What is your occupation? तप ा ईं के क ा म ग न ुय हनु् छ? 15. Have you ever been to school? तप ा ईंल ेस् कू लम ा प ढ न भुय ो? 15a. (If yes) Up to which class? क हत क् ल ास स म् म (कक्ष ास म् म) ? 16. What is your mother tongue? तप ा ईंक ो म ात ृभ ा ष ा (आफ न ो भा ष ा) कु न ह ो? 17. Where were you born? तप ा ईं क ह ा ँजन् म नभुय ो? 18. Where do you live now? तप ा ईं आज भ ो ज ल कह ा ँबस् नहु नु् छ? 19. How long have you been living there/here? तप ा ईं य ो ठा उँम ा क हत बषय बस् न भुय ो? 20. Have you lived anywhere else for more than

a year? तप ा ईँ आरु ठा उँम ा ए क बषय भ न्द ा बढी बस् न भु ए क ो छ?

20a. Where? क ह ा?ँ 20b. When? क हह ल?े 20c. How long did you live there? क हत स मयस म्म? 21. Where is your father from? तप ा ईंक ो बवु ा क ो ख ास ग ा उँ कु न ह ो? 22. What is his mother tongue? उह ा कँ ो म ात ृभ ा षा के ह ो? 23. What language did your father usually

speak to you when you were a child? तप ा ईं स ा न ो ह ुदँ ा तप ा ईंक ो बवु ा ल ेतप ा ईँस गँ कुन भ ा ष ा म ा बो ल्नहु नु थ य ो?

24. Where is your mother from? तप ा ईंक ो आम ा क ो म ा इह तघ र कह ा ँह ो? 25. What is her mother tongue? उह ा कँ ो म ात ृभ ा षा के ह ो? 26. What language did your mother usually

speak to you when you were a child? तप ा ईं स ा न ो ह ुदँ ा तप ा ईंक ो आम ा ल ेत पा ईँस गँ कु न भ ा ष ा म ा बो ल्नहु नु थ य ो?

27. What language(s) can you speak? तप ा ईं कु न कु न भ ा षा बो ल् न सक् नहु नु् छ? 28. W gu g d y u p k… ह त भ ाष ा हरू म ्य ेतप ा ईं कु न भ ा ष ा _______

बो ल् न हु नु् छ? 28a. Best? स ब भ न्द ा राम्र ो? 28b. Second best? द ोस्र ो राम्र ो? 28c. Third best? त ेस्र ो राम्र ो? 29. (If MT was not listed as best language)

Please estimate how well you speak Kochila Tharu: Very well (a), Some (b), Only a little (c)

क ोजच ल ा थारु भाष ा ध ेर राम्र ो हक हठक हठक हक अ जल अ जल बोल् न सक् न हुनु् छ?

30. Among the languages that you speak which one do you love the most?

तप ा ईँल ेबो ल्न ेभ ा ष ाह रू म ्य ेकु न च ा हह ँस ब भ न् द ा बढी म न प रा उन हु नु् छ?

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31. What language do you usually use when talking with your grandparents?

तप ाईंक ो हज रुबा हज रुआम ा स गँ तप ाईं ध ेर जस ो कु न भ ा ष ा प्रय ो ग ग न ुय ह नु् छ?

32. When you are in your own home, what language do you usually use when chatting with your parents?

तप ाईं आफ न ो घ रम ा ह ुदँा , बा आम ा स गँ , गफ गद ाय ध ेर जस ो , कु न भ ाष ा प्रय ो ग ग न ुय ह नु् छ?

33. When you are in your own home, what language do you usually use when telling a story to your parents?

तप ाईं आफ न ो घ रम ा ह ुदँा , बाआम ाल ाई कथ ा स नु ा उँद ा , ध रे जस ो कु न भा ष ा प्रय ो ग ग न ुय ह नु् छ?

34. Are you married? तप ाईंक ो हव व ाह भइसक् य ो? 35. What is his/her mother tongue? उह ा कँ ो म ात ृभ ा षा कु न ह ो? 35a. Can your spouse speak Kochila Tharu? तप ा ईंक ो श्र ी म ा न /श्र ीमत ी को जचल ा थ ारु भाष ा

बोल् न सक् नहु नु् छ? 36. When you are in your own home, what

language do you usually use when chatting with your spouse?

तप ाईं आफ न ो घ रम ा ह ुदँा , श्र ीम ान / श्र ीमत ी सगँ , ग फ ग द ा य ध रे ज स ो कुन भ ाष ा प्रय ोग ग न ुय हनु् छ ?

37. When you are in your own home, what language do you usually use when telling a story to your spouse?

तप ाईं आफ न ो घ रम ा ह ुदँा , श्र ीम ान ( श्र ीमत ी) ल ाई क थ ा सनु ा उँद ा , ध रे जस ो कु न भ ाष ा प्रय ो ग ग न ुय ह नु छ?

38. When you are in your own home, what language do you usually use when chatting with a child?

तप ाईं आफ न ो घ रम ा ह ुदँा , के ट ाकेट ीस गँ , गफ गद ाय ध रे जस ो कुन भ ा ष ा प्रय ो ग गन ुय हनु् छ?

39. When you are in your own home, what language do you usually use when telling a story to a child?

तप ाईं आफ न ो घ रम ा ह ुदँा , के ट ाकेट ील ाई कथ ा स नु ा उँद ा , ध रे जस ो कु न भा ष ा प्रय ो ग ग न ुय ह नु् छ?

40a. When you are in the village, what language do you hear children speaking when playing with Tharu children?

तप ा ईँ य ो ग ा उँम ा ह ुदँ ा , केट ाकेट ीह रू थ ारू स ा थ ीह रूस गँ ख ले्दा प्र ाय जस ो कु न भ ा ष ा बो ल के ो स नु् नहु नु् छ?

40b. When you are in the village, what language do you hear children speaking when playing with children from other castes?

तप ा ईँ य ो ग ा उँम ा ह ुदँ ा , केट ाकेट ीह रू अ रू ज ात क ा स ा थ ीह रूस गँ ख ले्दा प्र ाय जस ो कु न भ ा ष ा बो ल के ो स नु् नहु नु् छ?

41. Do you have children? तप ा ईँक ा छो रा छो री छन ह क छ न न ? 41a. Do all your children speak Kochila Tharu? तप ाईँक ा स ब छोराछोरील े क ोजचल ा थ ारु भाष ा

बो ल्छन ? 42. Do you pray in your own home? तप ाईं आफ न घ रम ा , पू ज ा ( प्र ाथय न ा ) गन ुय हनु् छ? 42a. When you are in your own home, what

language do you use for prayer? तप ाईं आफ न घ रम ा ह ुदँ ा , तप ा ईं कु न भ ा ष ाम ा पूज ा ( प्र ाथय न ा ) ग न ुय ह नु् छ?

43. In your opinion, what language do you think children should learn to speak first?

ह प ा ईक ो हबच ारम ा , बाल-बजल क ाहरुल े प हह ल े कु न भ ा ष ा बो ल्न जसक् न ुप छय ?

44. Why? हक न ? 45. What language do you prefer for the

c d f y u v g ’ medium of instruction at primary level? (MT, Nepali, English, Other)

ग ा उँक ा के ट ा केट ी स् कुल ज ादँ ा , त् य ह ा ँकु न भ ाष ाम ा उहनह रूल ाईं प ढाए क ो , त पाईं च ाह नहु नु् छ? ( तप ा ईंक ो म ात ृभ ाष ा , न ेप ाल ी , अंग्र जेी , अ न्य )

46. Are you able to read and write? तप ाईं प ढ न-ल ेख् न सक् न हुनु् छ? 47. (If yes) In what languages? कु न-कु न भ ा ष ा म ा? 48. (If no) If you were going to learn to read

and write, which languages would you want to read and write in?

तप ाईं प ढ न ल ेखन जसक् न च ा हन हु नु् छ भन े, तप ाईं कु न कु न भ ाष ा हरू प ढ न र ल ेख् न च ा ह नहु नु् छ?

49. (If KT not mentioned) Are there other languages you would like to be able to read?

तप ाईल े प ढ न च ाह न े अ रू भाष ाह रू पहन छन ?

49a. Which other languages would you like to be able to read?

कु न कु न अरू भ ाष ा तप ा ई प ढ न च ाह नहु नु् छ?

50. Which language do you enjoy reading most? कु न भ ा ष ाम ा प ढन रा म ा इल ो ल ा ग् छ? 51. Why? हक न ?

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52. In your opinion, where is Kochila Tharu spoken most purely?

तप ा ईंक ो ह बच ा रम ा स ब भ न् ढा श ु् द क ोज चल ा थ ारु क ह ा ँबो ज लन् छ?

53a. Have you spoken with Kochila Tharu speakers from Morang district?

म ोरङ जज ल्ल ाका को जचल ा थ ारु भाष ा बोल्न े म ा न् छेहरुसं ग , तप ा ईंल ेक रा ग न ुय भए क ो छ?

53b. Is the way people speak who are from Morang the same, a little different, or very different from people here?

म ोरङक ो म ान् छेक ो थ ारु भाष ा बोल्न े त ररक ा र य ह ा कँ ो बो ल्न ेत र रक ा उस्त छ क ी आज ल आज ल फ रक छ की ध ेर फ रक छ ?

53c. How does their way of speaking Tharu make you feel? (Happy, Indifferent, Sad)

उहन ह रुल े बोल ेको भ ाष ा हप ाईल ाई कस्त ो ल ाग् छ ? (ख शु ी ल ाग् छ, हठके , द :ु ख लाग् छ)

54a. Have you spoken with Kochila Tharu speakers from Siraha district?

जस राह ा जजल्ल ाक ा को जचल ा थ ारु भाष ा बोल्न े म ा न् छेहरुसं ग , तप ा ईंल ेक रा ग न ुय भए क ो छ?

54b. Is the way people speak who are from Siraha the same, a little different, or very different from people here?

जस राह ाको म ान् छेक ो थ ारु भाष ा बोल्न े त ररक ा र य ह ा कँ ो बो ल्न ेत र रक ा उस्त छ क ी आज ल आज ल फ रक छ की ध ेर फ रक छ ?

54c. How does their way of speaking Tharu make you feel? (Happy, Indifferent, Sad)

उहन ह रुल े बोल ेको भ ाष ा हप ाईल ाई कस्त ो ल ाग् छ ? (ख शु ी ल ाग् छ, हठके , द :ु ख लाग् छ)

55a. Have you spoken with Kochila Tharu speakers from Bara district?

बारा जज ल्लाक ा को जचल ा थ ारु भाष ा बोल्न े म ा न् छेहरुसं ग , तप ा ईंल ेक रा ग न ुय भए क ो छ?

55b. Is the way people speak who are from Bara the same, a little different, or very different from people here?

बाराक ो म ान् छेक ो थ ारु भाष ा बोल्न े तररक ा र य ह ा कँ ो बो ल्न ेत र रक ा उस्त छ क ी आज ल आज ल फ रक छ की ध ेर फ रक छ ?

55c. How does their way of speaking Tharu make you feel? (Happy, Indifferent, Sad)

उहन ह रुल े बोल ेको भ ाष ा हप ाईल ाई कस्त ो ल ाग् छ ? (ख शु ी ल ाग् छ, हठके , द :ु ख लाग् छ)

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C.2 Key to Abbreviated Terms

Lang – Language

Lang(s) – Language or languages

KT – Kochila Tharu

MT – Mother tongue

M – Male

F – Female

Y – Yes

N - No

Subj – Subject number

IC – Informed consent

Yr – Year

Yrs – Years

Diff – Different

Int – International

Nr – No response

N/A – Not applicable

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C.3 Informal Interview Data Questions 1-8

1. IC 2. Subj 3. Date 4. Village name District 5. Interviewer

name 6. Lang of elicitation

7. Lang of response 8. Interpreter

Y C3J01 28-Apr-13 Jahadi Siraha Jessi Nepali Nepali N/A

Y C3J03 28-Apr-13 Jahadi Siraha Jessi Nepali Nepali N/A

Y C3J04 29-Apr-13 Sisawani Siraha Jessi Nepali Nepali N/A

Y C3J06 29-Apr-13 Sisawani Siraha Jessi Nepali Nepali N/A

Y C3J08 29-Apr-13 Sisawani Siraha Jessi Nepali Nepali N/A

Y C3J13 28-Apr-13 Jahadi Siraha Jessi Nepali Nepali N/A

Y C3S01 28-Apr-13 Jahadi Siraha Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y C3S02 28-Apr-13 Ghamariya Siraha Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y C3S03 28-Apr-13 Near Jahadi Siraha Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y C3S04 29-Apr-13 Sisawani Siraha Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y C3S05 29-Apr-13 Sisawani Siraha Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y C3S06 29-Apr-13 Sisawani Siraha Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y C3S08 29-Apr-13 Sisawani Siraha Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y C3S10 29-Apr-13 Jahadi Siraha Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y JB01 4-Apr-13 Balchanpur Rautahat Jessi Nepali Nepali N/A

Y JB02 4-Apr-13 Balchanpur Rautahat Jessi Nepali Nepali N/A

Y JB03 4-Apr-13 Balchanpur Rautahat Jessi Nepali Nepali N/A

Y JB06 5-Apr-13 Chocha Bara/Rautahat Jessi Nepali Nepali N/A

Y JB07 5-Apr-13 Chocha Bara/Rautahat Jessi Nepali Nepali N/A

Y M3J05 25-Apr-13 Gidhaniya Morang Jessi Nepali Nepali N/A

Y M3S01 25-Apr-13 Gidhaniya Morang Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y M3S03 25-Apr-13 Gidhaniya Morang Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y M3S05 25-Apr-13 Gidhaniya Morang Stephanie Nepali Nepali & Tharu Anand Chaudhary

Y MJ01 24-Feb-13 Jamtoki Morang Jessi Nepali Nepali Anand Chaudhary

Y MJ02 24-Feb-13 Jamtoki Morang Jessi Nepali Nepali Anand Chaudhary

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1. IC 2. Subj 3. Date 4. Village name District 5. Interviewer

name 6. Lang of elicitation

7. Lang of response 8. Interpreter

Y MJ03 24-Feb-13 Jamtoki Morang Jessi Nepali Nepali Anand Chaudhary

Y MJ05 28-Feb-13 Gidhaniya Morang Jessi Nepali Tharu Anand Chaudhary

Y MS01 24-Feb-13 Jamtoki Morang Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y MS02 24-Feb-13 Jamtoki Morang Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y MS04 24-Feb-13 Jamtoki Morang Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y MS05 24-Feb-13 Jamtoki Morang Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y MS06 24-Feb-13 Gidhaniya Morang Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y MS07 27-Feb-13 Gidhaniya Morang Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y MS10 28-Feb-13 Gidhaniya Morang Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y MS13 1-Mar-13 Gidhaniya Morang Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y MS15 28-Feb-13 Gidhaniya Morang Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y SB01 1-Apr-13 Pardari Bara Stephanie Nepali Nepali & Tharu Triyogi Chaudhary

Y SB03 4-Apr-13 Balchanpur Rautahat Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y SB04 4-Apr-13 Balchanpur Rautahat Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y SB05 4-Apr-13 Balchanpur Rautahat Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y SB06 4-Apr-13 Balchanpur Rautahat Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y SB07 4-Apr-13 Balchanpur Rautahat Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y SB08 5-Apr-13 Chocha Bara/Rautahat Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A

Y SB09 5-Apr-13 Chocha Bara/Rautahat Stephanie Nepali Tharu Triyogi Chaudhary

Y SB10 5-Apr-13 Chocha Bara/Rautahat Stephanie Nepali Nepali Triyogi Chaudhary

Y SB11 5-Apr-13 Simra Bara Stephanie Nepali Nepali N/A C.4 Informal Interview Data Questions 9-16

2. Subj 9. Sex 11. Age 12. Caste 13. Religion 14. Occupation 15. Attended school?

15a. Up to what year? 16. MT

C3J01 F 35 Tharu Christian ghar/family/keti No N/A Maithili

C3J03 F 60 Tharu Gosai keti/house No N/A Tharu

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2. Subj 9. Sex 11. Age 12. Caste 13. Religion 14. Occupation 15. Attended school?

15a. Up to what year? 16. MT

C3J04 M 40 Tharu Boda Overseas Yes Campus Tharu

C3J06 F 24 Tharu Hindu house wife Yes 12 Maithili

C3J08 F 37 Tharu Hindu ghar and pasal Yes 8 Tharu

C3J13 M (35+) Tharu Hindu Teacher Yes Campus SLC

pass BA Tharu

C3S01 M 48 Tharu Hindu Teacher Yes plus 2 Tharu

C3S02 M 35 Tharu Hindu Farmer Yes 5 Tharu (first said

Maithili)

C3S03 M 20 Chaudhary/Tharu Hindu neighbor work Yes 9 Tharu

C3S04 M 59 Tharu Tharu jat ko bhot Kisan /jantako sewa/ Yes SLC Tharu

C3S05 F 20 Tharu Hindu Medical Pasal Yes Bachelor Tharu (first said

Maithili)

C3S06 F 20 Tharu Hindu Gharko Yes 10 Tharu

C3S08 M 20 Tharu Hindu Student Yes 12 Tharu

C3S10 M 16 Tharu Christian Student Yes 9 Tharu

JB01 M 21 Tharu Christian Student Yes First level Tharu

JB02 M 18 Chaudhary Hindu Student Yes 10 SLC Tharu

JB03 M 35 Tharu Tharu Shipsharcha Farmer No N/A Chaudhary

JB06 F (35+) Tharu Hindu Ghar ma No N/A Tharu

JB07 F 35 Tharu Hindu Ghar Yes SLC Tharu

M3J05 M 18 Tharu Hindu factory Yes 8 Tharu

M3S01 M 35 Chaudhary Hindu Sati Jhutmil Yes 8 Chaudhary

M3S03 M 19 Madhesi (Tharu) Hindu Mill Yes 6 Tharu

M3S05 F 35 Tharu Isai Bhaniyari No N/A Tharu

MJ01 M 70 Tharu Kochila Hindu Keti-Kisan Yes 10 Tharu

MJ02 F 24 Tharu Hindu Nurse Yes 10 Tharu

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2. Subj 9. Sex 11. Age 12. Caste 13. Religion 14. Occupation 15. Attended school?

15a. Up to what year? 16. MT

MJ03 M 17 Tharu Hindu Student Yes 11 Tharu

MJ05 M 40 Chaudhary Darampara Keti/Kisan No N/A Tharu

MS01 F 61 Tharu Christian No work, but farmer

in past Yes 5 Tharu

MS02 F 15 Tharu Hindu Student Yes 9 Tharu

MS04 F 35 Tharu Hindu Farmer Yes 7 Tharu

MS05 F 30 Tharu Hindu Teacher Yes 10 Tharu

MS06 M 70 Tharu Christian Retired, previously

banker Yes degree part 1 Chaudhary

MS07 M 42 Tharu Christian Pastor Yes 10 Tharu

MS10 M 30 Chaudhary Hindu Industry Yes 10 Chaudhary

MS13 M 34 Tharu Hindu Black people

research Yes SLC Tharu

MS15 F 30 Tharu Hindu Housework Yes 5 Tharu

SB01 M 75 Tharu Sanatan Agriculture (past) No N/A Kochila Tharu

SB03 M 27 Tharu Christian Agriculture Yes SLC Tharu

SB04 F 22 Tharu Christian Student Yes BA 3rd yr Tharu

SB05 M 17 Tharu Christian Student Yes 11 Tharu

SB06 F 20 Tharu Christian None Yes 12 Tharu

SB07 M 16 Tharu Christian Student Yes 8 Tharu

SB08 M 54 Tharu Hindu Farmer Yes SLC Tharu

SB09 F 36 Chaudhary Hindu Farmer No N/A Tharu

SB10 F 31 Tharu Hindu Housework No N/A Tharu

SB11 M 41 Tharu Hindu Farmer Yes Interim Tharu

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C.5 Informal Interview Data Questions 17-20c

2. Subj 17. Birthplace 18. Live now 19. For how long?

20. Lived elsewhere? 20a. Where? 20b. When? 20c. For how

long? C3J01 Dunmuni, Siraha Here - Jahadi 20 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

C3J03 Laharniya Bharajpur

border cheuma Gamadiya

since marriage -

long time No N/A N/A N/A

C3J04 Sisawani, Ward 5, Siraha Sisawani 38 yrs Yes Kathmandu nr 1 or 2 yrs

C3J06 Mahan, Saptari Here - Sisawani 1.5 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

C3J08 Botoli jilla Sisawani 20 yrs Yes Kathmandu nr 2 yrs

C3J13 Jahadi Here - Jahadi life Yes Lahan 2050 5 yrs

C3S01 Jahadi Jahadi 48 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

C3S02 Ghamariya Ghamariya 33 yrs Yes Bombay 1999 2 yrs

C3S03 Here - near Jahadi Here 20 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

C3S04 Naradigo, Siraha Sisawani 59 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

C3S05 Saptari Sisawani 2 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

C3S06 Saptari Sisawani 20 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

C3S08 Sisawari Here - Sisawani 20 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

C3S10 Jahadi Jahadi 16 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

JB01 Balchanpur Balchanpur 21 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

JB02 Balchanpur Balchanpur 18 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

JB03 Balchanpur Balchanpur 35 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

JB06 Simara Chocha 12 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

JB07 Manahuwar, Rautahat Chocha 18 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

M3J05 Here - Gidhaniya Here - Gidhaniya 18 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

M3S01 Gidhaniya Gidhaniya 35 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

M3S03 Gidhaniya Gidhaniya 19 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

M3S05 Here - Gidhaniya Here - Gidhaniya 35 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

MJ01 Jamtoki Jamtoki 70 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

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2. Subj 17. Birthplace 18. Live now 19. For how long?

20. Lived elsewhere? 20a. Where? 20b. When? 20c. For how

long? MJ02 Jamtoki Jamtoki 24 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

MJ03 Jamtoki Jamtoki 17 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

MJ05 Hakpara Belaha VDC,

Sunsari Gidhaniya 20 yrs Yes

Nirgoliya,

Morang N/A N/A

MS01 Sunsari, Kanar, Ward 1 Biratnagar

Pokhariya 5 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

MS02 Jamtoki Jamtoki 15 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

MS04 Bhaluwa, Sunsari Jamtoki 22 yrs Yes Dharan, Sunsari 6 yrs ago 1 yr

MS05 Jamtoki Jamtoki 30 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

MS06 Pothiya, Morang Gidhaniya 22 yrs Yes Dharau - Patapur

Bazar

10 yrs ago - 10

yrs ago 1 yr - 2 yrs

MS07 Pachira, Sunsari Gidhaniya 26 yrs Yes Pokhara 2063 14 months

MS10 Gidhaniya Gidhaniya 30 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

MS13 Gidhaniya Gidhaniya 34 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

MS15 Bhatrahagata, Morang Gidhaniya 30 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

SB01 Pardari Pardari 72 yrs Yes Citwan 2009 3 yrs

SB03 Balchanpur Balchanpur 26 yrs Yes India 2060 1 yr

SB04 Balchanpur Balchanpur 22 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

SB05 Balchanpur Balchanpur 17 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

SB06 Barerba, Rautahat Balchanpur 20 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

SB07 Balchanpur Balchanpur 16 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

SB08 Chocha Chocha 52 yrs Yes Birganj 34 yrs ago 2 yrs

SB09 Siripur, Rautahat Chocha 36 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

SB10 Baijnathpur, Rautahat Chocha 31 yrs No N/A N/A N/A

SB11 Simra, Rautahat Simra 38 yrs Yes Hautauda,

Makwaupur 3 yrs ago 3 yrs

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C.6 Informal Interview Data Questions 21-26

2. Subj 21. Father from 22. Father MT 23. Lang with father 24. Mother from 25. Mother MT 26. Lang with

mother C3J01 Dunmuni Maithili Maithili Karmania near India Maithili Maithili

C3J03 Bharajpur Maithili here's

bhasa Maithili Madjora this one here's

C3J04 Sisawani Tharu Tharu Pokharvinda Tharu Tharu

C3J06 Mahan, Saptari Tharu Nepali Singrahi, Siraha Maithili Nepali

C3J08 Motori jilla Tharu Tharu Sarlahi Tharu Tharu

C3J13 Jahadi Tharu Tharu Nabrajpur Tharu Tharu

C3S01 Jahadi Tharu Tharu Jahadi Tharu Tharu

C3S02 Ghamariya Maithili Maithili Lahan Maithili Maithili

C3S03 Mandranagar, Siraha Tharu Tharu here Tharu Tharu

C3S04 Naradigo, Siraha Tharu Tharu Tharimat, Saptari Tharu Tharu

C3S05 Saptari Tharu Tharu Saptari Tharu Tharu

C3S06 Kathmandu Tharu Tharu Saptari Tharu Tharu

C3S08 Sisawari Tharu Tharu Balkalwa, Siraha Tharu Tharu

C3S10 Jahadi Tharu Tharu Dhunmuni Tharu Tharu

JB01 Balchanpur Tharu Tharu Bara Tharu Tharu

JB02 Balchanpur Tharu Tharu Bara Tharu Tharu

JB03 Balchanpur Tharu Tharu Bhanbahuri, Rautahat Tharu Tharu

JB06 Simara Tharu Tharu Manharaba, Rautahat Tharu Tharu

JB07 Manahuwar, Rautahat Tharu Tharu Bhamanipur, Rautahat Tharu Tharu

M3J05 here Tharu Tharu Sunsari Tharu Tharu

M3S01 Gidhaniya Chaudhary Chaudhary Goigara, Morang Chaudhary Chaudhary

M3S03 Gidhaniya Tharu Tharu Gidhaniya Tharu Tharu

M3S05 Gidhaniya Tharu Tharu Letankari, Morang Tharu Tharu

MJ01 Jamtoki Tharu Tharu Tanmuna, Sunsari Tharu Tharu

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2. Subj 21. Father from 22. Father MT 23. Lang with father 24. Mother from 25. Mother MT 26. Lang with

mother MJ02 Jamtoki Tharu Tharu Danga, Morang Tharu Tharu

MJ03 Jamtoki Tharu Tharu Bhalwa, Sunsari Tharu Tharu

MJ05 Nirgoliya, Morang Tharu Tharu Telkuri, Morang Tharu Tharu

MS01 Kanar, Sunsari Tharu Tharu Dubi, Sunsari Tharu Tharu

MS02 Jamtoki Tharu Tharu Jamtoki Tharu Tharu

MS04 Bhaluwa, Sunsari Tharu Tharu Parashtoki, Sunsari Tharu Tharu

MS05 Jamtoki Tharu Tharu Koraduwa, Morang Tharu Tharu

MS06 Pothiya Tharu Tharu Nearby - doesn't know

name Tharu Tharu

MS07 Gidhaniya Tharu Tharu Pachira, Sunsari Tharu Tharu

MS10 Gidhaniya Chaudhary Tharu Patragata Tharu Tharu

MS13 Photiya Tharu Tharu Dangraha VDC Tharu Tharu

MS15 Bhatrahgata, Morang Tharu Tharu Opraliya, Morang Tharu Tharu

SB01 Pardari Tharu Tharu Singhasani, Bara Tharu Tharu

SB03 Balchanpur Tharu Tharu Dhumariya (next village) Tharu Tharu

SB04 Balchanpur Tharu Tharu Paradiya, Rautahat Tharu Tharu

SB05 Isarpur, Sarlahi Tharu Tharu Balchanpur Tharu Tharu

SB06 Barerba Tharu Tharu Kanakpur, Rautahat Tharu Tharu

SB07 Balchanpur Tharu Tharu Patra, Parsa Tharu Tharu

SB08 Chocha Tharu Tharu Sarlahi Tharu Tharu

SB09 Siripur, Rautahat Tharu Tharu Bawanipur, Rautahat Tharu Tharu

SB10 Baijnathpur Tharu Tharu Rungurpur, Rautahat Tharu Tharu

SB11 Simra Tharu Tharu Baktaura, Rautahat Tharu Tharu

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C.7 Informal Interview Data Questions 27-28c

2. Subj 27. Langs you speak 28a. Best lang 28b. 2nd best lang 28c. 3rd best lang C3J01 Maithili, Nepali Maithili Nepali N/A

C3J03 Own and understand Nepali Own N/A N/A

C3J04 Nepali, Tharu, English, Hindi Tharu Nepali Hindi

C3J06 Nepali, Maithili Nepali Maithili N/A

C3J08 Tharu, Maithili, Nepali Tharu Maithili Nepali

C3J13 English, Nepali, Maithili, Tharu English (observation

disagrees) Nepali Maithili

C3S01 Tharu, Nepali, Hindi, English Tharu Nepali Hindi

C3S02 Hindi, Maithili, Nepali, Tharu, Bangali, Marashtan (Bombay) Tharu Nepali Hindi

C3S03 Nepali, Tharu Tharu Nepali N/A

C3S04 Tharu, Nepali, Madheshi (Maithili) Tharu Nepali Madheshi

C3S05 Nepali, Tharu, Hindi, English Tharu Nepali Hindi

C3S06 Tharu, Nepali Tharu Nepali N/A

C3S08 Nepali, Tharu, English Tharu Nepali English

C3S10 Nepali, Tharu, English Tharu Nepali English

JB01 Hindi, Nepali, Tharu, English Tharu Nepali Hindi

JB02 Nepali, English, Bhojpuri, Tharu Tharu Nepali English

JB03 Nepali, Tharu Tharu Nepali N/A

JB06 Tharu, Nepali Tharu Nepali N/A

JB07 Nepali, Tharu Tharu Nepali N/A

M3J05 Nepali, Tharu, Hindi Tharu Nepali Hindi

M3S01 Nepali, Chaudhary, English Chaudhary Nepali English

M3S03 Tharu, Nepali Tharu Nepali N/A

M3S05 Nepali, Hindi, Tharu Tharu Nepali Hindi

MJ01 Tharu, Nepali, Hindi Tharu Nepali Hindi

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2. Subj 27. Langs you speak 28a. Best lang 28b. 2nd best lang 28c. 3rd best lang MJ02 Tharu, English, Maithili, Hindi, Nepali Tharu Nepali English

MJ03 Nepali, Tharu, English, Hindi Tharu Nepali Hindi

MJ05 Tharu, Nepali Nepali & Tharu

equally

Nepali & Tharu

equally N/A

MS01 Tharu, Nepali, Hindi Tharu Nepali Hindi

MS02 Tharu, Nepali, Hindi, English Tharu Nepali Hindi

MS04 Tharu, Nepali, Hindi Tharu Nepali Hindi

MS05 Tharu, Nepali Nepali Tharu N/A

MS06 Tharu, Nepali, English, Maithali Tharu Maithali Nepali

MS07 Nepali, Tharu, Hindi, English Nepali Tharu Hindi

MS10 Nepali, Tharu, English Tharu Nepali English

MS13 Tharu, Nepali, Saptariya, Tali, Bhojpuri, Maithali, Gurung, English,

Hindi Tharu Nepali Saptariya

MS15 Tharu, Nepali Tharu Nepali N/A

SB01 Nepali, Tharu Tharu Nepali N/A

SB03 Nepali, Rastriya, Tharu, Bhojpuri, Hindi, English Tharu Nepali Hindi

SB04 Tharu, Nepali Tharu Nepali N/A

SB05 Nepali, Tharu, English Tharu Nepali English

SB06 Tharu, Nepali, English Tharu Nepali English

SB07 Nepali, Tharu Tharu Nepali N/A

SB08 Nepali, Tharu, Hindi, English Tharu Nepali English

SB09 Tharu Tharu N/A N/A

SB10 Tharu, Nepali Tharu Nepali N/A

SB11 Tharu, Neplai, Hindi, English Tharu Nepali Hindi

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C.8 Informal Interview Data Questions 29-35a

2. Subj 29. How

well do you speak KT?

30. What lang do you love

most? 31. Lang

with grandparents

32. Lang when

chatting with parents

33. Lang when telling

a story to parents

34. Married 35. Spouse MT

35a. Can spouse

speak KT? C3J01 N/A Maithili N/A Maithili Maithili Yes Maithili N/A

C3J03 N/A own Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

C3J04 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

C3J06 Some Nepali Nepali &

Maithili Nepali

Nepali

(aphno)

Maithili (here)

Yes Maithili only a

little Nepali N/A

C3J08 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

C3J13 Some English Tharu Tharu Maithili

(Tharu) Yes Tharu N/A

C3S01 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

C3S02 N/A Nepali Maithili Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

C3S03 N/A Nepali Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

C3S04 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

C3S05 N/A Tharu & Nepali

both Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

C3S06 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

C3S08 N/A Nepali Tharu Tharu Tharu No N/A N/A

C3S10 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu No N/A N/A

JB01 N/A Nepali & English Tharu Tharu Tharu No N/A N/A

JB02 N/A Nepali Tharu Tharu Nepali No N/A N/A

JB03 N/A Nepali Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

JB06 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

JB07 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

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2. Subj 29. How

well do you speak KT?

30. What lang do you love

most? 31. Lang

with grandparents

32. Lang when

chatting with parents

33. Lang when telling

a story to parents

34. Married 35. Spouse MT

35a. Can spouse

speak KT? M3J05 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu No N/A N/A

M3S01 N/A Chaudhary Chaudhary Chaudhary Chaudhary Yes Chaudhary N/A

M3S03 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu No N/A N/A

M3S05 N/A Nepali Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

MJ01 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

MJ02 N/A English Tharu Tharu Tharu No N/A N/A

MJ03 N/A Nepali national

lang Tharu Tharu Tharu No N/A N/A

MJ05 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

MS01 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

MS02 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu No N/A N/A

MS04 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

MS05 Very Well Nepali Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

MS06 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

MS07 Very Well Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

MS10 N/A English Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

MS13 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

MS15 N/A Nepali because

all understand Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

SB01 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

SB03 N/A Nepali Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

SB04 N/A Nepali Tharu Tharu

Tharu (my

parents don't

understand

Nepali)

No N/A N/A

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2. Subj 29. How

well do you speak KT?

30. What lang do you love

most? 31. Lang

with grandparents

32. Lang when

chatting with parents

33. Lang when telling

a story to parents

34. Married 35. Spouse MT

35a. Can spouse

speak KT? SB05 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu No N/A N/A

SB06 N/A Nepali Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

SB07 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu No N/A N/A

SB08 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

SB09 N/A N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

SB10 N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A

SB11 N/A Nepali Tharu Tharu Tharu Yes Tharu N/A C.9 Informal Interview Data Questions 36-40b

2. Subj 36. Lang when chatting with

spouse 37. Lang when

telling a story to spouse

38. Lang when chatting with

children 39. Lang when

telling a story to children

40a. Lang KT kids use with other KT kids

40b. Lang KT kids use with non-KT

kids C3J01 Maithili Maithili Maithili Maithili Maithili Maithili

C3J03 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu others

understand

C3J04 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu - other jats speak

Tharu

C3J06 Maithili Maithili Maithili Maithili Maithili Maithili

C3J08 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

C3J13 Maithili Maithili Maithili Maithili Tharu Tharu

C3S01 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

C3S02 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Nepali

C3S03 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu nr nr

C3S04 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu (because they all

know Tharu)

C3S05 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Nepali

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2. Subj 36. Lang when chatting with

spouse 37. Lang when

telling a story to spouse

38. Lang when chatting with

children 39. Lang when

telling a story to children

40a. Lang KT kids use with other KT kids

40b. Lang KT kids use with non-KT

kids C3S06 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

C3S08 N/A N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Nepali

C3S10 N/A N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

JB01 N/A N/A In the village: Tharu,

In the city: Nepali Tharu Tharu Tharu

JB02 N/A N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Bhojpuri

JB03 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

JB06 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Nepali

JB07 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

M3J05 N/A N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Answer not usable

M3S01 Chaudhary Nepali Chaudhary Chaudhary Chaudhary

(sometimes Nepali) Nepali

M3S03 N/A N/A Nepali & Tharu both Tharu Tharu Tharu

M3S05 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

MJ01 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

MJ02 Tharu Tharu Tharu Nepali Tharu Nepali

MJ03 N/A N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Nepali

MJ05 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu - all jats speak

Tharu

MS01 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Nepali

MS02 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Nepali

MS04 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Nepali

MS05 Nepali Nepali (but both used) Tharu Tharu Tharu Nepali

MS06 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu & then Maithali

MS07 Tharu Tharu Nepali Nepali Tharu but mixed

with Nepali Tharu

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2. Subj 36. Lang when chatting with

spouse 37. Lang when

telling a story to spouse

38. Lang when chatting with

children 39. Lang when

telling a story to children

40a. Lang KT kids use with other KT kids

40b. Lang KT kids use with non-KT

kids MS10 Tharu Tharu Tharu Nepali Tharu Nepali

MS13 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

MS15 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

SB01 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu (all understand

Tharu)

SB03 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu They speak their own

MT

SB04 N/A N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu

Tharu (no other jats

here. But in school kids

use Nepali together)

SB05 N/A N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

SB06 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

SB07 N/A N/A Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

SB08 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

SB09 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Nepali

SB10 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Their own lang

SB11 Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

C.10 Informal Interview Data Questions 41-44

2. Subj 41. Children?

41a. All children

speak KT? 42. Pray in home

42b. Home prayers in

which lang? 43. What lang should children speak first? 44. Why?

C3J01 Yes Yes Yes Maithili Maithili

C3J03 Yes Yes Yes Tharu own-Tharu According to the place

C3J04 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu If they don't know the lang the culture how

will they know aptyaro

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2. Subj 41. Children?

41a. All children

speak KT? 42. Pray in home

42b. Home prayers in

which lang? 43. What lang should children speak first? 44. Why?

C3J06 Yes N/A Yes Maithili Tharu Where you're born, you should speak that

lang. Mom and dad speak

C3J08 Yes Yes Yes Tharu whatever they need

C3J13 Yes Yes Yes Sanskrit - priest

does it Maithili

because it's the lang of the house and

village

C3S01 Yes Yes Yes Sanskrit Tharu Easy to understand

C3S02 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu Mom and dads know it - parents don't

know other langs

C3S03 No N/a No N/A Tharu should learn to speak Tharu first and then

Nepali in school

C3S04 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu our lang- our jat. We teach them from birth

C3S05 No N/A Yes Tharu The lang of the village they are

born at. Here is Tharu Not asked

C3S06 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu our own parents taught it to us

C3S08 N/A N/A Yes Tharu Tharu in the village

C3S10 N/A N/A Yes Nepali Tharu We are all Tharu in the village

JB01 N/A N/A Yes Nepali Tharu To save our own culture

JB02 N/A N/A Yes Tharu Tharu Mom and dads first

JB03 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Nepali We are in Nepal and its easy for going here

and there

JB06 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu They should speak Tharu

JB07 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu Tharu people, what do they speak in not

Tharu?

M3J05 N/A N/A Yes Hindi Nepali parcha

M3S01 Yes N/A Yes Chaudhary Chaudhary (later Nepali) Chaudhary is always used

M3S03 N/A N/A Yes Tharu Tharu From when small, they are Tharu

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2. Subj 41. Children?

41a. All children

speak KT? 42. Pray in home

42b. Home prayers in

which lang? 43. What lang should children speak first? 44. Why?

M3S05 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu for Tharu children,

Nepali for Nepali children not asked

MJ01 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu Tharu should learn Tharu

MJ02 N/A N/A Yes Tharu Tharu Each religion/culture anusar N-N T-T E-E

MJ03 N/A N/A Yes Tharu Tharu Our tradition/gparents, its first

MJ05 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu & Nepali equal nr

MS01 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu Afno sangstar

MS02 No N/A Yes Tharu Tharu Own lang

MS04 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu Because it's our own jat

MS05 Yes Yes Yes Tharu first,

then Hindi Tharu It's our own

MS06 Yes Yes Yes Nepali and then

Tharu Tharu Own lang

MS07 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu Because we are Tharu

MS10 Yes Yes Yes Sanskrit Tharu It's our Chaudhary

MS13 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu In the home with family, it is the easiest

and fastest

MS15 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu Own

SB01 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu Other langs are learned in school. Need

Tharu first.

SB03 Yes N/A Yes

Nepali (both,

but usually

Nepali because

Bible is in

Nepali)

Tharu It's our jat's lang

SB04 N/A N/A Yes Nepali Tharu It's all our own

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2. Subj 41. Children?

41a. All children

speak KT? 42. Pray in home

42b. Home prayers in

which lang? 43. What lang should children speak first? 44. Why?

SB05 N/A N/A Yes Nepali Tharu Our own - moms and dads speak it to them

SB06 Yes N/A Yes Tharu Tharu It's the lang of their parents

SB07 N/A N/A Yes Nepali Tharu It's the lang of the village

SB08 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu From when small, it should be own lang.

Nepali later.

SB09 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu Not asked

SB10 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu Not asked

SB11 Yes Yes Yes Tharu Tharu All the parents speak it

C.11 Informal Interview Data Questions 45-49a

2. Subj 45. Lang

preference for primary education

46. Can you read/write? 47. In what langs?

48. If you were going to learn, which lang(s)

would you like?

49. Other lang(s) you

would like to read/write?

49a. What lang(s)?

C3J01 Nepali Yes Read Nepali Bible N/A Yes Tharu

C3J03 nr No N/A I'm too old, weak

eyes N/A N/A

C3J04 aphno bhasa Yes English, Nepali, Hindi, Tharu N/A N/A N/A

C3J06 Nepali Yes Nepali N/A No N/A

C3J08 MT No N/A Nepali, Hindi N/A N/A

C3J13 Nepali Yes English, Nepali, Hindi, Tharu N/A N/A N/A

C3S01 Tharu Yes Tharu, Nepali, Hindi, English N/A N/A N/A

C3S02 English Yes Nepali N/A No N/A

C3S03 MT Yes Nepali N/A Yes English

C3S04 Tharu Yes Nepali, Tharu, Hindi N/A N/A N/A

C3S05 English Yes Nepali, English N/A No N/A

C3S06 Nepali Yes Nepali, Tharu N/A N/A N/A

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2. Subj 45. Lang

preference for primary education

46. Can you read/write? 47. In what langs?

48. If you were going to learn, which lang(s)

would you like?

49. Other lang(s) you

would like to read/write?

49a. What lang(s)?

C3S08 Tharu Yes Tharu, Nepali, English N/A N/A N/A

C3S10 Nepali Yes Nepali, English, Tharu N/A N/A N/A

JB01 Tharu & English Yes Nepali, English N/A No N/A

JB02 Tharu Yes Nepali, English N/A Yes Tharu

JB03 Nepali & English both No N/A Nepali N/A N/A

JB06 Nepali No N/A Tharu, Nepali N/A N/A

JB07 Nepali Yes Nepali, Tharu N/A N/A N/A

M3J05 Nepali Yes Nepali N/A Yes Tharu

M3S01 Nepali Yes Nepali N/A Yes English, Chaudhary

M3S03 Nepali Yes Nepali, Tharu N/A N/A N/A

M3S05 Nepali Yes Nepali N/A Yes English

MJ01 Tharu, English, Nepali Yes Tharu, Nepali, English N/A N/A N/A

MJ02 English Yes Nepali, Tharu, English N/A N/A N/A

MJ03 English Yes Nepali, English N/A No N/A

MJ05 Whatever children

will understand No N/A

Doesn't want to

study N/A N/A

MS01 MT, then Nepali Yes Nepali N/A Yes Tharu

MS02 English Yes Nepali, Tharu, English N/A N/A N/A

MS04 MT Yes Nepali N/A Yes Tharu

MS05 MT Yes Tharu, Nepali, English N/A N/A N/A

MS06 Nepali, because

mixed jat at school Yes Nepali, Tharu N/A N/A N/A

MS07 English in the school

compound Yes Tharu, Nepali, Hindi, English N/A N/A N/A

MS10 Nepali & English both Yes Nepali, English, Tharu N/A N/A N/A

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2. Subj 45. Lang

preference for primary education

46. Can you read/write? 47. In what langs?

48. If you were going to learn, which lang(s)

would you like?

49. Other lang(s) you

would like to read/write?

49a. What lang(s)?

MS13 English Yes Nepali, English, Hindi, Tharu,

Maithali, Bhojpuri, Saptariya N/A N/A N/A

MS15 Nepali Yes Nepali N/A Yes English

SB01 Tharu (but books are

in Nepali) Yes Nepali, Tharu, Sanskrit N/A N/A N/A

SB03 Nepali Yes Nepali, Tharu, Hindi, English N/A N/A N/A

SB04 Nepali Yes Nepali, Tharu, English N/A N/A N/A

SB05 Nepali Yes Nepali, English, Bojpuri N/A No N/A

SB06 Nepali Yes English, Nepali N/A No N/A

SB07 Nepali Yes Nepali, English N/A No N/A

SB08 Nepali Yes Nepali, Hindi, English N/A No N/A

SB09 Nepali No N/A Answer not usable N/A N/A

SB10 Nepali (they need

Nepali) No N/A Answer not usable N/A N/A

SB11 Nepali Yes Nepali, English, Hindi, Tharu N/A N/A N/A

C.12 Informal Interview Questions 50-52

2. Subj 50. Which language do you enjoy reading most? 51. Why? 52. Where is KT spoken most

purely? C3J01 N/A N/A here

C3J03 N/A N/A here

C3J04 Tharu (there's more available in Nepali,

but when available) nr Siraha, Saptari, Sunsari, Morang

C3J06 N/A N/A Haven't been lots of places - spoken

everywhere

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2. Subj 50. Which language do you enjoy reading most? 51. Why? 52. Where is KT spoken most

purely? C3J08 N/A N/A ours Siraha, Saptari

C3J13 English Boarding (school) spoke English a lot Saptari

C3S01 Nepali learned in Nepali first Saptari

C3S02 N/A N/A Purba (east)

C3S03 N/A N/A here

C3S04 Tharu It's not difficult for us Saptari because there's not as many of

us. Then Dang/Deukhuri

C3S05 N/A N/A Saptari

C3S06 Nepali We learned as students here (Siraha)

C3S08 Nepali/English N/A nr

C3S10 Tharu Everyone here speaks Tharu Sunsari, all area good

JB01 N/A N/A Dang

JB02 Nepali nr Dang

JB03 N/A N/A Parsa

JB06 N/A N/A Rautahat

JB07 Nepali It's easy Rautahat

M3J05 N/A N/A Morang

M3S01 N/A N/A Here - Gidhaniya

M3S03 Nepali Easy Gidhaniya, Morang

M3S05 N/A N/A Here (Gidhaniya)

MJ01 Nepali Because it's spoken Morang/Sunsari

MJ02 English Studied from the beginning Morang/Sunsari

MJ03 English Int lang use in school, practiced it for a long time Morang/Sunsari

MJ05 N/A N/A Morang - in the families in the villages

MS01 N/A N/A Morang

MS02 Nepali Easiest Here (Jamtoki)

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2. Subj 50. Which language do you enjoy reading most? 51. Why? 52. Where is KT spoken most

purely? MS04 N/A N/A Morang/Sunsari

MS05 Nepali I was small when I learned it Morang/Sunsari

MS06 Tharu Mathri bhasa Morang/Sunsari

MS07 English Because English you don't have to draw the line

across the top of the letters like Nepali In the village - Bhishja Sunkja

MS10 English Int - all understand Older people - Old people know

MS13 Tharu & English Tharu because it's my own. English because more

people understand Morang/Sunsari

MS15 N/A N/A Morang/Sunsari

SB01 Tharu Kids know it In the village

SB03 Nepali Our Bible is in Nepali Rautahat/Bara

SB04 Nepali Our national language Bara

SB05 Nepali Best for understanding Sarlahi

SB06 Nepali I understand it well Parsa

SB07 Nepali It's easy to read Rautahat

SB08 Tharu It's our own, so I'm happy Answer not usable

SB09 N/A N/A My own

SB10 N/A N/A Where there are many KT

SB11 Nepali Because I live in Nepal Simra, Rautahat

C.13 Informal Interview Questions 53a-55c

2. Subj 53a. Morang

53b. Way of speeking

53c. Feeling 54a. Siraha

54b. Way of speeking

54c. Feeling 55a. Bara

55b. Way of speeking

55c. Feeling

C3J01 Yes A Little Diff Happy N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A

C3J03 No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A

C3J04 Yes A Little Diff Happy N/A N/A N/A Yes Very Diff Happy

C3J06 No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A

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2. Subj 53a. Morang

53b. Way of speeking

53c. Feeling 54a. Siraha

54b. Way of speeking

54c. Feeling 55a. Bara

55b. Way of speeking

55c. Feeling

C3J08 No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Yes Very Diff Indifferent

C3J13 Yes A Little Diff Indifferent N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A

C3S01 Yes A Little Diff Indifferent N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A

C3S02 Yes 50% diff Happy N/A N/A N/A Yes Very Diff Indifferent

C3S03 No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A

C3S04 Yes A Little Diff Happy N/A N/A N/A Yes Very Diff Happy

C3S05 No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A

C3S06 No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A

C3S08 No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A

C3S10 No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A

JB01 No N/A N/A Yes A Little Diff Indifferent N/A N/A N/A

JB02 Yes A Little Diff Indifferent No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

JB03 No N/A N/A No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

JB06 No N/A N/A No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

JB07 No N/A N/A No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

M3J05 N/A N/A N/A Yes A Little Diff Happy No N/A N/A

M3S01 N/A N/A N/A Yes Very Diff Happy No N/A N/A

M3S03 N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A No N/A N/A

M3S05 N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A No N/A N/A

MJ01 N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A N/A Yes A Little Diff Indifferent

MJ02 N/A N/A N/A Yes A Little Diff Indifferent N/A N/A N/A

MJ03 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

MJ05 N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A No N/A N/A

MS01 N/A N/A N/A Yes Very Diff nr No N/A N/A

MS02 N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A No N/A N/A

MS04 N/A N/A N/A Yes A Little Diff Happy No N/A N/A

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2. Subj 53a. Morang

53b. Way of speeking

53c. Feeling 54a. Siraha

54b. Way of speeking

54c. Feeling 55a. Bara

55b. Way of speeking

55c. Feeling

MS05 N/A N/A N/A Yes A Little Diff Indifferent No N/A N/A

MS06 N/A N/A N/A Yes A Little Diff Indifferent Yes Very Diff Indifferent

MS07 N/A N/A N/A Yes Very Diff Indifferent Yes Very Diff Indifferent

MS10 N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A No N/A N/A

MS13 N/A N/A N/A Yes Very Diff Happy Yes Very Diff Happy

MS15 N/A N/A N/A No N/A N/A No N/A N/A

SB01 No N/A N/A No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

SB03 Yes Very Diff Happy Yes Very Diff Happy N/A N/A N/A

SB04 No N/A N/A No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

SB05 No N/A N/A No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

SB06 No N/A N/A No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

SB07 No N/A N/A No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

SB08 Yes A Little Diff Happy Yes A Little Diff Happy N/A N/A N/A

SB09 No N/A N/A No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

SB10 No N/A N/A No N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

SB11 No N/A N/A Yes Very Diff nr N/A N/A N/A

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Appendix D: Knowledgeable Insider Interview

D.1 Knowledgeable Insider Interview Schedule

My name is ____. What is your name? We are from the Central Department of Linguistics, Tribhuvan University. We have come to study and research your language. We want to ask you questions about your village and the languages of your village. The information that you give us about your language, we will give to others. Can you give us help?

म ेरो न ाम.............. ह ो। तप ाईंक ो न ाम के ह ो ? ह ा म ी हि भ वु न ह व श् व हव ्ालय भा षाह व् ान के न् े ीय हव भ ा ग बाट आए क ा ह ौ ।ं ह ा म ी तप ाईंह रूल े बोल्न े भ ाष ाक ो अ ् य य न अन सुन् ध ा न ग नय आए क ा ह ौ।ं त प ा ईँक ो ग ा उँ र तप ा ईँह रूल ेबोल्न े भ ाष ाक ा बारेम ा ह ाम ी केह ी प्र श् न हरु स ो्न च ाह न् छौ।ँ तप ा ईंल ेहद न ुभए क ो भ ाष ास म् ब न् ध ी ज ान क ा री अ रू मा ह नस ल ा ई प हन द खे ा उन ेछौ ।ं तप ा ईंल ेह ा मी ल ा ई सह ाय त ा ग नय सक् नहु नु् छ?

1. Informed Consent: Given / Not Given 2. Subject Number: 3. Date (DD-MM-YY): 4. Village Name:

a. Ward Number b. VDC/Municipality c. District d. Zone

5. Interviewer Name: 6. Language of Elicitation: 7. Language of Response: 8. Interpreter Name: 9. Sex 10. Full Name तप ा ईंक ो पू रा न ा म के ह ो? 11. Age: तप ाईंक ो उम ेर क हत भय ो? 12. Caste: तप ा ईंक ो ज ात कु न ह ो? 13. What is your mother tongue? तप ा ईंक ो म ात ृभ ा ष ा (आफ न ो भा ष ा) कु न ह ो? 14. Where were you born? तप ा ईं क ह ा ँ जन् म नभुय ो? 15. Where do you live now? तप ा ईं आज भ ो ज ल कह ा ँबस् नहु नु् छ? 16. How long have you been living there/here? तप ा ईं य ो ठा उँम ा क हत बषय बस् न भुय ो? 17. Have you lived anywhere else for more than

a year? तप ा ईँ आरु ठा उँम ा ए क बषय भ न्द ा बढी बस् न भु ए क ो छ?

17a. Where? क ह ा?ँ 17b. When? क हह ल?े 17c. How long did you live there? क हत स मयस म्म? 18. Where is your father from? तप ा ईंक ो बवु ा क ो ख ास ग ा उँ कु न ह ो? 19. What is his mother tongue? उह ा कँ ो म ात ृभ ा षा के ह ो? 20. Where is your mother from? तप ा ईंक ो आम ा क ो म ा इह तघ र कह ा ँह ो? 21. What is her mother tongue? उह ा कँ ो म ात ृभ ा षा के ह ो? 22. What do you call your language? तप ाईंक ो भ ाष ाल ाई के भह न न् छ ? 23. What names do non-native speakers give

your language? तप ाईंक ो भ ाष ा न बोल्न े मान् छेल े तप ाईँक ो भ ा ष ाल ा ई के भ न् छन ?

24. How many homes are located in your village?

तप ा ईंक ो ग ा उँम ा क हत घ रध रुी छन ?

25. How many KT homes are located in your village?

तप ा ईंक ो ग ा उँम ा क ो जच ला थ ारु घ रह रू क हत छन ?

26. What ethnic groups live in your village? तप ा ईंक ो ग ा उँम ा कु न-कु न ज ा हत बस्द छन ? 27. What languages are spoken by those

groups? हत ज ा हत हरू ल ेकु न-कु न भ ा ष ा बो ल्छन ?

28. Which language is used the most between all the groups in this village?

य ो ग ा उँक ा स ब जा हत ह रूक ो बीच म ा , कु न भा ष ा स बभ न्द ाबढी बोज लन् छ ?

29. Where do most children from this village go to primary school?

य ो ग ा उँक ो ध रे जस ो बाल बा जल क ा हरू कु न प्र ा इम रेी स्कु ल ज ा न् छन ?

30. Which ethnic group(s) are the teachers from?

ज श क्ष क जश जक्ष क ाह रु कुन ज ातक ो ह नुहु नु् छ ?

31. In this school, what language(s) do teachers use with children in the classroom?

उह ा हँ रुल ेकक्ष ामा प ढा उँद ा कु न भ ा ष ा बो ल्न हु नु् छ?

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32. In this school, what language(s) do children use with other children?

य ो स्कुल म ा , बाल बाज ल क ाल े अ रू बा ल बा ज लक ा सगँ बो ल्द ा कु न भ ाष ा प्रय ो ग ग छय न ?

33. Have you heard of any schools teaching/instructing using Kochila Tharu

स्कु ल म ा क ो जच ल ा था रुम ा प ढाए क ो स नु्नभु ए क ो छ?

33a. Where? क ह ा ?ँ 34. Where is the nearest clinic/health post? न ज ज क को स्व ा स्थय च ौक ी क ह ा ँछ? 35. What ethnic groups are the doctor and/or

staff at the clinic/health post? स्व ास्थय च ौक ीमा का म गन ेडाक् ट र अथ व ा क मय च ारी ( नसय ) कु न ज ा हत क ो ह नुहु नु् छ?

36. What language is used in the clinic/health post?

स्व ा स्थय च ौ क ी मा कु न भ ाष ा बो ज लन् छ?

37. How common is it for people from this village to marry someone from ____________?

य ो ग ा उँक ो म ाह नस हरु ल े __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ क ो म ा ह न सहरु संग ह व व ाह ग न ेप्रच लीत छ?

37a. Morang Frequently, Some,

Rarely, Never ध ेर जस ो, क ह ह ल के ाह ी,ं अ जलअ जल , क हहल गढनै 37b. Siraha 37c. Bara 37d. Other 38. In this village, which language(s) is used for

wedding ceremonies? य ो ग ा उँम ा ह बह ा बा री गद ा य , कु न भ ा षा ह रू प्रय ो ग गर रन् छन ?

39. What language(s) is used for village meetings?

ग ा उँक ो ह म ह ट ङ ( ब ठक )म ा कु न कु न भ ाष ाह रू बोज ल न् छ ?

40. Do you know of materials that are written in Kochila Tharu?

तप ा ईल ा ई क ो ह हल ा थ ारु म ा ल खे एे को कु न स ा म ा ग्री हरु त ा ह ा ँछ?

41. What kind of materials? (books, textbooks, magazines, newspaper, pamphlets, other)

क स्त ो प्र ाश्को ( हक जस मक ो ) ? (हक ताब , हव ध ालय क ो हकत ाब , प हि का , स म ाचा रपि , पच ाय , अ न्य )

42. Do you know of any organizations promoting language development of Kochila Tharu?

क ोजच ल ा थारु भाष ाको हबक ास र हबस्त ार गन ेकु न सघ-सं स्थ ा थ ा ह ा ँछ?

42.a. What are their names? (Please name those organizations)

त् यो न ामह रू के हो ? ( कु न-कु न सघ-सं स्थ ा हरु , न ा म भ न ी हद न हुो स । )

43. Contact Information स म्प कय ज ान क ारी 44. We are thinking of listing your name in this

information, but if you don't want your name to be listed, we won't. Shall we keep your name or not?

ह ा म ील ेतप ा ईंस गँ जल न ेय ो ज ा न का री म ा त प ा ईंक ो न ा म रा ख् न ेह वच ा र ग रेक ा छौ,ं त र य हद तप ाईंल े आफ न ो न ा म रा ख् न च ाह न हुनु्न भन,े ह ाम ील े रा ख् द न ौ ।ं तप ा ईंक ो न ा म रा ख ौ ंह क न रा खौ?ं

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D.2 Knowledgeable Insider Interview Data

Mothiyahi, Rautahat Jahadi, Siraha Gidhaniya,

Morang Jamtoki, Morang

1. Informed Consent Given Given Given Given

2. Subject Number BK01 CK01 MK02 MK01 3. Date 1-May-2013 28-April-2013 26-Feb-2013 24-Feb-2013 4. Village Name Mothiyahi Jahadi Gidhaniya Jamtoki 4a. Ward Number 9 3 5 2 4b. VDC/Municipality Chapur Sisuwani Tetariya Katari 4c. District Rautahat Siraha Morang Morang 4d. Zone Narayani Safarmatha Kosi Kosi 5. Interviewer Name Jessica

Mitchell Jessica Mitchell

Jessica Mitchell

Jessica Mitchell

6. Lang of Elicitation Nepali Nepali Nepali Nepali 7. Lang of Response Nepali Nepali Nepali Nepali 8. Interpreter Name N/A Sant Kumar

Chaudhary Prem Lal Gachhadar

Anand Chaudhary

9. Sex Male Male Male Male 10. Full Name Rame Kumar

Chaudhary Devnath Adikari Tharu

Hamar Lal Tharu

Pusprat Majhi

11. Age 54 67 69 39 12. Caste Chaudhary Tharu Tharu Tharu

(Kochila) 13. What is your

mother tongue? Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu 14. Where were you

born? Mothiyahi Jahadi Sidhara (4km away) Jamtoki

15. Where do you live now? Mothiyahi Jahadi Gidhaniya Jamtoki

16. How long have you been living there? 54 years 67 years 24/25 years 39 years

17. Have you lived anywhere else for more than a year?

No No No No

18. Where is your father from? Mothiyahi Jahadi Tuthe,

Sunsari Jamtoki 19. What is his mother

tongue? Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu 20. Where is your

mother from? Mothiyahi Nargi, Siraha Simarbona, Sunsari

Bhanigama, 5

21. What is her mother tongue? Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

22. What do you call your language?

Chaudhary, Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

23. What names do non-native speakers give your language?

Tharu Tharu Tharu Tharu

24. How many homes are located in your village?

200 300 400 600 people

25. How many KT homes are located in your village?

175 No response 375 Tharu 300 people

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Mothiyahi, Rautahat Jahadi, Siraha Gidhaniya,

Morang Jamtoki, Morang

26. What ethnic groups live in your village?

Khami, Sarki, Muslim, Thakur

Danwar, Tharu, Yadav, Kamat, Sadai

Musar, Thelisa, Thakul, Bantar

Tharu, Muslim, Rai, Limbu

27. What languages are spoken by those groups?

Tharu All speak Tharu Their own

Tharu speak Tharu; all other speak their own lang

28. Which language is used the most between all the groups in this village?

29. Where do most children from this village go to primary school?

Here Jahadi Government school in the village

Boarding school in Biratnagar, but most kids go to gov school in this village

30. Which ethnic group(s) are the teachers from?

Yadav, Ghimire, Tharu

Yadav (Maithili) and Tharu

Tharu Tharu, Rajbanshi, Musahar

31. In this school, what language(s) do teachers use with children in the classroom?

Nepali Nepali books, but speak Tharu for easy understanding

Tharu Nepali

32. In this school, what language(s) do children use with other children?

Tharu Tharu Tharu Own with own

33. Have you heard of any schools teaching/instructing using Kochila Tharu?

No No-Nepali books, but speak Tharu for easy understanding

No No, until now no

34. Where is the nearest clinic/health post?

Chapur VDC Near the school

VDC, but Biratnagar closest

35. What ethnic groups are the doctor and/or staff?

Yadav, Busane, Thakur

Mandal, Yadav Dr is Nepali, Nurses are Tharu

Nepali (there are Tharu)

36. What language is used in the clinic/health post?

Nepali Tharu Tharu-doctor uses Tharu also

Nepali

37a. How common is it for people from this village to marry someone from Morang?

Rarely Frequently N/A N/A

37b. How common is it for people from this village to marry someone from Siraha?

Frequently N/A Rarely Rarely – language d ’ m

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Mothiyahi, Rautahat Jahadi, Siraha Gidhaniya,

Morang Jamtoki, Morang

37c. How common is it for people from this village to marry someone from Bara?

Frequently Not in this village, but in this district there are

Some Rarely

37. D. How common is it for people from this village to marry someone from Other?

Rarely Never (except for love marriage)

N/A N/A

38. In this village, which language(s) is used for wedding ceremonies?

Tharu Nepali, Tharu, Sanskrit Tharu Tharu

39. What language(s) is used for village meetings?

Nepali and Tharu Tharu Tharu

If ’ ju Tharu; but with everyone Nepali

40. Do you know of materials that are written in Kochila Tharu?

No Yes No Yes

41. What kind of materials? N/A

Books: Kabita Sangraha wrote it, Magazines: chirka

N/A Magazines: Holi pariwar

42. Do you know of any organization promoting language development of Kochila Tharu?

No Yes Yes No

42a. What are their names? N/A

Tharu Kalyankari Sabha

Tharu Khalankiya Sawa

N/A

43. Contact Information - - - - 44. We are thinking of

listing your name in this information, bu f y u d ’ want your name to b d, ’ Shall we keep your name or not?

Yes Yes Yes Yes

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Appendix E: Dialect Mapping Participatory Method

E.1 Dialect Mapping Procedures in English

The purpose of this tool is to assist speakers of a specific dialect in discussing information they already know about the dialects and levels of comprehension between dialects. Another purpose is to encourage them to think about which varieties of their language could use a single set of written or oral materials.

With members of the community, use the following steps:

1. What is the name of your language? What is the name of your people? (Write all the language names on one piece of paper and all the names of the people on another. If there is more than one name for the people or language, then ask which name is the one they prefer).

2. Please name all the districts/villages where [L1] is spoken. (Write each on a separate piece of paper). In some situations, rather than district or village one could ask for the names of all the dialects, clans, rivers, or other feature where [L1] is spoken.

3. Place these papers on the ground to show which dialects/municipalities/districts are next to each other.

4. You have just shown the places where the different varieties of [L1] is spoken. We now want to think about languages that are just a little different from your own language. What other languages are so similar to [L1] that when they speak, you can understand at least some words? Write the names of these languages on pieces of paper and add m “m p” g u d

5. Do any groups of villages all speak [L1] in the same way? If so, place a small loop of string around each such group.

6. Which variety do you understand best? Second best? Place the appropriate number written on cardboard next to each municipality, language or group of municipalities.

7. Now we want to show which of these varieties you understand completely, which you understand most, which you understand about half, and which you only understand a little. In which of these villages can you understand the way they speak completely? (Place the Key with complete, most, half, a little. Show them the smiley faces and explain the meaning of each. Have them place the face f “ mp y” f Repeat for each other category of comprehension).

8. Now we want to think about what language(s) you and the people from these places speak to each other. S k y f “ p k u v y”, “ u urs, they use v y” “ u v y, bu y u u ” d “ u v y” Use a different color or coin to symbolize each usage pattern).

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9. Some people have said they want to start writing books in [L1]. If books were written in [L1], which villages would be able to use those books? (Have them put a long string around those varieties). (If they do not think books can or should be written in their language, then you may say they want to start making CDs using [L1]).

10. Out of all these you have grouped together, which variety should be used as the one for writing (or recording) [L1] so that all the others will understand it well? (Have them place letter A). If that one could not be used, then which one? (Use B and C written on cardboard).

This tool should be adapted to the local geographic terms such as municipality, district. Labels should usually refer to “[L1] p k [p m ]” Some aspects of this tool may seem redundant, but each step contributes to a fuller picture of the local perception of the language situation.

E.2 Dialect Mapping Procedures in Nepali

भाबिका रेखाङ्कन बवथि य ो हवजधक ो उद्धेश्य भ ाष ा बोल्न ेहरुल ाई आफ न ो भ ाषाम ा रह ेको भ ाहष क ाक ो बारेम ा ज ानक ारीक ो बारेम ा छल फ ल र क हत राम्र री बोलाईम ा स ब ल े सह मत भ इ ए करु पत ा ल्य ाउन सक् छन भन्न े बारेम ा स ोच्न प्र ोत्स हान हदन ह ो। यस ल े श ाक्ष रत ा क ायय कत ायहरु ल ाई कु न ठा उँम ा फ रक त ररकाल े बोज लन् छ र स ाम ाग्र ीहरु ल ाई त्य हँ ा जा चँ्न स हकन् छ त् यस गरी आव श्य कत ा अ नसु ा र प ाठ छान्न स हकन् छ। रुपरेखा

१. तप ाईह रुक ो भ ाषक ो न ाउ के ह ो? <भ ाष ाक ो न ाम सब ल खे् न हु ोुस> त प ाईहरुल े आप्नो ज ात ी स महु ल ा ई के भ न्नहु नु् छ? त् य ो न ा उँह रु स ब क ागज मा ल खे् नहु ोस । य हद ए उट ा भ न्द ा बडी न ाम आए म ा त्यस ो भए उन ीहरुलाई म न प रेक ो न ाम छान्न ल ग ा उन हु ोस।

२. थ ाह ा भए क ा L1 बोज ल न े स ब जजल्ल ा /ग ा उँहरु क ो न ाउ स ो द्धनहु ो स। ह रेकल ाई भ ीन्न हभ न्न क ागज म ा लखे ी भ इुम ा रा ख् न हु ोस ।<कु न प ररन्स्थ हत म ा यस क ो अल ाव ा तप ाईल े भ ाह षक ा, ज ात ी, ख ोल ाहरु, व ा अ न्य च ररि हरु जस ल े L1 भ ाष ाक ो बारेम ा द खे ा उँछ।

३. ह य स ब ग ा उँ/जजल्ल ाह रुल ाई भ ौग ोज लक रुप म ा हम ल ाइ रा ख् न हु ोस । ४. तप ाईह रुल े L1 क ह ा ँहभ न्द ा हभ न्द प्रक ारल े प्रयोग गररन् छ भ न ी द खे ा उन ुभय ो। अ ब L1 भ न् द ा के हह फ रक

त ररक ाल े बोजल न े (श ब्दहरु के ह ह बजु न् छ) भ ा ष ाहरुल ा ई क त ा बो जल न् छ भ न ी स ो च्नहु ो स र यस ल ाई पन्न ामा ल ेखी भ इुम ा रा ख् न हु ोस। भ इुम ा भ ए को नक् स ा म ा स ो जच कन ह ठक ठा उँम ा रा ख् न ।े पन्न ा हरु क ो छेउम ा L ल ेखी उल्ल खे ग न ुय ह ोस।

५. के कु न ग ा उँह रुल ेL1 उस्त प्र क ारल े बोल्छ न त ? य हद बो ल्छन भ न ेत्य ो ग ा उँहरु ला ई डो री ल ेघ रेा ल ग ा उन हु ोस। <डो री ह रु उन ी हरुल ा ई न रा ख् न ह द नहु ोस ।

६. अ ब ह ाम ी ब ुा इक ो ह हस ा बल े , कह ा ँबो ज ल न ेभ ा ष ा स ब भ न्द ा रा म्र ी बजु न् छ, द ोस्र ो राम्र री , आहद भन ी छुट्य ा उँद अ ङ्कहरु रा ख ी स ो च्न थ ा ल्न।े ह रेक ग ा उँ/ जजल्ल ा इत् याह दहरु म ा ब ुा इक ो आध ा रम ा अ ङ्क रा ख् न ल ग ा उन हु ोस। <उँह ा हरु ल ा ई अ ङ्कहरु भ एक ो म ा कय रहरु ह दन ह ोस।

७. अ ब ह ाम ी ल ेअ नहु ा र भ ए का जच ि च ल ा इ कु न ठा उँक ा भ ा ष ा हरु प रु , प्र ाय , आध ा र के ह ह बजु न् छ भ न ी छुट्य ा न छेौ ।ँ प रु , प्र ाय , आधा, के ह ह भए क ा जच न्हह रु। ह रेक अ न हु ा रह रुक ो अ थय ब ुा इह द नहु ोस । प ह हल ेप रु स ङे्कत ग न ेअ न हु ा रल ा ई रा ख् न ल ग ा उन ।े त्य सप ज छ अरु अ न हु ारुह रुक ो ल ा ह ग प ह न त्य स्त ग न ।े

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८. अ ब त प ा ईहरुल ेर तप ा ईहरु ल ेरा ख् न भुए क ा हय ठा उँमा भ इक ा म ा ह न सहरु ल ेएक-अ क ा यह रुस गँ के बो ल्छन भ न ी स ो च्नहु ोस । ह ा म ील े ४ओट ा छन ौ ट ग नय सक् छौ :ँ ह ाम ी द वु पक्षल े ए उट प्र क ारल ेबो ल्छौ ,ँ ह ाम ी आफ न प्र क ा रल ेबो ल्छौ ँर उन ी ह रुल ेउन ी हरु क ो प्र क ा रम ा बोल्छन , उन ीह रु आफ न बोल्छन र ह ाम ी ह ाम्र ो बोल ी प ररवतय न गछौँ , ह ाम ी द वु अ कै भाष ाम ा प ररवतय न गछौँ। <जस त प ा ई बो ल्न हुनु् छ ह त स ङे्कत ग न ेम ा कय रह रु द खे ा उन हु ोस। उन ी हरु ल ा ई कु न रङ्ग ल ेकुन व गय जच न ा उँछ छा न्न ह द नहु ोस र त्य सल ा ई त्य ह ी अ नसु ा रल ेरा ख् न हु ोस ।>

९. क हत म ाहनस हरु ल े L1म ा हकत ाब ल ेख्न चा हन् छन । य हद L1म ा ह कत ा ब ल जेखय ो भ न ेकु न-कु न ग ा उँह रुल ेय ो प्रय ोग गनय सक् छन ? स ब ग ा उँहरु ज सल ेय ो ह कत ा ब प्रय ो ग ग नय सक् ल ा न त्य सल ा ई ल ा म ो डो री ल ेघ रेा ल ाइहद न।े <ल ाम ो डोरी हद ई, घ रेा ल ा उन ह द न।े रा ख् न ह द न हुो स।> (* य हद उन ीहरु ल े आफन ो भ ाषाम ा हकताब ल खे् न ेबा रेम स ो च्न च ा हन न्न भ न े , “क ोह ह म ाहन सहरु ल ेL1म ा CD बन ा उन च ा ह नहु नु् छ भ न रे छलफ ल अ ग ा हड बन ाउन स हक न् छ )

१ ०. य हद य ो घ रेा ल ा इए क ो स महु ल ेए उट ह कत ा ब प्रय ो ग गनय सक् छन भ न े , हय म ्य प हन कुन भ ा षा प्र क ा रल ा ई ल ेख्न (रेक डय गनय)प्रय ो ग ग नय स ह कन् छ त ा हक स ब ल ेबझु्न छेन ? ‘क’, ‘ख’, ‘ग’ ल ेजख ए क ो म ाकय र हद ई हतन छन ौट ल ाई क्रम व द्ध रुप मा राख् न े। <’क”’ख’’ग” म ाकय रह रु हद नहु ो स जच न्ह ो ल ा ग ा उनल ा ई।>

य ो ह वज धल ा ई स न्द भय अ नसु ा र भ ौ ग ो जल क , व ा स ां स्कृ हत क श ब्द हरु ज स्त त्य हँा क ा न ग रपा ज ल क ा , ग ा. ह व .स ., ख ोल ा , प्र ान्त , जाती , आह द क ा ह ठक न ा उँ प्रय ोग ग द ैप र रम ाजय न ग नय स ह कन् छ। “L1 ठा उँम ा प्र य ो ग गर रन् छ” भ न ेर लखे े स जज ल ो ह नु सक् छ। क हत प ा इल ा हरु द ो ह ो रीए क ो ज स्त ो ल ाग् न सक् छ त र त्य स स मदु ाय क ो आफन ो भ ा षा न् स्थ हत प्रह त भ ए क ो पू रा जच ि बझु्न सहय ो ग ह म ल्छ।

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E.3 Dialect Mapping Data

This Dialect Mapping data was collected in May 2013 by Mr. Prem Lal Gachhadar, Mr. Sampat Lal Chaudhary, Mr. Agin Lal Chaudhary, Mr. Triyogi Narayan Chaudhary, Mr. Ananda Chaudhary, Mr. Dinesh Chaudhary, and Mr. Prithvi Chaudhary. This data is currently available only in Nepali.

Bakuliya, Bara

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Padari, Bara

Auraha, Dhanusha

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Bhangaha, Mahottari

Meghraul, Mahottari

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Gidhaniya, Morang

Jamtoki, Morang

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Solakhpur, Parsa

Rangapur, Rautahat

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Bajrahi Guthi, Saptari

Karmaniya, Saptari

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Siswa, Sarlahi

Padariya, Siraha

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Chimadi, Sunsari

Tanmuna, Sunsari

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Gaighat, Udayapur

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Appendix F: Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale

(Taken from Making EGIDS assessments for the Ethnologue)

Gary Simons and Paul Lewis 6 December 2010

Last revised: 10 Feb 2011

I u 2010 , “A g gu g d g m : Ex d g F m ’ GIDS” (http://www.lingv.ro/resources/scm_images/RRL-02-2010-Lewis.pdf), we introduce the Extended Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale. Response to the scale has been positive, both within SIL and without. We are thus planning to include an assessment of the EGIDS level for every language in the next edition of the Ethnologue.

In attempts thus far by a number of users to apply the decision tree in the article to the task of making EGIDS assessments, we have found that the decision tree does not always lead to the right answer. We are thus working on refining the definitions and the decision tree to better incorporate the insights of the Sustainable Use Model. In the meantime, however, we ff “j b d” m k g m O x p g v f table of EGIDS levels in which definitions for some of the levels have been refined. These revisions are designed to address the kinds of questions we have been getting about deciding on unclear cases. In addition, the following subsections offer further commentary on each of the levels. If you still have a question about how to classify a given language after consulting the revised chart on the next page, try to resolve the problem by reading the commentary for the levels you are trying to decide between. If you still cannot decide how to classify the language, please let us know about the situation you are trying to classify.

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Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (adapted from Fishman 1991)*

LEVEL LABEL DESCRIPTION UNESCO

0 International The language is widely used between nations in trade, knowledge exchange, and international policy.

Safe

1 National The language is used in education, work, mass media, and government at the nationwide level. Safe

2 Regional The language is used in education, work, mass media, and government within officially recognized regions of a nation.

Safe

3 Trade The language is used in work and mass media without official status to transcend language differences across a region. Safe

4 Educational The language is vigorous and literacy in the language is being transmitted sustainably through a system of public education.

Safe

5 Written The language is vigorous and is effectively used in written form in parts of the community though literacy is not yet sustainable. Safe

6a Vigorous The language is used orally by all generations and is normally learned by children as their first language.

Safe

6b Threatened

The language is still used orally within all generations but there is a significant threat to sustainability, particularly a break in transmission to the next generation by a significant portion of the child-bearing generation.

Vulnerable

7 Shifting The child-bearing generation can use the language among themselves but they do not normally transmit it to their children.

Definitely Endangered

8a Moribund The only remaining active speakers of the language are members of the grandparent generation.

Severely Endangered

8b Nearly Extinct The only remaining speakers of the language are elderly and have little opportunity to use the language.

Critically Endangered

9 Dormant There are no proficient speakers, but some symbolic use remains as a reminder of heritage identity for an ethnic community.

Extinct

10 Extinct No one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language, even for symbolic purposes.

Extinct

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0. International For this level, we are taking the United Nations as the authority. There are six languages that are recognized as official for this body—Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish—and these are the languages we place in this category. Other languages used across a number of countries (like Portuguese) are classed as a national language in multiple countries.

1. National The primary component of Level 1 status is that the written language is used to conduct the business of nati g v m T d k f m f b g d d “ ff ” law. A language that is used nationally for oral communication, but which is not used in writing the record the laws of the land or the decisions of the courts, is classed as Level 3.

2. Regional As with Level 1, the key defining characteristics for this level is use in written form to conduct the business of government. At Level 2 the government in focus is not the national government, but the government of an officially recognized administrative subdivision of the country (for instance, a province or state).

3. Trade A Level 3 language lacks such recognition as a language for conducting the written business f g v m I “v u ”, v , d u d by v p kers of other languages across a region for purposes of work or mass media. The general pattern in the EGIDS is that each level adds to what is true in the next lower level; this is the one point where an exception is possible. It is not a requirement of Level 3 that it also be used in formal education as in Level 4. The key component here is verhicularity (that is, being used widely by people who speak different first languages). The original logic of the GIDS as defined by Fishman is that successively higher levels are stronger and less susceptible to language shift. Clearly an unwritten trade language with millions of speakers is in a stronger position than a written local language with only thousands of speakers, even if the latter has achieved formal support in public education.

4. Educational A Level 4 language is one that is vigorous and non-vehicular and that has achieved sustainable literacy. The fact of educational use of the written language is not enough to

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qualify as Level 4 (as was implied in the definition in the published paper). Rather, all five of the FAMED conditions as spelled out in the Sustainable Use Model should be in evidence:

Adequate vernacular literature exists in the domains for which vernacular writing is desired.

Vernacular literacy is being taught by trained teachers under the auspices of a sustainable institution.

Members of the language community perceive the economic, social, religious, and identificational benefits of reading and writing in the local language.

Official government policy calls for the cultivation of this language and cultural identity and the government has put this policy into practice by sanctioning an official orthography and using its educational institutions to transmit local language literacy.

Members of the language community have a set of shared norms as to when to use the local language in writing versus when to use a more dominant language.

If there is a significant lack of any of these conditions such that removing the government support for education in the language would likely lead to the immediate disuse of literacy, then literacy should still be viewed as incipient and the language should be classified as Level 5.

5. Written A Level 5 language is a vigorous language in which literacy is incipient. The mere fact that somebody has devised a writing system or even produced a piece of printed literature is not enough to lift a language from Level 6a to Level 5. Rather, the definition requires that some segment of the language community is effectively using literacy in the language. If this is true, but oral language use is significantly threatened, then the language should be classified as Level 6b. That is, if by ignoring the factor of literacy, it is clear that the language would be classified as Level 6b rather than 6a, then the overall assessment should be 6b since the language cannot be considered vigorous.

6a. Vigorous A Level 6a language is an oral language that is maintaining sustainable oral use among all generations in the home domain. The most salient indicator of this level is the fact that the gu g b g m d d m By “ ” d d m literally 100%, but that it is the societal norm and it is typically followed. A few exceptional cases are not seen as a threat to sustainability, but when a significant number of exceptions emerge such that the community becomes aware that the norm is eroding, then there is a threat to sustainability and the language should be classified as Level 6b. While unbroken

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intergenerational transmission is the primary indicator of Level 6a, it is not sufficient by itself. Rather, all five of the FAMED conditions of the Sustainable Use Model should be in evidence:

Adequate oral use exists in every domain for which oral use is desired. There is full oral transmission of the vernacular language to all children in the home. Members of the language community perceive the economic, social, religious, and

identificational benefits of using their language orally. Official government policy affirms the oral use of the language. Members of the language community have a set of shared norms as to when to use the

local language orally versus when to use a more dominant language. If there is a significant lack of any of these five conditions, then sustained oral use is under threat and the language should be classified as Level 6b. For instance, if the community perceives so little value to using their local language that they would immediately begin transmitting the more dominant language if only they could learn it, then on-going language use is not sustainable and the language should be classified as Level 6b. Or, if the official government policy is hostile toward ethnolinguistic diversity and calls for the elimination or suppression of this language, then on-going language use is not sustainable and the language should be classified as Level 6b.

6b. Threatened A Level 6b language is one that has started tipping away from sustainability. If an effort can be made to address any of the above conditions that are undermining the local language, then it may be possible to pull the language back toward sustainability; however, in the absence of such efforts, the community will be likely to continue shifting toward greater use of the more dominant language.

7. Shifting A Level 7 language is teetering on the tipping point of sustainability. It is no longer the norm for parents to transmit the language to their children, but the parents still know the language, so it would be possible for intergenerational transmission to resume if the community could be convinced of the value of their language. Level 7 does not mean that transmission to children has completely stopped, but that it is now exceptional. Full transmission happens so infrequently that children who are learning the language will have difficulty finding peers to speak the language with (including a spouse) when they are adults.

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8a. Moribund A Level 8a language is still in everyday use in some homes, but only among those who are beyond child-bearing age. Thus, the normal cycle of intergenerational transmission has been broken. There may be younger adults who know the language at least somewhat, but they do not regularly speak it with their peers and are not fully proficient.

8b. Nearly extinct A Level 8b language is no longer used in any home. Those who can still speak the language no longer have a spouse who can speak the language and find little opportunity to use it since there are so few other speakers.

9. Dormant A Level 9 language is no longer the first language of any living individual. However, it is still the recognized heritage language of an ethnic community and it still serves as a marker of ethnic identity. Some vestiges of the language remain and are passed on within the community to strengthen the heritage identity. This could include names of cultural object, local place names, traditional greetings, formulaic use of the language in traditional rituals, or even the continuing use of ancient scriptures within in a faith community.

10. Extinct At this level the language is known only through the historical records. There is no living community that still looks to the language as a marker of its heritage identity.

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Extended GIDS Diagnostic Decision Tree