aristocrats- 5% of population controlled majority of land aristocrats used existing government...
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Ch. 15 Society under the Old Regime in the 18th
Century
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Aristocrats- 5% of population Controlled majority of land Aristocrats used existing government
institutions to limit the power of the monarchy
Old Regime- The Aristocracy
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Consists of 400 of families Game Laws- gave English exclusive rights to
hunt from 1671 to 1831 to hunt Owned ¼ of all arable land Controlled the House of Lords and House of
Commons (limited power of Monarcy)
English Aristocracy
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Consisted of Military Officers and Bureaucrats
Two major groups: ◦ Those who were at Versailles (wealthy and power) ◦ Those who were not Versailles
French Aristocracy
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Polish exerted complete control over serfs and had sole political representation
Austria and Hungary-exempt from taxation Russia 1785 Charter of the Nobility-
Catherine the Great defined the legal rights of nobles and their families in exchange for nobilities voluntary service of state
Eastern European
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¾ of all Europeans lived in country during 18th century
Great Britain- Technically had rights of English Citizens (court run by landowners)
France- Responsible for amount of forced labor corvee. Paid feudal dues
The Land and its Tillers
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Prussia- complete control of serfs Russian Serfs- slaves, had no legal rights
◦ Numerous revolts between 1762 and 1769◦ Pugachev’s Rebellion between 1773-1775
Serfs in Russia and Prussia
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Relatively free because of high demand of labor
Could leave landlords if choose Gave more power within system
Southeast Europe and Ottoman Serfs
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Households in Northwest Europe- consisted of married couple and children (immediate family)
Children leave in teens and find work to support family
Neolocalism- leave and form own families around 20s (stayed relatively close to home)
Family Structures and Family Economy in Northeast
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Marriage much earlier (before 20) Wives older than husbands 3 or 4 generations lived under same roof
Family Structure and Family Econ in Eastern Europe
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Production improves in Netherlands (Golden Age) ◦ Built Dikes ◦ Expanded Land ◦ Experimented with new crops
Agricultural Revolution
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English Landlords popularized Dutch innovations◦ Jethro Tull- financed experiments permitted land to
remain cultivated longer ◦ Robert Bakewell- new methods of Animal Breeding◦ Charles Townsend- use of fertlizer and crop rotation
Enclosure Method:◦ replaced open field method (village commons) of
farming. ◦ Commercialized agriculture and maximized profits
for landlord
England and Agricultural Revolution
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Made possible the production of more goods and services than ever before
Iron Production- redefines gender roles: men to mines; women to cottage industries
New machinery invented (from animal to machine power) ◦ Spinning Jenny ◦ Water Frame ◦ The Steam Engine
Industrial Revolution
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The Growth of Cities (urbanization) 1650-1700
Agricultural Revolution- allows for urban centers to grow
Industrial Revolution- requires workers to live nearby factories
Social Divisions- upper classes; middle class; artisans; and peasants
The Growth of Cities
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Majority lives in Eastern Europe (exception Netherlands)
Russia- Catherine the Great intolerant of Jewish population discourage settlement
Jewish population were persecuted all across Europe
The Jewish Population