attempt to find out / discover facts in a systematic and scientific manner the systematic...
TRANSCRIPT
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On doing researchDr.Praveenlal Kuttichira,
Professor of Psychiatry& Principal, Govt.Medical College,Ernakulam.
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Research
Attempt to find out / discover facts in a systematic and Scientific manner
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
Oxford dictionary
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Research Report is report of original work
It INSPIRE others
› What was known about the topic previously› What the researcher did towards ‘moving
forward’.› What do the results mean› Future implications
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TO BE A RESEARCHER
Need a question to do research Need a method to do research Need know how it can be
communicated to others.
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to question is innate tendency
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My teacher says so The textbooks say so Everyone practice like that My experience says so. net says so. The journals say so The Cochrane say so
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There is no shortage of research questions
Even when we succeed in answering a question, we remain surrounded by many other related questions
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Established researchers: ---- own prior studies
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New researcher:
master the published literature in
a specific area of study first hand experience Find a Mentor
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Be alert to new ideas
Journal clubs and Scientific meetings Careful observation of patients Teaching (during preparation,
discussion) Keep the imagination roaming
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Anjaneya’s Approach
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Arjuna’s Asthra
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Feasibility:
practical limits and problems of studying
› Adequate number of subjects, Technical expertise, Cost in time and Money ,Scope etc.
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Feasibility:
practical limits and problems of studying
› Adequate number of subjects, Technical expertise, Cost in time and Money, Scope etc.
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Interesting:
may have many motivations
financial support, building career, getting at the truth of the matter, for the joy of ‘eureka’ …
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Novel:
A Good research question is novel› Not the one that is already established. › But ,need not be totally original› applicability to a different group of subjects› improved measurement techniques› A confirmatory study to avoid weaknesses
of previous studies
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Ethical:
• ethically acceptable• Informed consent , Community
acceptance & agreement• Risk acceptable in relation to the likely
benefits• Non-exploitation• Privacy and Confidentiality• Clearance by the Institutional Ethics
Committee
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Relevant
› A good way to decide about relevance is to imagine
the various outcomes that are likely to occur
possibility of each -scientific knowledge -influence clinical management -health policy -guide further research
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Testing the research questions with FINER
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Study of Catamaran Catastrophe
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PICOT approach
Population of Interest Intervention or Issue of interest Comparator of interest Outcome Time frame
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Study of Catamaran Catastrophe
What is the Incidence of spinal fractures among the fishermen of Ponnani while fishing in the sea on Catamaran during the monsoon, before and after the ban on trolling ?
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Communication
understandable and agreeable to the reader/listener
Can learn methods of effective communication
Can have team member good in writing Can have a secretary specialised in
scientific writing Can have reference manager/endnote
etc
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IMRAD
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Introduction Methodology Results And Discussions
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Title
Offers Insight to the Study Reflects the Nature of Study, on What
it was carried out & in Which Type of Setting
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Introduction
Why the Theme is Important Background Information about the Study
Lacunae existing in Knowledge Research Question Study Hypothesis Aim & Objectives
Rationale for the Study
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Review of Literature
Relevant Existing Evidence
What Other Methods Used to Solve it
To Justify the Study Organize Logically & Chronologically Should be Up to Date & Properly
Referenced
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Materials & Methods
Resources Used, Study Setting, Study Design
How Conducted – Definitions (Cases & Controls) Description of Study Variables. Criteria- Inclusion & Exclusion,
Sampling, Study Period Sample Size Calculation with
Justification
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Materials & Methods
Experimental Procedures, Outcome Measures & Instruments or Tools
How Data Collected & Recorded Mention Statistical Tests used for
Analysis Cite References Limitations & Ethical Issues
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Materials & Methods
Experimental Procedures, Outcome Measures & Instruments or Tools
How Data Collected & Recorded Mention Statistical Tests used for
Analysis Cite References Limitations & Ethical Issues
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Discussion
Summarizes Data to Make it Easier for Understanding
Already Known is Linked to Study
Findings – Both Positive & Negative
What do the Results Mean? How do the Findings Fit into the Existing
Knowledge? Are they Consistent with Current Theories?
Do They Give New Insights?
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Discussion Don’t Simply Repeat Introduction Discuss findings According to their
Importance
Substantiate Arguments Compare with Previous Studies Brief Critique of the study
Strengths & Weaknesses
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Rules for writing clearly
Never use a metaphor, simile or other figure of speech
which you are used to seeing in print [a cliché]
Never use a long word where a short one will do
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Overall style
clarity of writing originates from clarity of thought
think what you want to say then write it simply be specific be concrete, not abstract say what you mean and mean what
you say
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Why clarity matters
“How many people do you employ, broken
down by sex?”
“None. Our problem here is booze”.( UK Fire force )
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Paragraphs These help to order thoughts
One topic per paragraph
Transitions relate one idea to the next
First sentence: introduce topic; could stand alone
Keep paragraphs short, containing 2-6 sentences
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Paragraphs These help to order thoughts
One topic per paragraph
Transitions relate one idea to the next
First sentence: introduce topic; could stand alone
Keep paragraphs short, containing 2-6 sentences
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Summary & Conclusions
Briefly Summarize the Main Findings & New Knowledge got from the Study
Describe How the Results met the Hypothesis State Practical Implications
In Scientific Investigations, More Questions are Produced than Answers
Do not Go Beyond Your Data
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Structure and flow for any article
Does it have a proper beginning and a conclusion?
Does it flow logically from one part to the next?
Does it convey the work’s› purpose› conclusions› meaning?
Does it conform to the style of the publisher? Does it make easy reading?
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…my boss
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…thank you.