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- 1 -

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LNTKk’DUCTIOM.

THt "AUXILIA" o r Tt»K U T l RfciUSLlCAN Pi-RIOD 1B. IHo >rX:« J TKlUiKVIilArS.

ROMAN IZATIu-N.

CONCLUSION•

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BXBLlOGuAi'hY -

A. A b b r» rl« t» d T i t l e s

B. Books

C. A r t i c l e s in P e r io C io s l s

428

428

429

- 2 -

1. INTgv.KJIIuM.

The ccw=on p r e s e n t a t i o n In e ta n d e rd h i * t o r l e » o f th e a u x l l l e r /

o r c e s o f tn e e a r l y im p e r ia l koman army 1» o f « number o f l l ^ t e m eo

In f a n t r y r e g i e * ' . t » c a l l e d c o h o r t s sod e a r s l r y re , # # n t s c a l l e d 'n in e "

u w is n e d to th e l e g i o n s to a**Aet then, in t h e i r tn e ' o f d e fen d in g the

U p e r i n l f r o n t i e r s . A ugustus i s u s u a l l y s t a t e d to have been th e fo u n d er o f

,1 th e a u x i l i a r y s y a t e s aa - k n o . i t , whereby young men from th e p ro v in c e s

were d r a f t e d i n t o c o h o r t s o r a U e f r a pe. io d o f &t e a s t twenty f iv e

y e a r s s e r v i c e b e f o r e d U c h u r g e . -h ea they r e c e iv r R osm c i t U e n s n i p as

a re w ard .

a c u r s o ry r e a d in g o f th e a n c i e n t a u t h o r i t i e s f o r th e e a r ly

im p e r ia l p e r io d c e r t a i n l y shows t h a t c o n s id e r a b l e a t t e n t i o n was e l d to

th e r o l e o f t i e ’W i l i s " in m i l i t a r y c o n t e x t s . T h e ir i . p o r t a n c . became

i n c r e a s i n g l y a p p a r e n t .

n » .U n d .r d v rk on tb . . u b j . c t d . t . n f r o . 19H - C to M -W .

••Th. . u x l l l . o f t b . . . . . . I - T U I . . n v " 5 . « H - f « • . , " . t . . t «

t h . on ly o o . p r . b . n . 1 , . g . n . r . l ^ o . u n t . A . - I n w p b . n l . f . U . on «o n -

. t r u o t l n e t b . o r « w l . . t l o m a f r - w - o r b In to .b l o b t h . • • . w i l l . . ' w m r i t t . n ,

„ M 3 e . « n . r p r o d u c t . b -ok . n t u t l . d - 0 1 . D l . l o k . t l o . d . r r f c U c h . .

A u n l l l n r f o w . t l o n . n In d .n P r o . U s . . . - o r l c u . , t w n o n l . n , H w n l . . und

U W l.n .o n A u y . . t u . h i . u a l l l . n u . " * . I t . . c o p . w.d l l . l t . t l o n . o r .

■ o f f I c l . n t l y d . f i n c d by t h . t t l . ' 1" »«»*"«" u u * 1 U t t , ‘*

w n t n o t n t l . . . d . io n , - t h . J w . b . w ith . o o n . l d . r n t l o n o f t h . . . I d . n c .

/ r e l a t i n g . . . . .

r e l a t i n g to t h . l r B« r r i o o . - . . n d o o v e t . o U . K r . f f . d o k r u t i . n m , d o r

» l . o uod Kohorton »n » h . l n und doo.u"5 -»» u b lto h o d l a 1951. “ l e a l “

ro g io n -1 In . c o p . but r . r . C. « b.yond q u i n t . o n . o n c e r n l . g th e o r l * l n . l

o o a p o u l t lo n o f . und l u t . r r o c r . l t o n t f o r th e r c £ l « . n t . c n c m . d t o

I n c lu d e u s e f u l d i m e n s i o n , on th e e . t e n . l o . o f c U U e n e h l , , to e u n l l l u r l . . .

I t e o n c lu d e . w ith u s e f u l 1 1 s to c n t . l n l n E e u s . u r l . e d U f o r m n tw n on

U d lw ld u n l e u . l l l . r l . . . « r e c o rd e d on t h . l r . p i t . h e . b e . l J . e t h . . . t h r e ,

books I t U n r c . . . . r y to c o n s u l t th e v e ry d e t e l l . d e r t l o l r . by . I c h o r l u s

e n t i t l e d .n d " e o h o r . " In W u l y - . l s » w . ' . • > . . ! . ncyc l o p I d t h e y

go buck to 1 5 9 5 « d 1 9U U r e . p . « t l . . l y b u t r e t . I n t h e i r w . l u . » th e o n ly

o o a p le t e l i n t , o f .1 1 th e . u x U l u r y r e g l s . n t . In th e k o « n world t h a t were

t o o . , . t t h . end o f t h . I - , c e n t u r y . How.wer. due to t h . n u t u r . o f th e

ew idonoe . which w i l l be d l « u n « d be low . .1 1 t n , « . t u d l e . h . . . . o n c . t r u t e d

on t h . 1 - t q u a r t e r o f t h . f l r . t c , t u r , « d on t h . . . c nd c e n tu r y S .B .

I b . s i t u a t i o n b e f o r e th en r e s u l n . ~ t o b e c u r e . - - 1 U « '

” . i n . o L ag .b en d e re i n t e r .u c h u n g fiber d e . . . . . d e r re g u lf i r e n .u w l l l e n d . r

frfihen K s l . e - . e l t f . h l t " 7 . Burn h . e .w en gone . o f . r M to . . y o f

C b e e e s u n ' . to o k t h . t I t 1 . . " f i n . «>rk ,1 s o u n n , t o be r e d . . , , . ' ” , the

p o s i t i o n f o r th e end o f t h . r e u b l lc u n p e r io d 1 . n o t su ch b e t t . r 9 .

In o t h - r w r d s . t h . d e w . lo p e .n t f r o . t h . . u . l l l u r l e . o f t h .

r e p u b l i c , which were . c e n t L i l y s i l l ' d c o n t i n g e n t , . u p p l l e d f o r . p s r t l e u l .

c - p s l p t . t o t h . perm anent re . K e n t , o f . . . i . p . r l . 1 r e r l o d h - n o t been

s y e t e d s t l o s l l y s t u d i e d . 1 M . w i l l f m th e « t n e u t j . . . o f t h i s t h e . I s .

/ i io w e /e r

However such u e tudy i u f r u u t,h t w ith pr-)blema and d i f f i o u l t i e e caused by

th e leuix o f e v id e n c e . I t w i l l be th e alia o f th e t h e e l e f i r s t t o i n v e s t i g a t e

t h e s e prob mme, then to a t te m p t t o t r a c e th e r e n e n c e o f th e p r o f e s s i o n a l

a u x i l i a r y arwy and f i n a l l y to c o n s id e r i t # su b se q u e n t c o n s o l i d a t i o n and

e x t e n s i o n .

The f i r s t problem i s t j - io e a a th e c h a r a c t e r ox th e h i s t o r i c a l

r e c o r d c o n c e rn in , th e ' a u x i l l a * o f the l a t e r e p u b l i c and e a r l y e m p ire . Ihe

C i v i l e a r betw een the o ap e iu n a a d the ^aec . r i u n e t h a t began in 4 > B.C.

w i l l be taAen a s th e a t a r t i n , p o i n t , kr-m t h i s d a te onwards p r o f e s s i o n a l

g e n e r a l s were r e g u l a r l y a p ly in g l e s s o n s which they had l e a r n t in lo n g term

p r o v i n c i a l c o ssa n d r to le n g th y c i v i l wars between a r e l e a t h a t were v i r t u a l l y

i d e n t i c a l in c i> ep o s it io n and had to r* n -e from one end o f th e em pire to the

o t h e r . I t w i l l be c o n v e n ie n t to end w ith th e p r i n c i p a l s o f V espasian lt>9 -

79 a . D . ) . be H i l a r y d ip lo m a s , which w i l l be d is c u s s e d below, and the

e p i t a p h s o f d eceased a u x i l i r i e s o f tfcnt p e r io d make i t l a i n t h a t th e

c l a s s i c i s p e r l i l s u x l l i u r y y s t e was a lm o st c< n l a t e l y o p e r a t i o n a l a t t h a t

d a t e . In a n a ly s in g th e h i s t o r i c a l r e c o r d , an a t t e e , t w i l l be at»de to

i s o l a t e th e r e g u l a r o r p r o f e s s i o n a l reg im e n ta in the 'w u x ll ia . *a a

s t a r t i n g p o i n t , a p r o f e s s i o n a l r e iment^ w i l l be r e p a r led a s one t i . a t s h a r e s

th e c h a r ' . c t e r i a t i c s f thooe known f r th e d 1 pi<y»as. In m is t c a s e s th e se

had a number, and a d l a t l n l i v e name added to th e g e n e r ic t i t l e a l a o r

"coho ro" Cuauully tn e n a e o f a p eop le in th e g e n i t i v e c m e , a s In " a l a I

d ispanorum '1) . Normally such re g im e n ts were s t a t i o n e d in p ro v in c e s o th e r t an

th o s e where ti.ey were f i r s t r#- o ed . ibe s o l d i e r s s e r v in g in them were

/ r e c e i v i n g ..........

r e c e i v i n g pay and were a p p a r e n t ly r e q u i r e d to c ^ a ^ l e t e a t l e - e t tw enty

f i r e y e a r s o f s e r v i c e b e fo re b e in g e n t i t l e d to d l* c ;« rg e . T h e ir oommenlere

were uoman c i t l - . e n a , u«u l l y o t th e commencement o f t h e i r m i l i t a r y c a r e e r s .

I t sh o u ld t c n o te d , h ' ^ e v r r , t h a t t h i e woe th e f u l l y developed form of

the end o f th e p e r io d s e t , and t h a t e a r l i e r r e g u l a r re g im e n ts a r e no t

w e ll docum ented . c c o r d l n l y i t w i l l be n e c e s s a ry to r e c o n s id e r th e

d e f i n i t i o n o f " p r o f e s s i o n a l ' in the 11 h t o f d i f f e r e n t c o n te x t s and to pay

p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n to re im en ta l t i t u l a t u r e s .

a n o th e r major q u e s t i o n i s to c o n s id e r th e o r i g i n s o f such

perm anent r e g im e n t s . « t what o i n t can any one re , iment be s a id to hare

been fo r m a l ly c r e a t e d ? A w ider q u e s t i o n i s w hether the r o f e e s i o n a l

a u x i l i a r y system a s a whole (an d i s t i n c t fr>m p a r t i c u l a r r e g im e n ts ) can be

a s s ig n e d to a s p e c i f i c d a te o r to a p a r t i c u l a r enactm ent by a p a r t i c u l a r

em p ero r .

A raieo e r e p a r t o f s o c i e t y , ~d th e Koamn uroy p layed a key r o l e

In th e developm ent c f th e pr v ln c e o , e s p e c i a l l y th e s e of u r o p e 11. e l th lm

th e Roman army th e system warn an I m p o r te i t f n c t >r In th e mmm'.mllatlon o f

th e p r o v i n c i a l s and in V o t ,re*d o f c - r t o n Roman v a lu e . , Ib e e x te n t to

w ilch t h i s occu re d In t h i e p e r io d w i . l be c n a id e r e d .

l»ucceee in f i n d i n g s a t l b f W tery ant were to theme problem# and

q u e s t io n * depends t o a l o r , * e x t e n t u ;o n th e n a tu r e o f the ev id en ce th a t

lu a v a i l a b l e . I t must Le acknowledged a t tn e o u tu e t t h a t th e r e l« U t t l e

/ e v i d e n c e , . . . . .

e v id e n c e , and whut l i t t ' e therm 1* U unevenly d i s t r i b u t e d over the p e r io d

Chouen f r y tu d y . I t i n d i f f i c u l t enough to t r a c e thm d e v e lo p * * ' t c f th e

U g onn a t t- la tim e i hov s . c h e re an tf.nt o f the a u x i l i e r i e e . tor th e

l a t e r e p u b l i c , f o r .upuetua, and even f o r i b e r i u » th e re in b - .rd ly >ny

e p i t r a p h l c e l s a t e r i . l . I t w i l l be n •3en:.^ryl t h e r e f o r e , to u se th e l i t e r a r y

a c u r e e s . i o e e v . r theme p re s e n t d i f f i c u l t i e s o f t h e i r own. I t -*« t r a d i ­

t i o n a l in ,oman h i e to r io ^ r a o h y to c o n c e n t r a t e on th i r . f e Xornn. ' ence th e

" a u x i l i » " were o f t e n i gnored o r m entioned on ly in th e meet . e n e r a l t e r m .

The e u r v iv in g u u th o ru r a r e l y diacu.sued m a t te r# o f . . i l i t u r y o n a n in a t io n

o r p o l i c y . D e t a i l was l a v i s h e d on ly on th e s e t . ie c e b - . t t l e . Ace r J i n g l y

even in C eeaar and Appian, b u t eu - c m ly in V o c itu c , r e f e r e n c e s to

a u x l l i a r i e n a r e o f t e n by tn e w»y. v h ia , >Hee w ith even g r e a t e r f ro e to

o t h e r w r . t e r e who w i l l be q u o te d . . i t / ' r t h e i r c e p e e # 1* ™»eh b n e l . r o r

t h e i r v a in c n c e rn 1. n o t m i l i t a r y o r even p o l i t i c h i s t o r y , however the

l i t e r a r y e v id e n c e h a s oe T e v advent,<se : f U can be d a ted with

C o n s id e ra b le p r e c i s i o n .

Vh. r » . t u w t u l . r l a . n c . 1' U f o i a . on . U l t U T r

d i p l o ^ . 1 5 . a . b r o n .o « o , u , . n t . L o u " t o r . c r d i M

o f o i t l » . « h i » w,0 o t h .P u r i . i l . , " u O . r , t l . " t f » . . f . u r o

o f „ t l « M r v i c . r - , » , ! < * . n „ r « . n , » n , M n " . k . . U . . t h . n o . - o f th»

r r c i p l . n t , t l .» r . , l u . n l in .M « i , h . . . r . . d , i t , c - , o n t . r , to d . l i n t o f t h .

„ e i , o n t . i n t h . « p ro » in o i» l c o n t n l n l - , . o l d i r r , r . c . l . i n , t h .

p r l v i l . f . . * T h . . M e t d o t . 1 . - V . y n . t o t " . t h . f o r t n M t . l j r , " t h o u g h

t h . f i r . ' known « u , , 1 . cun b„ d n t .d to t h . , . u t y . u r o f t h , p r ; « o i |> . t . o f

/v la u d l t .m , . . . . .

- 7 -

C la u d iu s , th e d iplom a# do n ' t u<*c -M# t i- m u n t i l the l u t e r 1 ! &v -n p e r io d ,

rhe second c s j o r r.y o r f I n s c r i p t i o n ^ ev dence l e . i » n - r i o »il> noro nuti^m u^,

th e e i t a p h s f d eceased e n / . l l l ^ r l r i. Ihese ten d to c ^ n 'o r n to f l> e d s e t a

o f f o r r - l a e , b u t «r» u s u a l l y v e ry b r i e f . he o n , to n o f e r e c t in tom bstonea

i n s c r i b e d in * t i n no n ^ t c< on b e f o r e th e w ld d le »f th e f i r s t c e n tu ry

T h i r d ly , th e c o - a n d e r s o f a u x i l i a r y re f c l r e n ta o f t e n h d t h e i r u u w i l la ry

c o . mde e - t i m td on t h e i r i o e h s t me a r on n th ^ r m onurcnt* e r e c t e d in

t h e i r h o a o u r . rheoe, and o th e r l e r s f r e m e a t ty p e s o f a u x i l i a r y i n r c r i p t l o n ,

a l l s u f f e r f r o .1 th e l iew dvan tap* t h u t i t V u s u a l ly al« t i i o a a lb l e to

d a te th e e e x c e p t in th e b ro a d e s t :.f t e r ; '* .

Ciiven t h i s s o r t o f e v i d e . e e , n s t t * t . i l l b - and# to I n v e a t ig a t*

th e q u e i t i o e n r a in e d e o r l l - r in t h i a i n t r d . c t l o r . -he t ener%l c o n c lu s io n *

found in e a r l i e r t r e a t e n t s o f the "«u I l i a " w i l l no t be r e c o n s id e re d ex ce p t

i n ao f e r a s th ey th ro # l i t h t upon th e p r b le 1 r a i s e d in t h i s in q u i r y or

t o th e e x t e n t t h a t they need aod f l c s t i n in th e l i g h t o f # h . t e m e rg e . ,

v h e t fo l lo w s th e n «u>y be r e fc.rd ed a s p r o l ^ o - ona to • h i s t o r y oi the e-u-ly

developm ent o f the p r o f e s s i o n a l 4** ,* u . x i l i ^ r y s m y . he . e ih o d adopted

w i l l be to rev iew th e s t u t e n e h t a o f t ♦ l i t e r . r j a u t h c r i t i e . on the

s u / 11 l o r i e s w lth lr . t n e i r h i s t o r i c a l c r . t e x t , s o sa t l a y bare th e mein

th re u d o f U e t i f t o r i c a l d r e lo nenl n*. f e r a s r r - a l b l e . ' , i r a r h i s a l

ev id en c e w i l l be u..ed f . r tr. U pur "e# n ly -hen I t 1* O f l n i t e l y d. t e d .

Then th e s p l g r a p h l s a l e v id en c e - i l l k r i n v e . t i f . t e d In nr H t e r p t to e s t a b l i s h

w h . t i t can c o n t r i b u t e to sn ace unt o f the U r t o r l e . l deve lopm en t.

/ f i n a l l y ..........

F i n a l l y v a r io u s s p e c i f i c problem s t h a t h a te been m entioned e a r l i e r w i l l be

a t u d i e d in th e li?>ht o[ th e h lH t o r i c u l developm ent and w ith th e a id o f a l l

th* a <l «h".e e v id e n c e . I t l a t r be hopod t h a t e o re o f th e r e e u l t c w i l l14

be o f w ider a p p l i c a t i o n th an m erely to a e p e c te o f woman m i l i t a r y h i s t o r y .

- 9 •

K U ltJ .

1 . In what f o l l o w a l e (and I t e p l u r a l o la o ) w i l l be t r e a t e d »a ivnglieh

worda ( I . e . w i l l n t be o nc loaed In q u o ta t io n e u r k a ) , ao aa to

ccrr»e> ond to " c o h o r t" and " c o h o - t s " .

d . c f . , n i , r , " . 1955, ?5? f . ^ rwearkw by Sy,«e aay be quoted :

• 'ine hioatar ' a u x l l l a ' . I t l a t m e , can be more l a p o r t a c t f o r t a c t i c e ,

and a l a j f o r e t r ite&y, than th e le& ion* ( " u . *,.<>«’' Xi.!** Iv59« ®od

1 lo n e g l e c t tu c 'aux il i .- i* i* e l e * e n ta r > wi i n u p * r f l c l a l ' U b l d . L l l ,

19"r , E l ) .

3 . lb* wrrk . ; i l t » c i t e d s l c p l y ac "Cheee an" In whet fo l lo w s .

U. To t e r l t e d s ia ly a* " a f n e r " .

y , " f n . I t " , f ' l l o w o d t y - w i l l r r f » r to the I n d iv id u a l a u x i l i a r i e s

l i s t e d u t th e end o f h ie work.

6 . C lc h o r lu s , " n . U " 1, l& v j , 1224 f f . t IV, 1 9 - , 2 j l f f . % to be c i t e d

Hi. " C ic h o r iu s " , th e ,*. o nu t r ... k in i t clewy w hether v o l . I o r

v o l . IV La b r ln * r e ' e r r e u t o . io a v o id tne unneceaaury M u l t i p l i c a t i o n

o f r e f e r e n c e s , the „ n c > n t e v id e n c e f r a a r t leu l a , reg im en t w i l l no t

n o r t ,n i ly be g iv en i f I t i* a v a l l a . 1* in l e v r i u e . . once i f a

re ia .-n t l a r a t i o n e d w ith o u t r e f e r e n c e s , i t cun be ho used t h a t i t

i s re c o rd e d in one o r th e o tn e r o f A c n o r i u e ' a r t i c l e s , hos t q u e s t io n s

on l e g io n a r y n • t e r x w i l l he r e f e r r e d to i t t f l i n j - ' a a r t i c l e le g ic

in "A. . " 1 1 . , 1924, 1211 f f . I to be quoted sim ply a s ' e i t t e r l i - . g

in what f o l l o w s ) .

7 . - a l l i e s , " b . i.G .K ." 1 34, I ' V, n . 16.

5 . b u rn , " : . h . " 1 9 .6 , 377 ( in • r e v «•> r f " f . I . B . " ) . "h i" t h e s i s 1^ of

oourae in no sen se a rew o rk in g o f v h eee* an 1e b -o k , which ra n e* fu r

beyond t i e H a l t s s e t f o r in v e n t g a t Jon .

9 . C f. fo eh im v ra , " h i s t . " 1 % 1 , 4 / 6 , n . l v , quoted twlow, p . tl

A u ..............

- l u ­

lu . The somewhat w tr ic ter d e f in i t io n in Kraft, p. 39, »« / b# compered.

11, i f . uyme'o rem rk ( " . . l o t . " IV, 1 •;3 , y . l ) j '' iow the i o-.an irmy

f u n r t l o n e os a channel o f s o c i a l advancement I s p o te n t - n a t i v e s

to th e rvoman f r a n c h i s e , s o l d i e r s t j c e n t u r i o n s , c e n tu r io n s to

e q u e s t r i a n s t a t v L , k n i t h to to e l l i b i l l t y f r th e upp* r o rd e r ' .

1 . There l a s c a n t v r e - , l ' v i a r ;k y r o jo l e a l e v id e n c e .

!" r the?e, c f . . w * t , ’* . . V, , . V - o f f . : a . . c .. xu.1,

U fp i. i, 1962, Ip 7 f f . ; -jsop b ; u f ' * es-’v '» in . . aVI,

p. 1 4 / f t .

1 4 . .»oet o f t i i ie t n e s l e was mi a t ten In v a th em .Air ic a , -h ere the l i t . es

d , . uOnt » i ' • ' v 6.1 r »v t, tr . • r. , r v , c l* l s t u d i e s .

In .M ir t ie u ln r •»»n/ m ajor e I r a h ic a l anri a rc h n e o lo l e a l , u L l i c » t l o n s

a r e u n a v u i l i . b l f . iA>wever *»t.o;di*j d re i e r t i . e e a b ..*e Veen g iven

w nerever p o s s i b l e .

11. , "ALAI 1,." vi- !- • . el'll )D ■ I Til.. CIVIL «/,RS

a: v. : . i r • .;l *v j a , i a .

A,; t a n - h l m s ^ ' f , in b in -icc ml f th e b a t t l e o f h - tro a lu a ,

a t a t e u tii t i t a-t> Jo a.. iut.v . . t . j - , i l i t v i o a t t e n t i o n to th e a u x i l i a r y

contin#-«mta accou, unyin>- the t-ju a r - i e a , s i n c e th ey c o n s i s t e d o f

f r*At . r n 1 i : ; A t ' . e r ' fe z t on th e o u t c f t a e engagement t

xc 0 V; i d * *X) t & iv ov )i o -v a fp i '^v xv **K <Lv.<Sxpiu

xat ’ v f i v u- “ i id •; .v x^,f v‘v < >r - •

fhw e i t i t : o n h-va n * l i t e r 1 r t . t l y in , d e n t:m*m s an Koehlmurn^

rc;.uirk-i, " i s f e h l t b a . e*nv-eLender v n te rau cn u n , d e r a i ] i a t r a . ,.en

in d e r I Ur, e r T i e g s r . e l t " . The d i f f i c u l t i e s In v o lv ed In r e o n s t r v o t l n g

t o a l l l t s r y h l s t o r v : t h r l » t e re u b l l c a re r r e a t . end th e non- omon

f o r c e s , LI • e n t io a e d i t - U , a o a t f r e s u« . t ;y «, He J r J i a . ly at, tne " a u t l l l a "

" e q u l t e s " , " e q u i t a t u a " o r " l e u i s a r^ e tv ra * . th e re a r e , however, s u f f i c i e n t

r e f e r e : c e n , e v< cl « lly in the •*ec m t »»f th e J i v i l war o f 4 » - 4*? by

Ja e s a r uu.u a i s co fc t in u u to ru a . i . in i .u . , to ,,rov ule ta e L ^ s ia 1 r an

a t te m p t to d i s c o v e r th e c h a r a c t e r o f th e a u x i l i a r y f o r c e s f r o a 4 t J1 b .

When J a e s a r a r r i v e d In I t a l y in 40 L . J . , rumour had I t t h a t4

th e g r ' t o r 1 r t r h i s *r y < in s i s t e d o f t n r t a r a n e . ^ Ic e ro r e f e r r e d to

m e " a u x i i i a o a i iu r u , . . . ,, tan f i v e s th e s t r e n g t h o f th e army which

accompanied hlU, t ' .avenna a s b ' i n f a n t r y «nd 3 c a v a l r y , i h i a nusucr

p ro b a b ly in d ic . i te r . > j x i l i a r y m v a l r ] ' , c r r e the n rmal l e g io n a ry c a v a l ry

wjb n o t mentxonea s e p a r a t e l y a s a r u 1 e . coh r t s , preourchbly

l e g i o n a r i e s , and 3V' J c a v a l r y f r -m th e kiu*.. o f •• r Icu ji reached ,ue&ar j u s t

/ b e f o r e ..........

nb e f o r e th e aim, 9 o f J i r f in lu n (. c . i t ln . : r . »e l e a r n of a urricwm o f

" o q u i t e e v * l l i a tq u e unoa Cue b a r had s t a t i o n e d in * h u r t i and

whom 11 o y A ttem pted to b r i b e In 4P H.C.

Cue mar d r a f t e d r ^ c r u i t r . f r o - hda o ld r o u i n c i a " i n t o fc r iu u tlo n a

t l iu t were c lo u - 1 tv l e g io o e r ) ihw , u u a i i i ^ r j u n i t s * ouch were tne " m i l i t e e

u l u u l c i q u i s u t u e * A il lo f u e r u n t ""1 . UlanuM IvO L ctee-du- .h o n e v ^ wwm a

s n a i l enoufh trw n to p ro v id e euffLcl'■r.t e o l t ' i o r e t nerve u n i e r • t r ib u n e

ac J ce; t j r i - r u . , I . e . , t f nr. a cct r t . rrebUi.<. 11> tne w n t .n<. e n t r e p r e ­

s e n t s a s e c i a l e f f o r t on th e p a r t o f th e co ar .un ity f o r C a e e a r 'e mob 11 i -

r a t l o n o f f o r c e s f< r th e c i v 41 w ar. Oie n ;mes " f th e t r i b u n e , U. L ic in lu e

K ucer, . r, 1 o f th e "o t l " , t . • o.u, e lu e - r n u tu s , who e r e c te d th e monument

on which the i n s c r i p t i o n r e c o rd in g th e co n t in i » n t o c c u r s , o b v io u s ly d e r iv e

from a 1 t c l n t u o ecmum and a o* p e iu e . They, and th e use o f " t r i b u n u s " ,

Mc e v . tu r ie n c « H " r i 1 i t c v " U , >int t a c;one i » ' t n t i f i c i t i o n w ith

Homan m i l i t a r y methods ana a u ^ ^ e s t t h a t C aesar was co t e n t to a l lo w them to

ap p ro x im a te to a l e p io n e r y c o h o r t . Thin r e c a l l s tn e l e r l o n d e s c r ib e d by

d u ^ M n iu n *5 a s "ex r r u . a l p l n i i c o n o c r ip ta - t , vocabu lo quoque G a l i l e o -

Alauoa s n i» a p p e l ] a b a t u r - , ruurr. d i s c i p l i n e o u l tu q u e ..oiano in a t l t u t a m

ornxtair, uoa tea u n lu e r r ^ r r l u i t i te d o n a u l t " . I>. ' l e g io n was r e n u ra b ly

e n l i s t s ! in 51 ii .O . 01 u v»no u t th e tim e d id no t posseoa -loman

c i t i z e n s h i p .

the in fo r m a t io n on f - e a u x i l i a r i e s o f 1 om,iey in I t a l y i s even

s c a n t i e r . The f a r t 1'' t lm t he a c q u i r e d 5 c a v a l ry by ar-rin# "se ru i* ' and

'• p a s to r e s " i n d i c a t e d n wculvneos in t r . i s a s p e c t , a t the aie&e of ^ ru n d is iu m

/ U ' r i n J i s i ) . . . . .

- 13 -

( b r i n a i e i J he i s found d e ^ lo j i iv , " » s t, i t t K r i l " and " fu n d i t o r e o " , type# o f

a u x i l i a r y e v l d i e r f a i a i l i a r l r a e a r l i e r r e p u b l ic a n t im e s 1'1. As in the

c a s e ol" th e rumour c o n c e rn in g « «een r 'n use o f l a r g e l y b a r b a r i a n f o r c e s , so

i t was f e a re d t h a t t-omoey mir/h t a t t a c k I t a l y w ith th e fo r c e s o f b a r b a r i a n

k in g s and " g e n te a f e r a e s n e n ta s " •

In d e s c r ib in g th e .»panlsh campaigns o f 48 t i . d . C ae sa r1'' d e t a i l s

the a u x i l i a r y f r c e s av ii i l ,b le to trxe o- e l .ne bwf r e the b a t t l e o f

I l e r d a . Vne t e x t o f to e paase *e It c '^ r u i f t : " a c u t a t ,e c i t e r i o r l r

p r o u in c i s e e t c a e t r o t s e u l t e r i o r l y M s f : i.ie c r t e r c i r c i t e r LXxX

• q u l tu s q u e u t r i u a q u e . ro t . i i .c se . r c i t - r v i l i a " , ih e n w J .o r o f a u x i l i a r y

c o h o r t c , , l a f a r too l y r r e 1^: i t l a b » n t , w ith a r c l a y L e l l l d o ^ \ to

re a d y . a f u r t h e r d i f f i c u l t y a rx d e r f ’ ' t i» *a c a r r i e d by the

" a u x i l i a " i in a l a t e r p a s s a g e 1 i t * a t r « t r oj u o f M o, . .n ia d l t e r i o r i s

t n a t a r e " c o e t r e t i " . " , a e t r a t l " » -« m entioned a t » l a t e r @ta*e^^, b u t n o t

i n such a way us to V row 1 i tih t n tno , r u b l e . . . t . 4s " r u n e r - a o f s a u -

.•■eusel^ 1 p o in t o u t , i t i s n t nec 's s * ry to cu.3c t n e t a l l the s o l d i e r s

s u p p l ie d by ii i s pan i s V i te r l o r we-e "me t « t l " . Fhe t r i b e o who s u p p l ie d

r e c r u i t s a r e g iven an the ... i t < s , t t l . r.a, the J a n t a b r i m s

j>2 23-md a l l tne U arbu rj uis ’ ju i ad vceenuit i e r t i n e n t ’' . l a t e r , r e f e r e n c e

i s made to th e " leu lm a r* ia tu rn " o f th e t i e t t a n l m e .

>qfhe s ta t e m e n t r e g i r d in f . d a e e o r 'o a u x i l i a r y f o r c e s a l s o c o n ta in s

■* to x tu . . l p rc b lo : " a u x i l i a . t u i T n't] i T , e ,u i tu a i i l l s i l l s , quae

omnibus siu e r u o r i . us be*li» . b s b u e r a t , e t p. reu. ex UNiilla numerua, ques

i p s e i /u ra u e ra t nomlnatlm ex o im ihua e l u i t a t l h u s n i h i l ie * t* o e t f o r t i s s im o

qti tir r-u r to ; hu r o, , entr it i h .Inui - A.,uit. I s n ta n is q u e , qu l

d a l l iu ia prouliiC^am u t t i n e im t , . . . u d ^ e c i r a t « th e re xo no uure means/ - #

id

o f re to tu rin ft tLe number c o n c e a le d by " null*. " $ > v w and l u , j Lv huve

been p ro ^ o eed . I t aeeru* e o e t n o tu r n l to toke "pore* . . . nurervun" oe u

r e f e r e n c e tc th e > -v o r i g i n * ! c a v a l r y r a t h e r th an to th e I n f a n t r y

a u x i l i a r i e s p rec ed lr . them. H, - cap c i t y i - which the <%qvitunxuns and

the " racn tan i" aervod iu n o t n t .hed. n wever ti • a r r ' v a l o f G a l l i c c a v a l ry

and " a a ^ l t t a r i i ex uu t n i b ,,‘: ' j l a no ted ;*t u l a t e r e tu ^ e , with th e

su b se q u e n t lo o a o f 2uv " a a . ; l t t a r l l \ f h la c o . t l n ^ e n t o f c a v a l ry and the

a r c h e r c o re d le t t n ^ u io h e d f ro * a m otley crowd < f abou t C w ith t h e i r

■3avee and c h i l d r e n who a r r i v e d a t t . .e r«me t ? M * "cu iuaque p e a s r i s

hofslnuLi r i l i i c 1. re i t e r c -*• a^ ru L*- l i x v r l c J ' » y con r o r i s o n they

a p p e a r ready f o r Immediate fifchtlr,,. - u - cn. acc v ru in t ly bt r e t a r d e d as

p a r t o f the s p e c i a l l y r e c r u i t e d c a v a l ry and ox the "opt^m l g e n e r i s hooinua

ex A q u l ta n is n o n tn n isq u e " t th e c o r t r a e i in fo l i t . i s i t t d i a t e i y a p p a re n t

fhc R u ten inw cose f rv o t m i i u t n u t o f vouet n . cun b* c l a s s i f i e d a s

' 'c o n t e n t " . If, f a c t th e c o n n e c t io n ol th e * q u i ia n ia n a and tne j io n tan i

w ith t h e i n f a n t r y an d t » ) ty «,T, >1 * » l . i c c a v a l r y w . t lo n ~ b e fo reh an d i s

no t c l e a r i the lacu n a ir. the t e x t 1a nip t e n t *ve .y f 1 ed by

" a d l e c e r a t ", There i s a f u r t h e r r e f e r e n c e to v a e e a r e c a v a l r y , a r c h e r s

and ex ir er m 1 v ino t 11, ht - s ,mr nn. f . r*t lr too vague f o r

f u r t h e r d U c bu t the ^er*u.i„ own t-e re*-*rdeu n a r t o f th e o r i g i n a l29

a u x i l i a r i e s «.f Uuecur, s in c e they -r e eentuoneu ua tne V>aiiic »ar" .y j

fnc 'n v c a v a l r y t a t .cc ' • . n ie d ; * e s n r a a . r n 1 hod;' nurd o b v io u s ly

fo rx ed nc p ^ r t o f th e J rc<% diucu no,, so * bh# c o u rs e of tr.e

c a a p a ig n c e r t a i n o f tn e u, a n ia r o a a u p ^ r t i n , , t a e rompelwia u e a e r t e d to

/ l a r a a r - ..........

- 15 -

C aesar - o " c o h e re l l l u r g a w o n e n e l a " f r o m u p eop le on the ^bro in

. . i e p a c ia C l t e r i o r and o tn e r a r e f e r r e d to a» " c a e t r w t i a u x l l ia re & ^ u * " .

At th e a ie g e o f fu i t i^ i l la In 49 t i .C , , th e ►■aaaillotea were a b le

to p la c e a l a r g e number c f a r c h e ro on board t h e i r g a l l e y a and to make use

o f a c l i e n t t r i b e , the mlblcaiia . Vhe l a . t e r were good 1 l ^ . t e r a , and

54 3Swere d e s c r ib e d na "aoo tox il" . o u - i t i u a «ihenob«rfcua manned the en ip a

which he had f o r th e aaa ia ttu ice >t the . • a a a i i i o t e a w ith th e te n a n t# and

o hepherds 1 hit* i t a . iw i e^t<-wes, w .o.. he encouraged to g r e a t e r e f f o r t

w ith th e , roe e c t o f freedom .

ilie &a vu r c o n c e n t r a t i o n >f I < r c e a u> 4 o c c u r re d a t

j y r r a c h i a a and ih a r m lu n * .h e re a re t* . main I r a t e o f th e a u x i l i a r i e s57 58

whic.* ; ooipey bud a t / . in dii- oaa , one ; n w *r a r , r he t ie r in app tan •

ihe w* e e * r ia n i n v e n t . r y in *e 1 d i c t a 1

yAA) a rcher* , from - r a t e , i ace jeer.,or, o n tu a , . .y r le sod o t h e r s t a t e s ;

12 .. e l i n g e r s t d e s c r ib e d ai ! m d i t c> ^ r > 1- e t cen r . ia s I I Ji

7ovO c a v a l ry : 01 th e se

were ' 'U a l l i " av.p Tied by . # l o t a r u a > ;

> a. by xriobiirzonos of i-'Cio;

by vo tye o f in r a c e acco * a n ted oy M se n ^ a d a U ;

?<a. by Hhaecyrwille o f Macedonia;

>vC were "U ablA ien" h i u l t and .* r. n»;

dvu huu been d r a f t e d fr.>J. « t . wn s l a v e s .die anwpherdn;

Juh were s e n t by iu r c o n d a r lu n dan t o r on 1 lo m n llau s o f . d l o g r u e c i a ;

1*VU by . n t i o c h w % Jo >en *JI , t ly - .ippo toxo t »e .

/ * ’£ -• . .

rh*» r e o t were j i ia iid , Ueeaane, h*cedonlttn»t iheooall& na w

meubers of o tb i r t r i b e e un i e c u v a u a i t is e .

i’he 'V ie l l l " o f w io tn ru n end th e " 'U tH op.ruecV o f in rc n i in r i t i . v u e to r

And Oo n n i l ^ u n a re n o n c o .aomy ah >«o «*.» • ^'ne cu n t in d en t

s e n t by xh& ecypoli* wtui ^rob.*bly T h rac ia n , A lthough t e c h n i c a l l y

d e sp a tc h e d frr-> M acedonia. An Onenar ^ h l s a e 1 f e x p l a i n s , the G ab in ian

inult ru.d -ern^ns were t ro o p u "quot, 1L1 ( i . e . i l e x a n d r la e ) A. u a b in lu e

■ r a e e id * c au sa a Kud reg eu i t o l o a a e u s r e l i q u e r a t • H.ey were ,*r t r*i»3

th e artny l e f t by G ab ln lua in 55 f ' - t c t o l e ry euU -tee .

■’’he ' • h i ^ .o to x v ta c ” - e r e : un ted r c a t r u each a s i»o m«de t«ie t-arth?.ans

so e f f e c t i v e in d e s e r t w a r fa re .

Appion p r e f a c e s h i s H a t by s t a t i n , , t h a t *oc.pey n -d b ro u g h t

f i v e l e g i o n s f ro * I t a l y and " th e c v s l r v a t t a c h e d to t h e n " . H.e c o n t in g e n t

d r a f t e d f r ^ r ''o/r ey 'm s l a v e s w i shepherd*., n t lo n e d by - a t e »r, and

th e (w u ln , m entioned by ap , i s n , au . t have be lo n g ed to tM±* c t e ^ . r y . -hen

a pp lan t u r n s to ho*: ey * r com plete f o r c e s , he c r f l r s s l a e s s r ’s t o t a l o f

7vtv, ei.v3. l r y I r a l l . f b l e f i g u r e i s g iven by H u t s r c h ^ to o . A ppitn

d t e n e t b re a k t n i s f i g u r e do^n i n to u e t s i l , t u t s p e c i f i e s t. e o r i g i n

o f most o f th e c o n t i n e n t s . » . does not e e c i f y ’ i o t o r u a , I s r c o n d a r iu s

J a s t o r o r Domnilsus in t i s p a s s a g e , i c r ^ y r e f e r r i n g to e a n te r n

o a l s t i a h s , j s i o t a r u n , however, i s m entioned by nas* in th e 1 i* t oi A l l i e s46

a t th e b a t t l e o f h . r e a l u s and him mmnlotnnc* in e r . f i rued by O ioero .

•he MOabiniana" a r e r e c o r d e d , b u t no t mm omuls >r erm anc. > p p s d o c ia n

ho rse i s a l s o s e c t io n e d by Appiua, b u t w ith o u t th e seme o f a r i o b s r s s n e s .

la th e I’h a rsA lan H i t h ia b r o th e r n r x a ra th e o l a numed os th e c o n t r i b u t o r

from ^ a p p a d o c la . appleui r e c o r d s the aae io ta r .ce o f . in t lo ch u a o f

Jomciayene, w ith o u t r e f e r e n c e to th e * >unteo a r c h e r s , i l i r a c ia i t c a v a l ry

i s n o t s e c l f l e a l ly r e c o rd e d , a l t h o .^h j>.raciiine ap p ea r in toe g e n e ra l47

1 huTsulan l i s t . Dio m en tions ^adaiw tw ic e . xp^ ian r e c o rd s tMacedonian

a s a l s t a i . e e , bu t d eu no t r e f e r to th e o a rd a n ia n s , l>esaans o r i h e a e a l i a n a .

H* d o e s , however, r e f e r to U i l i c i o n c a v a l r y , which i s n o t l i s t e d by

48v aeaa r •

when tn e two a u t h o r s ' a c c o u n ts o f t e I n f a n t r y a u x i l i a r i e s a re

com pared, d a e a a r ' s ^ r e ta n a r c e re a re co n f irm ed , b u t tne Lacedaemonians

ap p ea r f i r s t a s g e n e r a l . e loponnesicu i a u x i l i a r i e s , l a t e r a s L acon ians ( in

th e .-hu rualan H a t ; , ilie i o n t i c c o n t in g e n t i s not f . r:.<ed o f a r c n e r a , b u t

j a v e l i n - t h r o w e r s , o y r l a a p p e a rs p e n r r a i l y on ly in th e ih n r c a .a n l i s t .

C aesar does n t g iv e the n a t i o n a l i t y o f th e s l i n e r e in h i t c a ta lo g u e ,

b u t x p p ian s ay s t h a t t oa, ey hud . 'h rac lan s l i n g e r e . There may, o f c o u rs e ,

have been o t h e r s .

r e o p le e no t l i s t e d by C aesar , but in s p p la n , a re

ion i.» rs * %

1e lo p o n n e e ia n s (who a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d fr>m the Laconians in the

1h a rn a la n l i s t ; .

L eaner Armenians,

1 u m p h y l i a n a ,

I ' i c i d i a n a .

In th e i h a r s a i a n l i s t o t h e r p e o p le s and c o u n t r i e s a r e named 1

/A th e n ia n s , . . . . .

A thenltm n,

t i e l l e s p o n t ,

b i th y n l f l ,

rh ry K la ,

ly d ie t ,

i h o e n lc i a ,

Jew s ,

A rabs,

C y p r io te ,

S h od lane ,

u r e a t e r Armenlane •

o t h e r s t a t e m e n t s on .o m i o j 'e " a u x i l l e " o c cu r in th e . a e e a r i a n c o rp u s .

* t t r i c u m (A vlona) he had a " p r a e s i d i u s i a r t h l n o r u s ” , th e l a r t l . l n i n n s

L e i f a l o c a l I l l y r i a t r i b e ^ 1 . U u b a ^ had .sent a l a rg e fo rce from n o r th

A f r i c a , ih e uerman and G a l l i c c a v a l r y , which ^ a h ie n u a ' wae ob.’e to use

in th e A fr ic a n cam paigns , came from ompey'e f rc e a a t .h a r n a lu e i

p resum ably i t weo a r t o f th e c a v a l ry o r N : in o l ly b ro u g h t f r n I t a l y .

55The m otley c h a r a c t e r o f . o k a y ' s a u x i l i a r i e s aj , e a le d to Uio" ,

who em phasieed th e use of f o r e i g n e r s a g a i n s t c i t i z e n s , and the f a c t tha t

many w .re . a l n t i c s and u n t r a i n e d . C i c e r o '" , to o , wua dism ayed, r e f e r r i n g

to C o lc h is and th e G e tan e . , a e a a r > ' , h o a e v e r , was more s o l d i e r l y «nd n o te d

lo m p cy 's s u p e r i o r i t y in c a v a l ry and h i s g od su p p ly e f a r c h e r s and

e l i n t e r s , f o r n o t a l l tu e a u x i l i a r i e e were used in the mnjor b a t t l e s .

f a r l e a s has s u r v i v e d «.n the co m p o si t io n f d n e s u r 'a " a u x l l i a "

(

- 19 -

.58f o r th e l-tilkon cair.^ulfnB. Applan g iv e s th e i i p o e e i b l e f l& ure o f l v t uUU

f o r h i e c a v a l r y , and c u l i a them a l l U au le . i’Viie i a f a r g r e a t e r than5 9

torapey'e. t o t a l f azid c o n t r a d i c t s Jaeear*B s ta te m e n t j u s t n o ted

c o n c e rn in j t o a p e y ’ a s u p e r i o r i t y in c a v a l r y , i l u t u r c h , on th e o th e r hand,

g iv e s a f i . u r e f l l v O . C aesar^ 1 h im a e lf s t a t e s t h a t he c ro s se d from

b ru n d is iu m w ith : ap: i/in ^ and P lu t a r c h J t",ive 6ou i n s t e a d . J a e s a r^

had among h i t c a v a l r y & c o n t in g e n t f o l lo b r o g e s under t ie comaarid o f two

b r o t h e r s , r to u c i l lu s and .gus. i'he b r o t h e r s and ao..e of t h e i r a d h e r e n ts

d e f e c te d to l o * e y . No f i g u r e s a r e t iv e n , bu t th e tone f th e i n c id e n t

s u g g e s t s t ; .u t th e c o n t in g e n t was c o m p a ra t iv e ly l a r g e . Aki;ian m entions

jera.ans »ho go t drunk a t Uoaphi ( t a l a e o - t ia*opi> in .hent.aj.y s th e s e

p ro b a b ly in c .u d e d c a v a l r y . I n th e h a r e a l a n l i s t o f a u x i l i a r i e s hefc6 67

m en tio n s c a v a l ry from b o th i r a n u a l ine a n d ^ ic a l j int* ' waul* oio ^ e n . lo n u

o p an iah " a u x i l i u " ; . - resu aab ly c a v a l ry were in c lu d e d , u a b in iu s had

a t te m p te d to b r i g } vv h o rs e to J a e s a r th rough l l ly r i c u m w ith 1> c o h o r ts,

o f l e g i o n a r i e s i a o a t o f t h e s e , however, were d e s t ro y e d . antony b ro u g h t

8 uc h o rse t Dyrrachium , sen d in g back to I t a l y f o r more • How many, i f

so y , came, i a n o t known, l e k ln g th e - o r 6w - wi;ich » a e s a r b ro u g h t

aiid th e 3w o f »u.t .*y, 1 } ^ o r l4w a r e kn wn to have rea ch e d J a e s a r .

i o s e ib i y njore wore s t i l l e x p ec te d f r >-n I t a l y . i.1 tu# oi Gablniu*

be added , i t .nay bo aaau^ied t h a t C aesa r was w. r k i n a t a f i g u r e o f 4vXV

to c a v a l r y . Jue to th e 1osoee o f a s b ln iu e uad o f , a e s a r h im s e l f a t

J y r r a c h i u n , wheu a c a v a l r y f e l l , t;io f i g u r e >f l o - > c a v a i r y a t

71. h a r m s ju e d o o s n o t ooom f a r wron*, .

/ A t

■

At toe end o f 4o B.C. Ju*o«r became Invo lved In the Alexandrine

- a r f which o ccu p ied him t i l l th e b e g in n in g o f 4? , when He v en t to * a ia

,1<n° r t0 deAl Vli:h ^ r n a c e e . ue took 8U; c a v e l r y to A le x an d r ia 72. A f te r

th e o u tb re a k o f th e war he oummoned C re tan a r c h e r e and c a v a l ry from the

Nahntaeun Arabs under h a l c h u e ^ to h i s ^ e e i e t m c e . O th e r uns e c i f i e d

" a u x i l l a " e r e m en tioned7 ’. Uurinp th e f i f h t i n fc. l i g h t armed tro o p a and

o . l l i e c a v a l r y a re m e n t io n e d ' s presum ably th e l a t t e r were . a r t o f the

6uO t h a t had accompanied him a t the o u t s e t . me v f h i s c a v a l ry were

oenra r .6 . Meanwhile ; I t h r i d a t e n 7 o f /ergamum b ro u g h t him re in fo r c e m e n ts

iro ir o y r in a td C i l i c i a . . n t i p c t e r go t f u r t h e r a s a ia tu n c e f ro * ^ y r i a

and A rab ia &nd s e n t x ,aesar a fo r c e o f heavy i n f a n t r y .

79Appi/m s t a t e s t h a t h a rn a ce a had been encoure cd t : r e s i s t

C a e sa r by th e Pompeians a f t e r . h a r s a l u e . Pharnncee , however, c laim ed t h a t

l>. h .d n o t « n t ' . m r U i . " t o , o . p . 7 d v . J , t n . f i r s t . t o , , o f t h . « . r ,

C o e l t i u . C . l . l r u e ' * , > ' 6 . r > 1 - g n t . , . . . .u p ;x . r t r i f b j r l o t n r u i , » to hod

Jo in e d th e C a e sa r ia n cause a f t e r th e d e f e a t o f , ompey. tie p ro v id ed two

l e g io n s quae i l l s d i s c i p l i n a s tq u e urm utura n o s t r a c o m ,lu r io atmoe

coi R t i t u t a e hmbebat" a s w e ll na l e v c a v a l r y : v r io b t r r a n e s o f Cappadocia

•1-so s u p p l ie d lu u c a v a l r y , " m u * i l ia " were a l s o su loned fro.n U i d a * 2 .

Jom itiu ft C a lv in u s won f u r t h e r su p p o r te d by a "le.v io i o n t i o a " d e s c r ib e d

an fo l lo w s "quae ex t u m u l t u a r i l e m i l i t i b u o in 1 o n to < . f e c i a e r a t '^ ^ . n *

gr* t e r p a r t o f t h i s I r . ion and u e to t - r u s ' f o r c e s were k i l l e d in the en su in g84e-'igui/eftent wi t h Plitirnacen . hen i s s u e r a r r i v e d a t t /u ' « /h e r e o f

o p e r a t i o n s , he o rd e re d l l e lo ta ru e to b r in g him l a ion "qua* ex g enera ciu lum

/e u o ru n ..........

- 21 -

e u o r u n v e i o t u r u s a r r a a t u r n d ' o c i p l l n a q u e n a t r a c o n e t i t u t a m h a b e b a t " -Oe

o b v i o u e l y w ha t r e m a i n e d o t h i t e a r l i e r t v l e ( I o n a - a nd a l l h.Le c a v a l r y

n t t n e e n d o f 4 ? b . v . J a e o a r wan i n a f r i c a when he n a r r o w l y

av led d e f e a t a t t h e * wf e n e n t o f xun, I n a . i n 4 6 , h o w e v e r , h e e m e rg ed

t h e v i c t o r a t t h e b a t t i e o t i h ip eu t . , o e f o r e c o n s i d e r i n g t h e " a u x i l i a 1*

i n v o l v e d i n U a e n n r ’ s " . v f r i c a n < a r " , t h e A f r i c a n cam: a i g n o f C u r i o 1" i n

4m c m be n o t i c e d . C u r i o a r r i v e d i n n f r i c a f r a - i i l y w i t h c a v a l r y

and l i & h t - a r e d t r o . te . e n t e r * went t o i c i l y f o r f u r t h e r c a v a l r y ®

4. e a u x l i . crie ti c r . e d d n u i a i iresun.<Atly -or v-iie, s i n c e t h e s e wereQg

l a t e r in c o r p o r a te d in th e ar..y o f in b ie n u e . The CauJs in c lu d e d

u l/ t l i o b r o , e s •

92The o n l y * ' a u x i l a " o f i . a t t i u B V a r u s t h a t a r e r e c o r d e d a r e

t h o s e s u p p l i e d by J u b a \ t e k l t t g ' f Num id i • These i n c u led bi.v

,

94tne k ir g ’s pernor i l iyguard •

The a u t h o r o f t h e " u e Hum . t f r l c u m " J a s s i g n s i a b i e n u a a speech

i u w h ich he l i s t s h i a a u x i l i a r i e s . Those c o m , r i s e

i iu m id iun c a v a l r y a n d l l g t i t » a r m e d t r o o p s ;

Uer . ian m d ju J l i e c a v a l r y ;

c o n s c r i p t s f r o m ’’h i b r i d . l " , f r e e d m e n a n d s i v.-n,

r o y a l " a u x i l i a " ;

12u e l e p h a n t s ;

i n n u m e r a b l t c a v a l r y J

/1 2 , ' .........

2«?

1 2 , w v non In le^ic.M, c. . i s c r i p t e d "ex ou iim .uei o d i * » n e r l s " ;

Then Lab3enut> l e e r f S ited w i th h a v in g :

I 6vv u a l l i c and German c a v a l r y ;

8vA^ .'U a id la n c .v a l r y ;

l o w c a v a l r y b ro u g h t by h . e t r e i u s ;

u t i e t s a s .tuny I n f a n t r y and l i g h t - a r c e d t r o o t 's ;

a r c h e r s ;

a l i n g e r s |

s e v e r a l " h i p - o t o x n t a e " .

.■here a r c two s e p a r a t e H a t e ' e re : i t i n d i f f i c u l t to r e c o r d 1c t em.

♦he d i f f i c u l t y i s I n c re a a e d by t e x t i . i l u n c e r t a in t i e # , llie .‘iu n ld ia n

c-.v_.lry nun* r A i n v a r i a n t rc 1 n,, . jo t# i t « e n .an - id G a l l i c

cavuu-y n a i cowe from i < re a lu s ; otf»*rfc were ' 'Ute:. ov e r f ro n It e d e fe a te dGJ

f o r c e s o f - u r i o . i t i s not c l e a r w h e th e r t h e " h l h r i d i " were ha lf-hom an ,

h . l f - n a t l v e , r h a l f - t r e e , h a l f - s l a v e , uaee# , to , o th e r wlt.n the u laveo

*u'.d f r e e d a e n , had t e e n t r a i n e d a s o r th di * c .v u l r y . he ro y a l " a u x i l i a "

r e c a l l th e 4 " r y u l l e g io n s " s or t oned in tn e f i r s t c h a p te r o f the work,

96and th e 1 2 . e l e p h u i t o and ' innum erab le c a v a l r y " a r e reco rd ed in the

e a se p l a c e . fho " in n u m erab le c a v a l r y " , t h e r e f o r e , do ' t co n ce a l w

s e p a r a t e e n t r y . The 12, l e tjio r r l e o 'G f a l l e v '- t s " o f nen would have

99fon.'.od 2 com ple te l e g i o n u . in c h a p te r 1 >cJ . io has 1 l e g lo n e .

. resuu iab ly the 12 , were not a c t u a l l e g io n . r i e e an th e r e u s e >f >oa.an

c i t i z e n s , b u t p r o v i n c i a l s t r a i n e d in le g io n a ry fo rm a t io n . K. . e t r e i u s 1

i a e a r l i e r c r e d i t e d w ith b r in g i n g 11W t o r > in n v a r i a n t v e r s io n )

/* e - * c t ..........

I

- 23 -

s e l e c t iiua.idlu,. c a v a l r y and i n i <mtry o f the a„ e j e o p l e . iio acco a -

it) lpun ied ty Jn . l a ) who e a r l i e r had > w * .u r i" . fhe l a t t e r a , ,ear to

have been p a r t c l J u b a 'a fo rc e * ' . as th e p h ra s e s t a n d s , the " fo u r tim es

a s a«uiy i n i in t r y and 1 v . h t - a r n e d t r o ,*s" would n a t u r a l l y r e f e r to the

1 6 c a v a l ry o f i e t r e i u s : i t aay be in te n d e d t > b a lan c e tr.e 12, jC>.

" le & io n a r ie a o f a l - s o r t s " a b o v e . r i t iway r e f e r to the novel t a c t i c

adopted by L ablenus o f in t e r o in * l i n , l i ^ h t - a m e d i n f a n t r y and a r c h e r s w ith

h i e c a v a lry v and be m a t t e m p t t c g iv e the , ro p i r t i o n in v o lv e d .

icAwj. him r i v a l in " f n c a lo e w ir had s c a r c e l y fc .v c a v a l r y , t u t i t

was no t long b e fo re he nnd up to * . oome * tn e o e , i f no t a l l , were

lu6G auls, to ju lp e from t e s t a t e m e n t

o f the "i a u r i " . d i a r c h e r s a r e a l s o m entioned

t h a t X G a l l i c h o rse ro u te d

i v ?

I

ihe f o r c e s o f th e . <,e, t luno -.e, ; c n s o l ;a te d in tr.e oucceedinf, eon t h e .

a c ip i v n ii. >. > w c a v a l r y a..d ) , e l e , .1 n t s sup, l i e d by Jutr.* ii is

f o r c e s in c lu d e d M uaidiuno ar .d . a e t u l i a n s 1 1 ' . . . t t i u s Varuo made uoe o f

U a e tu l io n a a s row ers a. u m o r in e s 111 . •• . C o i s id lu s *x3. : tu a p ro te c te d h i s s e l f

w ith a mercenary band o f ur: id la n e nd a e t u l i i s , l ^ t e r a r c in g him el& vie

and some Mi««diotora to o 1 1 *. Ap. l . n 1 e t o t e s t h a t , a t th e H t t l e o f iTiapsus,

n c ip io hud < ,vm c a v a l r y , tne m a jo r i ty o f whoi.i *er«* , presumably

i»u. idi«..ia . o»r' l * r , ^ a b ie n u a w a c red ted wi th f 1 , • ' • v ( ^ r 1 « ' '

c a v i i r y toy.eti.er wit., an uiin.imed nu-at *r i f c a v a l r y f r e e ' h i b r i d i ' and

s o r v i ] e s o u r c e ^ . ■ -c i 4 l o 'o JOva would b r i r , the tc t: 1 to

I l 4Added t . th e s e wt-re tue f o r c e s o f Jul a , g iv en by Apf i.in au • '"v '

/ i n f a n t r y , ..........

- 24 -

• . - e l e f h a a t e , l><»uide» ";aany" ;il:e:-ien.

113Til* fl , ,u i-eo in tii» L.u.„ a f r io u m " u re j l e t iom* ( I . e . u ; to l3,UU0

: ly iu ( lu !ed In

' i n f u n t r y " J , > • l e p h .m t e , bw c a v a l r y w ith b r i d l e s and a " la rg o

auroi. sr ' o i N uald^an c a v a l r y wit*.out b r id le * , , uuetonlun,^^ u, *koo ' i e » a r

•xa&Aor«to the»«? f ^ .a ro a d e l i b e r a t e l y ;< r th e p s y c h o lo g ic a l e f f e c t on h ie

t ro o p * and so c a n n o t a e rv e r e a c h e c k .

d a t o ' s fo rc e o were ueed f< r th e d e fen ce o f U t i c a , ne bad

b ro u g h t c a v a l r y 1 1 '7 to a f r i o f ro * th e a f t e r m a th f the b a t t l e o f i h a r s a l u a .

At, U tica he h e ld e / i e s o f f r e e d en , » f r i ' , fcluvet <»n«. en "cu isq u e e o d l

R e n e rU " 1 1 ' .

wii th e o t h e r s i d e , s e c u r ’d forcer- co t l n u e ' t rto. f r e e e u p p le -

119.en ta f r - i c i l y and by d e a e r t i o n a f r t •> c - e l i e . h i* caap

o u to id # ttoo. In a ,aen.«r ar-red r i f ' “ 1 1 i c if. 1 hodi n » * r i -;es «» i n f a n t r y

a u x i l i a r i e s 1 . • if. cav I t v in c lu d e d a u l a , a l . r d a , *.r. 1, uy le e e r t^ o n ,

v a e tv . l l a n s 1* 1 . ; i s a r c h e r s c a re f r u i ' t u r * e » and iy r i a , sAong tn e r

unnamed p l a c e s 1^ . had e le p h a n t* b rc u ^ h t fro-.. It . : y , us f o r f i f h t i n R123

p u ru o / . . . t o ..1 t . e c u . too. h i . MIX Mid t h . l r h o r « . to t h . a . in « r . i d

h . M q u l c d 22 o f v u b . 'o c o u e l . 1 t h . b . . t t l o o f B . . p . u . U . .K T bad

, t l . h h t 2L,V a r c h e r , md s l l n . r r . , V Jt t 5« c . T . i r j , U , h t - . r . . d

t r o o p , and d . M r t a r . * h . . . . . . « . f t . d b , J i t t l u . 1 . d o « .h o hod t a . o

o . i v i e . u n d . r b o c c l iu .1* o f « « u r . t h n l . . 1 t h . t md o f i t . l l M . Mid -i 'M il .h

f o l i o . . r « .h o had .coom, a n io d him t o . f r l c a . f t . r h . h .d b . . n c o . p r o . i * . d

/ ' I n ..........

I

, /

25 -

i n the J a t i l i : - conn;>ir icy# • « 3 nr-t r o c r r t a t fhapauu , h u t waa o f

r t it t;< r v i c e , b in c e i e ;> rrvented Jufca f r c o 'ooinf, ia e n a r w ith *11 h ie

f o r c e s by i t t a c h t n t him in th e r e a r .

»r i o r to th e k i t t l e o f :iund • iu U5 n .C . th e none o f btoapey the

tre.«t h^d I per o r b « n i a i n . r e n to t n re t -it "6 « r in ^p jiin . Of the l e g io n s

o .v b i la t le t th e e l d e r , un . to. , e i u e , th e a u th o r o f th e ’’. ^ a I u t nJUi ,an ienae"

fiayn t h a t ^ ^ ' "duae f v e r u n t u e rn acu lfce , quae a V reb rn io t r a n e f u p e r a n t ; una

f c t i e c o l o n i i o ,u e f u e r : t i n h i : re* onIfcue ; . . . J r e l i q u a e ox

fv. I t t u L . . :13 i . i r c h c< n c i e t e l m i t * 1 thus t * xf rd -1 -c^l i’»xr ) .,,122

h e th o r th e above r e e i i n j o r th <t f .10 , yen uern c u la e l i l » " be

acce. te d i t i a c l e a r t n a t J n . o<«< i u a w s b e . t) fo rc e d to uee n o n - c i t i» e a e

in h io l e g i i nary £'

th e .uuiaai.e a t o t e a , he had o t h e r " l e x i c a " c n a i a t i n g A runaway a la v e s and

th e c ' l o n i e o , how ever, w u ld have cc-q r i a e d » c i t i i e n e . a u x n i -

a r ie r . j r t ^ e r - e r e ifawn f r o r th e v ^ n i - r d s nod th e v e i t i b e r i a n a a c c o rd in g

to a ; l _ n ^ ' . ^ I t a n i o n , h o . v , r , a . a o . - r t l c . te d and were »r e a r e d to

o o n t l i iu . r . . l . t » e . t o . . — r . . . » O t c r ' . v . . « • . ' » * « • lBC Md

. 00 . . t U o b r o f . a « h . t uuV. had t l , . » to him f r e t t h . o p t t v . . t « . » . f t . r

t h . d . f . u t o t J u r i s : t h . . . l o t . r d o . . r t . d t o - . . . - r . ^ c o r d t n * to

Ulo1^ , t h . . 0 . . . 11UUI w r . o u r , r t . h b , hoochuo. -ho b . n t h i . » , - t

hhd h i . .O h . to t h . , . At t h . b h t t l . o t - u n d . t h e i r . u x i i l h r , f o r . . . - r .

. . i d t . h . . . t o t a l l e d 6 a l l R h t - . r . 1 nod t h . MM> nuober o l " . u . i l l . r . .

p r e s u r a b l y m ainly c n v a l r yner. ir *6

JJL. - m .

- 26 -

155J a e s u r* * a u x i l i a r i e s in c lu d e d uvjuI o ; h« wan I s t e r Jo in e d by

sAirxu’e nliofcru^ e e , ui» m en tto ced above , ne hud hoped f o r UjMnieh c a v a l r y

p r i o r to h io a r r i v a l , b u t t h i s d id n o t . n u t e r u i l i z e L ater u ^p au iah

157c h i o f t a i n - " r e x n o c in e in d o " - Jo in ed hjua. He r e c e iv e d ", t f r o a

156x>, ud ox h -au re tan iu y ( » f ..«! en, «, •' e n t h i s c a v a l ry wau. s a id to

159number d w i .

L i t t l e CoS be re c vered c o n c e rn in g th e n o n - c i r i l v u rs d u r in g

tu e d i c t u t c r u h l } >f i a e u s r . «hen V a tin iu t , v l» s e n t to I l ^ y r i c u r in 4 he

was ven 5 l e s i o n s and a l u r t « fo r c e o f cav »ry • i o r C a e c ^ r 'o ; ro —

j e c t e d e x p e d i t i o n a g a i n s t th e ^na ana th e . a r t - .an a 1 t U;u d av a lryI b l

were assem bled in I t t i l y f o r t r s n a p o r t e c r o s u th e a d r i f t i c • A rcnars and

I l f h t - a r led t r o o p s were i l s s g i t n e r e d * ! ra n w h lle « : ie c i l iu a msnua

had tu rn e d a g a i n s t J a e e a r in i y r i a . /u itlj . t e r in Ju d ae a sen t the

C a e a a r ia c e s a e l e t w i c e e n l l a . . . . . bs in o d th e ou a r t o f A ch asd a ue,

in . ru t* 3 » e l l o f r t . i- .va ' *hc inc ► r 1 " d on w ft* r

the do i th o f C a e a u r .

- 27 -

;tuTc«,

1 . " b .C ." I I , l-v, 7 , 2 8 9 .

2 . " L l e t . " 1961, 47b , n . l v .

3 . 13io xL l , 8 , 6 .

4 . " A t t . " I a , 1 3 , 4 .3 . " b .C ." I I , 3 , 32, 124 . w f. t l u t . o o p ." 6 , 1; " J a e s . " 32, 1 .

b . un the e q u i t e a In a l e g io n c f • KObler, " a .L . ' V1 , 19^7, 2791 2v< ,

1a r k e r , 1928 , 2 l u f .

7 . " b . J . " 1 , 1 8 , 5 .

8 . I l l , 2 2 , 3 .9 . H e b e , 1, 1894, 2271 f f . in o . 6 7 ) .

1U. . . ." 19>4 , 1 _3 ; 1 )6 4 , 14G Lii>. i o r a d ia c u o a io n of th e d a te ,

c f . i l c u r d , " J a l l l a " 1964, 18 f f .

. . ih®, " k . a . " v i i , 191v , 138 - f*

12. " J u l . " 24 , 2 and ^«ry ad l o c . f o r th e d a t e .

13 . , a e s . " a .w ." 1 , 24 , 2 .14 . I b i d . I , 27 , b . f o r euch a u x i l i a r i e s , c f . Cheea».an, 1914, H f f .

15 . C ic . " A t t . " VI I , 11, 2 i Ulo aL I , 13, 3, c f . p . / I above,

l b . " t i .w ." I , 3 ) , 1 .17 . l o r a d lacuna ion o f th e f i bu re o In v o lv e d c f . Hlee noLaea, 1923,

v o l . I l l , 388 f f . , and f o r th e Spanlnh " e u x l l l * " c f . r c i a y b . l l l d o ,

" u u e r . " 1963, 220 f f . l o r " c . e t r a t i " c f . von J o a a a e - a k i , " f i .b ."

I l l , 1897, 1322 f .

13 . " o a e r . " 19b3, 22 o f .

19 . *e* " B . J . " I , 48, 7 .

20 . I , 55, l l ? . 4; 73, 2; 7a , ! •

2 1 . ad 1 , 48 , 7 .

22 . Caeu. " b .C ." 1, 38, 2 .

2 3 . 1, 48 , 7 .

2 4 . I , 39, 2 .

25 . I , 5 ] , i ; 3 .

26 . I , 31 , 2 .27 . uaug , " . b . " I « . 1914, 1246 f .

2 8 . I , 8 3 , 2 . ................

AL-

- p s —

2V. / I l l , Iv ; 36.

3v. " b . v . " 1 , 41, 1 .

31 . t>-» 4 .3^ . I , 7h , 1 - 2 : I t cnn be aeeutoed from 2 t h a t tne d e e e r t e r e were

n o t c o n ! in e d to tn e l e g i o i w r i e o .

33. 1, 34 , 4; j b .

34. I , 37 , 3.35. H ln te r , " R .h . " V, 19^3 , 1^34 f f . (n o . 2 7 ) .

36. I , 5b , 3; 57 . 4 .

37. H I , 4 , 3 - 6.3 0 . A,>Hia n c .» ta lc t ~e« ou *?/'*> a a 11 l a 1 i » two ee^& rote p la c e s , 'n .C . '

11 , d , 4 2v2, b e fo re th e b o t t l i o f uyrrhach lum , and I I , l u , ?o ,

292 f f . , b e fo re th e b a t t l e o f . h a ro a lu e .

39, >or t i e c l i e n t k in p e r e f e r r e d to , c f . f o e h ln o r s , ' i i i f l t . " 1961,

4d- f f . f o e h ln u r a l i s t s oa<. e / ' s " a u x i l l a " on 47? f f . In s p i t e o f

h i s remark t h a t Lucan g iv e s n o n - h i s t o r i c a l p a r t i c i p a n t s , he q u o te s

h i s e v id e n c e . A l a , how ever, has no in d ep en d en t v a lu e . J f .

N ie rh au s " d . J . ” 1953. 46 f f .

4^ . vn th e n o ses f o r M alo ti r f , u r . tn d i s , • «• / H , * f , 3^*41. K hancypo lis was more c o s - o n ly known as K haecuporis ; c f . h s f j - s t e d t ,

" K .u ." lA , 1114, 23J> f .

42 . "B .U ." I l l , 4 , 4 . J f . I v 3 , 5 .

43. H. /o llcaann , " k . - . " aaI I I , 1 9 5 ) , 1756 f . (n o . 3 3 ) .

44. L a .m e r t , "M.6. " / 111, 1 '13, 1 5 f . r e f e r s on ly to th e pre-homan

p e r i o d 5 f o r th e iiomsn j^e r ifd c f . M e b l g e r , i t i d . , i , 1 « » l i74 \ . i l u t . " rom p." 6 4 , lx " J a e e . " 4.?, 2. a u t a r c h ' s d e s c r i p t i o n o f the

c a v a l r y i s u s f o l l o w s t t , 11'vifc d v >0v, f f ' v , I m l H\0«5v x o l ^ O V T ^ rd t

6 tO r,lpoV t«C .riom-me and I t a l i a n s , how ever, cou ld have formed o n ly « sm e ll P * r t

o f th e c a v a l r y .4 6 . "K .S. .M io t . " % 131 IV. 2 8 . - u r t n i h i . p .Y . r n o r .h l p o f o l l t c i . .

C l c . r o ( " A t t . " VI. 1 . 14) n o te d t h . t .o l . t n r . . . " b . b . t c o h o r t . . n o .d -

r l n ( , n a r l » o n o a t r u n ro A tu ra aXa. . ^ u l -11''i . ) 2 t I J •

/4 7 . . . . .

{

- ? ') -

47 . xjuI , 51, 2; 6 3 , 1 .40 . J a e o u r d o es , how ever, m en tion e f l e e t and a l e f i o n from J i l i c i a

( • • t i . J ." i l l , 3 . I t 4 » I "4 9 . » rom th e l i u t o f e d i c t a juoted by Joaepbuc ("a .V ." aIV, 1'^, 13, 2?&;

23C; l u , 14 , 232; U , 16 , 2>41 I v , 19, 24o) r e g a rd in g J a e a a r ’e

exem ption o f J e t * f r « m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e i t l a c l e a r t h a t , in p a r t i ­

c u l a r , t h e r e had been r e c r u i t i n g In apbeeue and - a r d i * . a a in l i a r

d e c r e e e x l a t n f r l e ^ c a 1 ^ , 1^, 14, 231 “ 2 ) .J a e u a r r e n t l o n e a a i a , v n ic h would in c lu d e a p p ia n 'o I o n ia , Pam phylia ,

h e l l e e p o n t , L y d ia , - tn e n a , b i t h y n t * , P h o e n ic ia and hhodea ( 'b .L ."

I l l , 3 , 1, i , 3) , on ly in c o n n e c t io n tn e f l e e t .

51 . Caea • "H. v . 1 H i , -1, •

52. MB. A le x ." 51, ! •5 3 . hG nzer, " h . . . " A l l , 1924, 26u f f . I n o . 6 ) .

3 4 . " a . A f r . " 1 9 , 3, re v d in t " o u tn r o to " .

55 • a1- 1 , 34, « t - »» 1 •

5 6 . " A t t . " iA, 1 V, 3 ,

57. "B .u ." I l l , 43 , 3t 86 , 4 j 44, 6 .

58. " d .C . " I I , 8 , 49, 2 v l .

J f . n . 57 ab o v e .

6<). "C ae n ." 42 , 2 .

61 . " B .C ." i l l , 2 , 1 .

6 2 . " o . . . " 11 , b j 54 . 2 2 1 .

63 . "O ae a ." 37, 2 .

64 . " o . d . " i l l , 39 f*

65 . " b .d ." I I , 1 0 , 64 , 268. . . . n66. IX. XV, 7U. 291 ■ " v l s a l p m . " d . p . n d . upon . r . » o n . b X . ^ . u d u t i o n ,

1 v « . . . . . . . . ' * •69. ;aea . "U.U." I l l , 2 , l lu t e ' 7 * 2 *

7v . Claeo. " B .L ." I I I , / I , •

1

m

I*

50 -

7 1 .

72.

73 .74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79 .Be.81.82.

83.84.

85.

86.87.

88. 89 .

9u .

91 .

92 .

93 .

i n , 84, 4. That C aesa r v«a In a d e q u a te ly s u p p l ie d w ith CHVwlry a t

th e b a t t l e i e shown by h it , u«ie o f " a n t e b lg n a n i" w ith th e horsemen

( 8 4 , 3 ) . Appian ( " h . v . " 1 1 , 1 j , 7 v , 2 8 9 ) a l s o g iv e s a f i g u r e o f

l..v'v f o r the a c tu a l b a t t l e . . l u t s r e h 'u f i& , r e o f Iwvu ( " J a e u . " 42, 2) a r r t r e f e r tv th e b a t t l e i t s e l f o n ly ,

v a e s . " b . J . " I l l , U 6 , 1 .

H u e s , “h . r . . " AiV, 1 9 2 8 , fr j / f . (n o . 3 n

"B. . l e x . ” 1 , 1 .

17 , 3.

29. 4 .26, 1; d o e . " a. c . " aIV, o , 1 , I v d . f o r v d t h r i d a t e s , c f . ^ e y e r ,

"K.Z. .” XV, 1932 , 2 2 v ; ( n o . \j).

. o s . " B . o . " 1, 9 , 3, 187; c f . ” a . J . " aIV, 8, 1, 128 - 9 ; 8, 2 , 139$

^ive 3wx'$ Li l u , 3, 193, however, 1%-u i s th e f i g u r e . >br

a n t i p n t e r , c f . • i l t k e n , 1, 1894, 2 X ) (no. 17 ) .

n , 12, 87 .

"B. A le x .” 69 , 3$ C f. d io XL1, ;>5, 3.

K.aneer, " r t . h . ” V, 19v3, 1419 f . (n o . 4 3 ) .

'f>. A le x ." 34; c f . J i o A l* l , *0 , 2 . n ic e nolxnea (1923, v o l . I l l ,

> ;6 ) o b j e c t s to th e f i a re o f 1 c . v i l r y su p p l ie d by each o f the

k in g s . I t sounds s m a l l , b u t may have been de term ined by what was

then a v a i l a b l e r a t n e r th an by what was n e c e s s a ry .

" s . a l e x . " 34, 3 .

4v, 4 .

68, 2." . 'B nzer , " . 11>», 1921, 8 7 i f* (n o . 1 1 ) .

Cues. " h . C . " 11, 23 , 1 .

ap p . " L .v . " I I , 7 , 46 , 1 a .

U see. " b .C . " 11, 37, u .

" b . a i r . " 4v , 5 .

liio a L I I I , 3 J , 3 .

M e b e , " h . h . " I I , 1 8 9 6 , 2 2 >( f . (n o . 3 2 ) .

u " b , ^ . " 11, 7 , 44 , 173; ;jl ° a 1*I, 41, 3* i‘u r *j u t u » c f • ^ n s c h u u ,App,

"K.f." Ia, 1916, 23&1 fi • (n o . 1) and a b o v e , p . l j f9 • • e • •

- 31 •

v)4, Uaee« "B*J*" 1 i « -5» 5$ , 1

9 5 . "B. » f r . " 19* 3*u th e r r e le r e n c e B t o i^ L ie D u a ' c a v a l r y do n o t g ive f i y u r e e or

n a t i o n a l i t y * " : 1 3* 1 i 3 ' - lv{ L* ? ( t i i t l u t t e r , a lac*

" f r e n a t i " , p ro b a b ly o f " h l b r i d i " and o f e a r v l l * o r ig i n ) #

9 7 . ; f . pg . 1 * ; *1 a b o v e .J i . "i>. « i r . " 1 « 4 t e . j u l t e t Ut, l id i l i l t u a ' a s compared w ith " e Muitfc tu*

la n u r r e r e b i l i a " W h ic h ohou ld to a b l a t i v e ) l n IV* 3*

9 9 . MOnter, " k . a . " I l l , 1897, f f . (no . 9 9 ) .

I l u . 18 , 1 . For i e t r e i u o , c f . . . i i i n r e r , " . r . ” a I a , 1937 * 11^2 f f .

Iv } . 13, 1.Iu 4 . In 43 t . - . h l j t 'v e r n n r in . l i t h * r n in , J a a a lu e W nglnua ( c f .

hCuzer, I l l , 1399, 174 i f . (n o . 7 ) ) had been o rd e red to

c o l l e c t " a c x l l i a " f o r en a t t a c k on Ju b a , he i* known to have had a t

l e .a i t )vuv c a v a l r y \ ’B. / i le x . >v« 4j 3 v, .

I v 5 . " h . . , f r . M 1 , I t 1 * 9t 7 , 1 .

11)6. G* 3 . C f . above, p . * 2 .

1 -7 . 12 - 15 .

1- 8 . «?v, 2 .

IV?. 25 , 5 .110. >2, 51 o f . 61, 2.

111. 62 , 1.1 1 2 . 4 ) u . . d i ne • ' . t l y . , ld l . r i a " d l W . 1 . f o r - o n . U t u . .o n tU. c f .

H finter, " < . . # " IV, 1 , 912 f . (n o . b ) .

113. " B . - . " i i , 14, % , 4 ,1 .

114. i b i d .

115. " a . a f r . " 4h, 1 .

116. " J u l . " 6 6 .

117. f l u t . " - a t . K in ." 5 0 , y .

118. "B. „ f r . " > , 1 | ' In1* " 'ute r ln * ' C1* 1*

tn o . 5>•I v l . "B. - f r . " 1 8 , 1 ; c f . 3* ! • raT * i» o , o f . i-.Un-er, '**&* 1-*1, l c '7

3591 f . ( n o . 9 ) .1^2. o f . "k. i f r . " 6, 1 - 3, wuer* th e *9 > u r i" a r e a r t o f J u b a 'e fo r c e s

/1 1 9

/

jL . a a

#

- ,V -

1 1 9 . vf* th e u s e f u l d l& cuae ion i n n ic e Holmea, 192 ) , v o l . I l l , » f f . ,

who&e f l g u r e a a r e u /e d be low .

1 2 0 . " d . A f r . " 2 , 1 .

1 2 1 . )4 , 4 ; c f . 2 9 i 1* f o r f r a t e r n i z a t i o n between w n e s j r 'a c a v a lry and

.-ab ien u e ' ^ o u ls a .d Oern -ua; ) », 2 ; ) ; v io aL I I I , 4 , 2 .

122. . A f r . " 2v , 1 .

12) . 72, 3 ; Dio a L I I I , 4 , 1 .

124. "b. A f r . " 6 8 , 4 .

123. 48, I j c f . 23 , 2 ; 36, 4; 93 , 3t 93 , 2 | 96; App. " ti .O ." IV, 7 , 34,

2 )0 - 3 ; Dio aL I I I , 3 , 1 - 4 . -o r o H t l u e , c f . tfOnzer, " jv .b ." 111a ,

1927 , 4v9 f f . in o . 31 .

1 2 6 . K lebe , " X .o ." I l l , 18^7, 378 f . (no . 2 ) .

127. " n . U ie p ." 7 , 4 - > .128. lonh lT . r a , " oi:.. l e t . le . ozieue" 1 96 3 /4 , 1 3 , u . 1, p r e f e r s the

r e a d in g o f Kom aen t h r t g iv e s on ly one " l e g l o u e rn a c u la " ; u a r c i a y

b e l l i d o , " -eov ." 1 9 )6 , 2 2 2 , accc t a two " l e g lo n e s u e rn - icu lae" . Xhe

nvuaber La n o t o f s,uch consequence h e r e , a l th o u g h th e r e la no re a so n

to assume t h a t b ecau se v :ie3 f>r ( ’" . 3 ." I I , 2> , 4) mention# only a

s i n g l e " u e m a c u la " u n d e r . n r r o , t h a t th e r e w«s n o t « second by t h i s

d a t e . There were e l vea in th e s e l e g io n o (' • 4I s p . 12 , I ; f o r

o th e r s l a v e s in l e g i o n s c f . 34, 2 . a,. . "4.C* 13, 1> , 4 .7 ,

where t h e i r t r a i n i n g t e a l td to hnve l a s t e d l o r fo u r y e « r s ; c f . 12 ,

87, 3 6 6 >.129 . Cf. the " e y u lte s omari | .rti.n ex urbe pai-tla f x prowincl* ad a i l i a

III" who f e l l a t Jiunda (" t i . " l a p . " 31, 9)»

13b. App. "B .C ." I I , 12 , 87 , 3U>.

1) 1 . " v . n i a p , " l b , b ; 33, ) i 36 , 3t 4v,.

1 ) 2 . , lo AJ 111 , > , ) .1 3 ) . A i i l l l , )C, 1 . K lebe ( 1 . c . n . 12b above . ' , h lc e ziol^es ( 1 ^ 3 , v o l .

I l l , 343. n . 1) and i o e a n e l l i (193 ,* 137, n . 1 ) deny t h i s , but sadden

changes o f oluei* in ouch wars are not unknown. I t may be noted that

in an I n t e r n a l d i s p u t e in f n o a , o g u d , ( l e b s , " i 11* 189 '7|

/ b u 8 f • .... *

fe ( n o . 2 ) , who had r e n d e re d J a e e iu a aeaJutHixce in 4'/ ii .C .

(„%. A ie x ... ^ - 9 ) and A rab lo (h le b e ' V . 11, I t / v , ^ 5 ) , whose

men had been t r a i n e d by th e eons o f »oapey t c f . *pp . " b ,U .!' IV, / ,

y ; f 2 ) 4 ) , o u ^ p o r te d e x t i u s , the v a e s a r iu n go v e rn o r o f h um id la .

1) 4 . " h . t l o p . " ) -» 1 *

1 )5 . 32. 2 .3)6 . 2, 2 - ).1) 7 . l v , ) •1 )8 . Dio XL11I, ) b , 1*

1) 9 . " d . h i s p . " ) v , 1 .

l 4w. apy. "111." 3. 13.141. " a . - . " 11. l b , H U , 46w.

142. I l l , 3 , 24 , 92 .

i y . . 4 t . » r , H I . 1 ' 1 1 " 1 - U o - y>>-J o . . " o . J . " 1. IV. I V . 2 1 7 , " A .J . " . IV . 11 . 1 . 268 . f o r o « t l P. t . r .

c f . above p . 2 0 .w o XI m , 27. >. fo r 0 , 0 0 0 , 1 .™ . C p . l t o l c h „ i o . l u . in W o), c f .

A l tn .la > u tW ia . 1. 176-., l o d . . . . . . . v . lo tT „ c ..u> h n . t n , I n W c o r r o . p o o l . n c . . 1 t h . 1 h i . t r l . l h . t c r .

vaeo«r (C ic . '^ e io t . ,

146. CiC. " A t t . " AlV, i , ) .

144.

145.

111. :H;. "AtiXlLLi'* Ut Ti. Li.Tti KK. Ut: VAJ. «. ■ L J ;L. *:i., L jVh.- lUh .

v i c e r o 1 wsa a b le to c u c t iK u te »ntony f o r s u r ro u n d in g h im e e lf

w ith e bodyRUkrd o f i t u r a e a n e , wven in tho B enu te .

Hie f \ r u t lu r ^ c c r n c e i i t . r u t i t n i t ro o j ie " t i te r the d e a th c f

w.ai iwed a t tn e b a t t l e o f • - t , . . a in 4 ) h .U . In a ayoech jiut 1:. -«

•o u t . . UJ J l / , v i c e r o eccu o ed an tony o l ru in g b a r b a r i a n truo^-a ^ - a n a t

U a l , . o i » U - r c h - r , . « o c c u r In U tc . ro - h l n o . t f . o n e . V.orc u . . c o n c r c t .

n l . r . i c t , o . u l . unu . . . r .ono . untonjr M l . to .ucno« t r o a «uttn&

.M b > A C e V M rj , U.M7 Ol t h . a UMTO.d-'. a o r o c . M . u to r . c r u l t MI. 1}

01» n L lg . l o r e b « r « a on c o u n t ry o a t . t . . md to k ln , . “o m . c m n , h o ,a n M " 0 .

y a t e r . w s a u n P r u t u n ' - . u r l l l . r f n o o fo c t . - i to h i - / . A f te r J o ln ln . U i I d u .

in J n u l . v i to n y m o . h i . to m t u r n t> U n l y « n h , c . l r y .

o i o ' t e f o r u v w t u t , c t ... . - r l y t v e t t o . n o o t t U t l . . .

o . t . . i M . M . 0 1 . t o . i n o , . r An tony* ■ . . . , . . M t m u o.ruo.1 . . . u l r , .

M , . r o V' M d . t h . t . r c u . r o . r . , .1m I n . l - d . « 1 " " * » t " ^ ^

uuober o , ■ • e u x i i a . . . o n . " ” . o . „ h i . - U o c . l r y t r u .

to b in . . . . . - f t - r . . . M . fo rc e d . tl»r . ! n , . • - b .o b V ^ - r ' • '•

had a t a u t r a i n e d a )u rr,o numb r o f g i ^ l U ^ r a .

L v .n t= n e x t t r . n e ' , r . d to t o . - h e r . t h . t r l c l r . « = u . . d

H a rcu . b ru tu n end i M o l u . o f . . . k i n , t h . . . . l . t . o c . o f h . r b M , . n . 1 .

A p p l . . U l i e to t h . . 0 , 1 ' l o r y f o r c e , o f Brutun « f o l l o w ,

- 35 -

LiX v u l ; l c Wid

Lusitttn iw * i-T v }

>v .V Ihraclixn ,

i l i y r i w i ,

16i a r t h i n i a x i " *»nd

. h e a a a l i b k c a v a l r y .

J J .u , r K, 17 h. d h . hud l l 8h t - « r « . d t r o « t * ^ d - r e h . r s . » . ' - d

u l . c r e c r u i t e d two l . E i o n . o f h . c e d o n l . n . who. be bed t r a i n e d in th e b e e n

w v l £ . - l n t . r « h W r e c o r d , h i . . o s u U i t l o n o f c l r , in ten d ed f o r

D o i a . l l . . end h i . b e t n r - r r - l n . d . . . I b t e h c . b , c l i e n t k i n , . .

20;w ,elum wan aeAicna-i t n e f o l lm . in* by »

2 . VC dpan iah and

U a l l l c c a v a l r y ;

4vL'- "h i^ i-o to x o tao - raoa*

OeleM and

a r t h l a n e ,

5r-jO C avalry f r v cha c i l e r . t k ! 0 |'v j f .a u t l »

» lu r^ c t c r c e o f i n l ' i i t r . IT ™ t , e * a .u rc o .

3 . c e . e l r , end f r o . o io l . c m t h a t be . c e n t r e d d- of d d l . b . l i . ' .

c . a l r . I,. u , r i . t .gethw r - i t . , i u o i n n . b d B U t i c c a r p o r t .f i ^ t t o d . u r . 1- .

hod . c o r n e d . ' o . w ' . u n .u c c e .n . 'u l . t t . « r t to l e t , . r t h l « e ld .

C e c l l l u n b u e u . , d r . c . . « d n o . , - t h l - t r - c . b u t t h e , h .d n o t . t . , .

ion* enough t o r e n d e r h i . e f f . c t i . e n i d ^ . , - t o , n u o b .r o f —/ " h l p p c to x o ta e '

I

- 36 -

h l j p o t o i o w * " h e d j o i n e d - a e e l u e .h e n he d e f e a t e d U o l a b e l l a , a p p a r e n t . ,

n u n o f f i c i a l b a a l o . A ,p l a n ' 5 e u , . t h a t I ! . . , e r e a t t r a c t e d t o h i *

e c a o a - o f t h e r e p u t a t i o n he h a d Rained a * v r a a a u . ' q u n e e to r b e f o r e t h e

j a t t l e o f e a r t h . . . V heo. . e a a i u a a e n t back t o t n . k l n K o f a r t . , l a . . 1 t h

, r e q u e o t f o r a l a r f e r f o r c e o f a u x i l i a r i e s , h o o v e r , t h e n , a r r l . e u to o

, „ t e ' " . t h e i r n . i n - . a r t l c i p i t i o n l a c o n f ,n e e d i n a p p l x n 'a ' M d o u n t o l

n r u tu e a n d e a a i u a a f t e r t h e i r f i n a l d e f e a t , f . t he » c r i b e . t h e . a

t o t a l o f Z o .u o t. c a e a l r y . * l c h c a n o n ly be d e r l e e d f r o . t h e f l n - u r e . *1» a

e a r n e r I f t h e t w - " h i p p o t u x o t a . " ^ i n c l u d e d . - r e . u a a b l y o n ly 'n o n -

o f f i c i a l " r . r t h l a n 'h i o t o , o t , » " - e r e I n c lu d e d In t h e i t " " u l d

a p p e a r t h a t t h e . a r t h l a n a . e r e n o t a . y e t p r .o e r e d t o . c e l t t n . a , a

t o o p en e a e i a t a n c e o f a d e a n - n e r a l . • 'O c o rd .n x t o d o a e p h u .

r e c e i e i n . , „ . t t a : c . f r o . h i in r e t u r n .h e n r e - » — — '

in c o n t r a 1 o f t n . k in d o . , da ■ • o t . i . l l , : .ceo h i . in eon,.and of a f ~ »

f o r . , o f i n f a n t r y a n . . . . r „ end e o e l .n e d h i . t r i b u n e , p r . a u a a b l , -

= 11 i t t r y e x p o r t s .

. uch le i .a l a k e n al . f . au .............— t - t r l u a v l r u a t

, h U l p 1 . i h e . b d i a n . d y = i - . . r e o a l d ' to n o been f r i e n d l y t o

v . e a , f h i a l a n o t a u r p r l a l n . . In r i b . o f the harnh t r e a t . . «

t o t , n l a n had t .e o u p p o r t o f a o ~ t * a c e d a .o o n la n . . -d .aacupo lio

b r o t h e r , and j o l n t - r u l e r o f i h r . o e , Hhoanud, u o t . l e d to Pfa

Vr

- 57 -

.55Antony wore c r e d i t e d w i th 1 3 .U X c n w » l r , '

In th e y e a r a f t e r *♦! U ctuv len fought *<• Antuniu#*

t!ie b r o th e r o f . ^ r k -m tony , In tn e t e r u a i n e ^ a r . ^ n t l o n l a a a ie in

g e n e ra l terr-n o f L. « n t m i u s ' c a v a l r y : he wae a b le to d e sp a tc h a r a i d i n g

p a r ty o f <KXAi horse d u r in g th e s ie g e o f r e r u s i a ( i e r u g l a ) and the c a v a lry

o f the n n to n in e g e n e r a l s s u p p o r t i n g L uc ius was s a id to have numbered

650U a f t e r th e h o s t i l i t i e s had ceased h i s g l a d i a t o r s ren d e red him

u : e l . l s e r v i c e ^ . Nothing has s u rv iv e d c o n ce rn in g U c ta v ia n 's a u x i l i a r i e s .

Though th e c o n te n t between >»xtue 1 o sp e iu o and the t r i u i v i r s

which er. h d t a b a t t l e ' f .u lo ch u r in ,4 n . . . was l . r e ly n a v a l , bo th

o f

.. . , , . r . l u o ' r e c r u i t s w -re , « * " : ! . o r f r e s ^ m m t , tu o , and were drswn

f ^ . , I t . l y ^ . w h ile s t i l l in „ u i n In 45 . . . he » ,d been j o l n . d by

„r ' io , . u . .„ .K „ K ln i r o . . . - r ^

'

' *

= . . ^ : n o f . . f r f o A ^ t n . r ho U U r d o c ,fo d to r o h d . r

l i e t - e m d K ^ t d i c n trooM» 1" s a l l y . , v t 1 " U ^

'

'

u e t . v l u i . on th o o t h e r h .n d . . » ^ d to , t h . r 20 . ^

„ d n o r . thnn ^ U g n c ^ . d t r o o p , i n . I c i l / • » •

troop - \ -r c u r t ly ir « 1 fro,.-, thooe brought to him when rompeiuo'

5v0 c e v a lr y , and 2 v ^ *>. ; ' i oi$ i >:< K * t ^ o o .

Ihaaa e u s t be ran -r.o v o lu n teered from or we i t d ra fted from c o lo n ie s in

It *. . , but not e n r o lle d in uct v an' i l e , o n e . ihe a u x i l i a r i e s in c lu d ed

)Ula - we hear o f araour b ea rers who p ro te c ted u ctav ian from th e r a in

b/ holdin*, a dal l i e s h ie ld over him - a n . U en a n a , who were fr ig h ten ed

fc, the v o lc a n ic -n ie e u o f Mt. -tua" . 'hen he u n ited the fo rces o f

r .iapelus and Lepiduo a f t e r .'uu lochue, c t vi oi hnd 2^, ^ cavalry on I

'

47'

d n ir a l , r r nodorun, ie n e r tcd to him . lUUv o th ers were w ith him when

►.e f i r t landed in i c i l y . Vn th a t o c ca s io n he was accompanied by

. on -e 1 u# rtnmpvd t ■ e sc f e . < f i t e r t > n n e d tw o p l a n e .

and > v v l i* n t-w r -e d troop s4y

siajivtiiti >l ualiAtia who ii/id i > ^ c* *1 r / •

Tike a u x i l l t r l e ol " ' *. 1 °

the c . v i l wurii o f the t ' r iu«! 1 *• *' u c

i .

to r ed the r - th e r « n

...-ct «.d t r i u m v i r a t e may n 'a 1 e

uiv iert - en m ti ’ rth lan fr n t .JO

/i<eferrnc«*

r.etVrtNiCr'*' 1. 1 r - l re idy t r*n t de t.) the f e e t t h a t , l e f a r e t!.e t . t t l e

o f t h i l l , p i , x as iu e r-'d ;ient h i s x r t h l a n t n c p e Lt-cK tc the 1’n r t h i a a

51k in . , wit> »« r t ^ u e c t f u r a l * r t e r f o r c e . * , Ion r - urt<. t r » t when t-.i ti

f o r c e i n v e r t r f t e r tt< i t r Vu, ~ y r le nd o t . . . r n e - r r / r e a s .

he doen no t ewke c l e a r .«ow tu o e te m IL ly « l l l e d fo rc e tu rn e d i n t o enemies

und c u te rx t- t t l v e d s n : . .# . i e . . ir th l* hnwever, can h a rd ly t,c o th e r

52thon th o se whv eccoe . : i*d . . e t i e n u s i n t o v / r l n end . . s i s l in ^ r in the

w in te r I * l/4o o .v # •aw t w to ie m w ' / e c i « e ,u a > t io n ws», *nu whet a l e

53re lu t l> o o ." . ir to t e ..rti.aan*. »&a, i s *awi ouw cure ' , h u t the a s s i s t a n c e

ren d e red to r.ir. by the . a r t i i w.«t , r r..- ,,/ed fro.'* t c t r a d i t i o n a l

.A .tteru vt the t .u x i* l . j . r iu s ul th e - : -u.. t . ? r t ; n»d u r t te e n

pre ire.i t o » s s - o t . o , *<r eve?. u; ly uul »t . t i u l way, ,md were

n.-w iu te rv e o in , •'» the -r* t r •s the i t u t . 1 < .n i c . f jccd r.tooy

w.-.en he 4s*»w e - r e . . a .1 i t y f r I # < • r *-’ ■ 0* AI1 . i r e ,

-»oce i n d l c ' ‘t«c;t^ r .u rv lv e c . ; e r n i r .w th e r o l e i th e "eu:-.i i«

in r i s i - r t t a n e d , t i o n a . «•#, o r «eu t . d . u s , r a t r c • iu a t

t i .e . e r t z . i a n * on i. u , u< m l f . » t .-e sL«. s » t d e c i d e d U' s i i j ^ i r t Herod

of wu<v*e« w*tn .vj,h*n . r u o r .. , »;» z.id v i.e. v / *r nr.ur . « roe

Uu*t c u - , , r ia * d » t l e a s t f i v e .v . .. cch r t s • -e o. r t s , i f uot v,

l u l l Avsan _u«,aon,.r.' %* -ore yi e u . . -v 1 1 ' ut- t r . 4* :vi ut.i..

drawn m W a i n - a v c o h o r t 1 - U * . In j ••♦rod r e c e iv e d t - o l ^ t o n s

tmu s th o u ssn d c a v a l r y ^ , .h* c - v n l r y u s t n v« t e . n s u x i l i s r l e s . * -d

vowopnua Iw te r s a y s o f f i v e "■ ir.ort. t t t oy had r r c e t l y been

r e c r u i t e d in w / r i u an-i d i d u c . tn - $ r. L s t i i i e n i h of t .e is o n e l

, t r ^ope . • • • • •

— «

56 «n .7 t h t ' -.omnnt. t»Ui p o r te d H erod w i th ”cuvi;ir> and i n ! an try t r o o p s ' • ^'

, ]L ««n«r« s p e c i f i e d s s t . o l e g io n s unci » c o n s id e r a b le fo rc e o f

. j r l s n n u . U i u r l e n ^ . » h e t l e r t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n i s meant to In p ly t h a t

t n e "I,-, o n . " In t h i n c u e . - e r e n o t c o . p r l . e d o f S y r ia n r e c r u i t , cannot

I , d e f i n i t e l y d e c id e d . I t e u s t have been num ber, r a t h e r tnen q u a l i ty

o r n a t i o n a l i t y t h a t o o u o te d .

duch s e r e t h e m i l i t a r y m e asu re , tak en t i s e c u re one a r e . o f

s t r a t e g i c im p o r tan ce in a c o n f r o n t a t i o n w ith l a r t h l a . A n to n , s e t t l e d

• • 1 * . SUCk

d e t a i l , concern inf m i l i t a r y e r r , , , . r e n t s r u r e l e e . » t the end 0 , 17 he

p r o f i t e d f r o . , n i n t e r n a l P n r t h l n n d i m e n s i o n which re a U e d In e e v e ra l

P a r t r i a n n o b l e , and t h e i r fo l lo w e r , j o i n i n g him. b u t an t h e i r c h ie f f ig u r e

was l a t e r a llow ed to r e t u r n t o P e r t h ! . , i t i s n o t known w hether any

'

some o f th e s u k i U n r i e . whom h - h a , in d - . l a In t 6 . T h e . , in c lu d e d

lO.OtXJ Spanish and O a l ) l c b l c a . n l r y . d e s c r ib e d as

.^ d l l g h t . n r . s u t r o o p , o f o t h e r H v , . In a l a t e r . . . ^ d - i -

tn ro w .ro .and s l l n f . r . a r e named, - t o n , wno ^ p o r t s d b , ma.^ s l l i s d

k in g s , o n . o f who. was .o l .m o n o f . o n t « « • th e - t im p o r tan t how s.e r

. a . a r ta v n s d e u o f A r m e n i a (who however l a t e r l e f t h i s in th e lu rc h

b ro u g h t 6 , 0 c a v a l r y 0*' and 7 , 0 I n f a n t r y , - e . e u o n tin , . n t . o f th e a l e

k in g s o re p r s n u a .b ly , he r e d d e d an 1 - I n , p a r t o f th e f ig u r e o l'* f 1 K . a « « •

J

((

<, | t , . a t e ex. e d i t i o n ..a t ay l o j t 4vUO c a v a l r y , und i a t e r e o t ng ly

t l a a e d hU d e f e a t on t!a? l a c k o f a bu! i i c l e n t l y l a r g e fo r c e o f c a v a l r y and

65a rc h e r* •

ilie non—c l v i l a•s.ra in th^ e a t t ' ' i t o f ft»et <j i t >njr tt * u r tj»*wu

:aapAltn» were l a r g e l y c o n f i - r .d to U m l , U p tln u n i I l l y r i c u a r / . ir.ey

. e r e on a e m a i l* r s c a l e , and n o th in G has su rv iv e d co n ce rn in g a u x i l i a r i e s

involved in them.

Ixi th e - t s e r c e o f A ppiac, i l u t a r o h i e ou r a.ain source X^r the

■

'

. „ r i t r * u « n ' ■ r a t , L.-I- . . . « . . t r u t o . U - . t • " » ! • ' S r‘ ''*“

.

H u t rc h 7 f i v - n f c l l o - l - » ' " " f kh0 “ *

to At.tony o r ner.t him ei ».* * r f' •

jo e c h u . 01 . I t j u ( . f o r tc ,-W r • . u . - . t - n l . . .

. . r c o a o . , 0 , U n . o . n . o l r . d « - r o f . . r o o r d ; o f A V e U .

n re a n ia u e 1 i c i a ,

i . i i l a d s l l :<ut. . f a .n ' n i l,

i i i t n r i d a t e a o f Goeunagene,

•j tdu lae u t .’h r . ic e ,

. olemon oi onfcue,

i.alcnue o f «»rabia,

norod o f Judaea,

Airyntos o f Lycaonin a n d m la t ia ,

the h ed es.71he a loo s t a c e a t h a t a s a t o t .m c e had teen promised by Uicornea o f the (A»tae ,

7? 73and th at witony had 1 2 ,vt. v> ca v a lry ' and waa ab le to p u t 2v jv arc he reyll

on board fo r the naval enta& eaent. Dio adds the niuoeo o f oth er a l l i e a l

iambiicnuto, afi .irab, who war. to r tu red fo r auepected trea ch ery , and

75the i ./e ia n a , who d eaerted t v c to v la n >,

and m entions a fo r c e o f g la d .a to r a ' a t dyzicua t h a t refrained lo y a l

to the end ,

Further Item* o f i n f o r m a t i o n can b e g a th e r e d c o n c e rn L it, some o f theme77

a l l i e s , itiiladelph um o f , aph lagon la went over to c ta v la n . Antony

hoped to e n l i s t o th er Threeiano B esid es th ose th at ca se w ith -wdula :

according to Dio76 he s e n t to Ihrace and .a ce io n ia for m ercen aries. At

f i r s t e ig h t i t may appear a tr a n ,e to put Macedonia in the L ast, but I t

i s so c l a s s i f i e d in A u ta r c h 7 ' in the p a ss-g e re ferred to above, where

the ^ s t , which i s g iv en as A n t o n y ’ s sphere o f in f lu e n c e , i e mode to

reach I l l y r i a . The c o n tr ib u tio n o f Herod o f Judue. wan sm a ll, and -a*

d iv er ted to - v a b l .8 0 , om ynt.s and P e io t .r u . d e fe c te d w it., th e ir o a l s t ia n .

to U ct«v ian d l . ine , edee were presumably those fo r whom Antony had

..c h a n s .d Ko« d . o l d i . r o . i t h t h . i .d x c h k in ,, in J3 b .d . .

in t h . . b o . . H o t t h . r . l o no X .n t io n o f . . o t . r n o o . i l i a r l . . .

, . , . 01 . 11, 0 . 111 , .n d . .n a n t .r , c o . n l r , . - n o t .d . b o . . -n to n , h « i

/ l U t U W . . . . .

t Z4 i_ A .

1 0 ,0 0 0 o f theoo on h lb P a r t h i a n e x p e d i t io n in % o . ^ . , JU* which he lo o t

a t o t a l o f 4Uuo c a v a l r y . i h i e meonn t h a t a t l e a s t 6oou o f th e Oaule

and S p a n ia rd s were s t i l l a v a i l a b l e , a f t e r th e d e a th o f C le o p a t r a ,

u c ta v ia n gave I o ro d Oaule who had s e rv e d a s h e r bodyguard \ which3 s

i s a n o th e r i n d i c a t i o n t h a t j a u l s were a v a i l a b l e to «n tony . H o ra ce 's "

r e f e r e n c e to th e d e f e c t i o n o f " G a l l i " to O c tav ia n a t th e b a t t l e o f

A ctiua -

" a t hue f r e m e n t ia u e r t e r u n t b i s a i l l e equos

G a l l i c a n e n te u G aeanreo" -

i s conwonly0" e q u a te d w ith t h a t o f th e G a la t i a n s under xmyntas and

J e i o t a r u s m entioned ab o v e . I t i s t r u e t h a t o u l i i can r e f f r to

G a la t i a n s in L a t i n l i t e r a t u r e 7 , b u t a t f i r s t e i g h t the meaning o f Gaula

would be th e n a t u r a l e , e s p e c i a l l y s in c e they chan ted tr.e name of

C aesa r , i t i s p o s s i b l e , th e n , to take t h i s passage a s a r e f e re n c e to

G a l l i c , r a t h e r th a n u a l a t i a n , c a v a l r y in a t o n y ' s army, un g e n e ra l

grounds th e p re se n c e o f w es te rn s u x i l l a i s x >«>t 1 .

R eference h a s a l r e a d y been made to the d e f e c t i o n s o f a u x i l i a r i e s

f r o . Antony to G c t s v la n . V eta v ia n had some o u s t . r n s u p p o r te r s o f h i s

o„n , auch « , . u r , e l . o t h . . A . r o l . o f t h . DaoUn C o tU o U

n o t o l . a r . a c c o rd in g t o U le8 t h . U a c l .n . hod approached v c t a r . a n . b u t

f a l l i n g In t h . l r r . o u c a t a , had gone o » . r t o A n to n j . u l th o u t h o a a .a r

r e n d e r in g him any re.-il a a a l a t n n c e , J iue ton lua r e t a i l , en l i e

an to n ln o propaganda a g a in . t u c t a . l a n . t h a t he had b e t r o th e d h i . d a u g h te r

d u l l , t o d o t l a o 9 1 , "(ietaruffl r a a " . T hea . r e f e r e n c e , t " m c la n . end u . t a n a .

- ■» fy ■"

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fl(ike jLt l i k e l y t h a t b o th xn t ny and C c tav la n f d l t i t n ecesn a ry to s e c u re ,

i f no t the a c t i v e c o - o i t e r a t i o n , a t l e a s t th e n e u t r a l i t y o r fav o u r o f t h i s

a r e a on th e low er Janube a s *jart o f t h e i r o v e r - a l l o trn* ; j . I t l a

u n l ik e ly t h a t th e n e g o t i a t i o n s r e e u l t e d in th e a c t u a l d is p a tc h o f

a u x i l i a r i e s . N othing more Cun be re c o v e re d ab o u t U c tev Ian ’s " a u x l l l a " ,

ex ce p t t h a t / l u t a r c h V2 c r e d i t s h in w ith abou t the same number o f c a v a lry

as ,uitony had , which was l . ’,tvA .

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ju itony .

2 . Ulo XLV, 2 2 , 4 .

3 . C f. C l , " L a t . " 1962 , 37 .

4 . C ic . " h i l . " V, 2 , 6 .5 . rhua . o l l i o to C ic . ( ” > • « ." a , 33. *♦>. B ru tu s (X l, l u , 5 - 4 ;

s t a t e s - . a t he had o n ly a sm a ll band o f I n f a n t r y , b u t oany " e q u i t e s " .

6 . XI, lc» 3# ^7 . A,.y. ’‘b .C ." i l l , 14, >7, 4v2 . f o r e c i f tu s b ru tu e , c f . i Unxer, " . t .b ."

v u p p l . / , 1931. 37 f f* in * .

6 . , l u t . •hvnt.” l b , 4 .

9 . aLV, 15, 4 ; aLVI, 37, 2 .

l u . " . h i l . ” V, 17, 4 6 .

1 1 . " L r u t . ” 1 , i c , ? .

12 . app . " b .C ." H i . 19 , 47, 4 2 .

13 . H I , %, 4 ; , 2vvl.

14. IV, 2 , 8 , , 3 .

13 . 11. 6 6 , 373 .1 6 . f o r th e a r t n i n l , c f . above, p . i f

17. " b .C .” IV, l o , 73 , 316.

I d . i b i d . ; I l l , 11 . 79 , 324 .19. " B r u t . " 2 3 . f o r D o la b e lU , c f . unRer, • • » n v •

(n o . l 4 l ) .

2v . " B .C .” IV, 11 , 6 8 , 573.

21 . C f. C ic . ” / h i l • ” XI, 15, 53.

.7 6 , 5 , 710 , , . U . 2 . % t - r t h . . = « . . » ! » t h a t

a . n » . > , ~ . - ~ ~

V»ilo y , ) S . ___ a.

2 ^ . iV, 8 , 59, 257 .

2 6 . 8 , 63 , 2711 c f . ^ io W V 1 U , 24 ,

J 7 . " k . c . " aV, 17 , 1^3, 5 5 8 .

2 8 . 14, iv b , 454; 17, 133, 3 3 / .2 v . uoe . " b . v . " 1, 11. 4 , 2251 11 . 6 , 2 3 w; o f . H . 6 ,

288 f f . j 15, 1 1 , 452 . v f . o u c h h e U , 196 , 6 3 .

3 0 . /.pp. " l . v . ” IV, V, 6 5 , 277 .

3 1 . i ’l u t . " b r u t . " 41 .

3 2 . npp. " b . u . " IV, 11. 67 , 369.

3 3 . 14, iv b , 4 >4.3 4 . V, 4 , y . 117; 4 , y , 1 2 8 ; 6 , 5- . 2 US.

3 5 . 4 , y , 117; 4 , 3 3 , 134; ->uet. 'V ug . 14 .

3 6 . . p p . " b . u . " IV, 1 1 , 6 5 , 3 ,5 ; 7 2 ’3 7 . IV, 11, 63 , 348. t o r . r u h lo , c f . M tore, p . 3 3 , n . / J i

3 8 . 7 , 5 4 , 234 f f .

39 . V, 12, 113, 474.

4u . V, 3, 23, 1 ^ '41 . 6 , 56 , 239; 12. l l v , 457; 12, H 3 . 4?4 .

T ; . — « ' • <v- i w - 896 ” •

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45. 1 2 , 117, 465 f .

46. 13, 127, 5 2 6 .

47. 1 1 , 9b , 4u6 .

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f . th e d i s c u s * io n in ;;uchheini, l ‘>b * V5 f f .

v06e I , 1 u , 2 ). ; ) v i - Jo ee p h u c ' o c tu ,1 words a re

• ' t b a lan c e d by f iv e Veniah c o h o r t s .

" m. w. " XIV, li?, 7 , 4 )4 ; "h .v i ." 1, 16, b , 317, Where t

i s u sed .I , 1^ , 1 , 3^4 , where t i i-nd tC-v t-.. t m r 11uztSv

•ire th e words u s e d , vavai . c , . . . 1 0 2 , re^ rd s th ese

S y r ia n s hs f o r e i : ,nert i r - i te d in t t.'.e 1*> to f .s •

SOS. " A .J . " AiV, l b , 1 , 4 6 . ; "i 1, 17, 2 , V 7 ; 9 , 346; where

and r *

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i s to be p r e f e r r e d .

X , I t >2 , 2 .C f . - c t o U t h . - n . r , 195% 1«9 t o r t h . p . r . * c t l » . In

which u c t a v i u n 'n I l l y r i a n c .a . " 1 , n" * r . t o .» y l . w . a .

" A n t ." 36 , 4 ; c f . A o L, 6 , 3 .

1991 (1 b ' t j , 3>9*

1 9 V , 8 . ." a n t . " 61 , 1 . >or docchue/hogud , c f . s o a u s e l l i , 177 , 1 ^

. b o w , p . i s ■ . ^ . » • ' » * ■

IV n , 1 9 .2 , 2297 tr. or . . r c h . l « » , o f . v U c k .n , • ,

1895, 4S1 (n o . 1 5 ) . t o r < ,» l " t „ r u o ) . h i V d . l p h u s , c f . IH .W .

IV. 19V1, 2404 ( n o . 4 ) . t o r « i t h r t d . t . . . c f . c y . r . _

aV. 19) 2 . 2 .1 1 f . (n o . » . t o r o . d a l a . c f . - b o . . . p . ^ •

t o r . o l . c o n c f . . 80 . . . P . . t o r t o l c h u a . c f . - b o , , p . 2 , .

to r A.nyntna. c f . . l o v e . *

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>1 l u t . " o p t . " 63, *♦. For U lcoueo, o f . t i r e n d le , " k . l . " V, 19v3, 3i>b

(who p r e f e r b to r e c ord him ao a 1 /ac ian ; .

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7}. 64, 1 .pk 1 1 1"', 7# }o r la m b l ic h u a , o f . -A e in , " h . . ' Ia» 1 14, 6 5j f . <no« 1^.

73 . Uio L I , 2 3 .76. L I , 7 , 1 . Of. Ap.,e " b . j . " v , 14 , 13 7 . 571} Jo&. " b . J . " I , 2 0 , 2 , 392.

7 7 . Uio L, 13» 5»

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62. Uio ALU, 44 , 2 .

8 3 . Uf. p . * 08 4 . J o e . " b . J . " I , 2 0 , 2 , 3v7; ha . J . " AV, 7, 3. •8 5 . . . .y o d ." 9 . 17 f . t u u r . o f 2 VV C - . o b . l o u o l , no t b . Pr . « . d .

8 6 . C f . e . g . T e rn , "«•>*. 1 i--, •

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t h in k , o f t h . . ' .n n o n lo n . , . h o , . c c o r d t . . , t . . . i l . l u . . h .d . m d£

o f d u c l p l l - . - h lo h t c c o u ld c m , h . . . f i . in e d f r o . « t . n . i . .

c o M p .r . t lo n .1 t h t h . . o , m . . . - u . U U r t . . . - c h . , c d —

.b ou t iu v .o v v i n f . m t r , .n d - - e * * . ' - r , .

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l i u . - . t ' j - l l " ^ » r . f r . e d . e n .h n e u - u e t u . hod d r . f t . d t o h e lp — t t n .

,c» r h - n = , . A ' d l . t l n . t l o n . = * ’• » / ^ . . u . t o n l u . .

,ho r e r . U r e f e r , t , ' I r r i o n e n i , . r . . q u . . u . U l o r u . cop loo" .

g n t o r t u n e t . l , V . l l . l u . d o . , n o t . . . . t h . . 1 . . - < -> •»> •«

u , a l , . h . a o . . e . r f r o . 4 o ^ - m o . o f . c . r U l n o ^ » v ! x U

V)< .n o d l . t l n , u u n . d n u . . l f . . T o h . n i , h . . . . . . r e i n , - . 0 .1 1 U

f r o . t h . i o n , w r . 10. .h l« n n o e u . . m . l n l - b r o t h e r , h .d to

th e , 00. 0. . a . , l t h n u . . n ^ h e . e r u .d t h . t he . . . — « ‘ he . u x l l U r l e .

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. e e i e . . h . n o t h . e . h « n . c i n d e r o f . t r l h . l e o n t l n ^

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o * . t : • U c t o r y . ‘ hen « e l iu » ^ i l u & e e t u t n h i s r u b U n ex; e d i t i o n In

1>i#ie he ear a cc o s t ,u n iea by ab .u t 1 .w L I n f a n t r y , who* - t r u b o

d e sc r ib e * as noeume tro^. . ^ , 1 , -ho e e r r , r . s u * * b l j c ^ l n l y l e fci o n . r l e e ,

a:.a w e i r a l l i e s . *l.s l a t t e r c o a . r i s e d b-^- h a b a ts e a n a -v.d > J sw a .

.,06e .h u s 41 s t a t e s t h a t th e > 0 J a v a - e r e leke 1 sen f r o a i t e m d 'e b odyguard .

auen e t r o n l u a , a# t r e f e c t o f t j p t , r e p e l e d an / I tk lo p la a

ettaCK on r.Gjpt by ln t» d L n , t h i o p i a h e r s e l f in ?•* b . C . t he took l e a s than

1U.0 0 0 i n f a n t r y and bov c a v a l r y . f a l n s t . f o rc e a l l c . e d t o number 3 0 .0 0 0 .

o t r a b o ^ g ive* th e t o t a l fu rc e u o f -t iyp t a* 3 l o t io n s , and ) c o h o r t s -

. r t ' x t h r e e of which - e r e e s t a t l i a h e u in .iyene

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a t ta c k e d by the E t h io p i a n s 4 i h c r e - e r e a l s o * u n i t s of c a v a l ry -

I Cat - a t d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s of th e p r o v in c e , ih e c a v a i r y o f

tn . province were c l e a r l y s u x i l i - r i c n . but the Character o f the c o h o r t .

canr.ot be e a s i l y . . t . . L i l s h e d . i ^ t . t r a b o c a l l s th en "o f neon

t n a t t h e , c o n s i s t e d o f n o n - lo c a l s o l u i . r o d r a f t e d away f r o . t h e i r h o a * s .

a c t n e c e s s a r i l y t n a t they . e r e c «ro*e<l o f ^ - a n c i t i m n s .

.h e n S i b e r i a , went to . m e d i a in 20 L . J . he — — ‘■ ted **

a r c n r l a u s o f . ; .1,>ad ,.c lak\ i t * « , » . c a u s e d t n a t th e kln% p ro v id e d

t r o o p s .

a u x i l i a r i e s in tr.e »»t e re n e x t heard o f in J o s e p h u s ' a c c o u n ts

o f th e t r o u b l e s t h a t b roke >ut in 4 b . , . when th e J e - l e h E r c t e l a u .

succoeded h i s f a t h e r nerod in J u d a e a , a r c n e la u a U s a id to have s o r t

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n " t r Lbuua * l t & * coh >rt" i n t o i r l v t l n , , aiob In Jerua^lC"- tu r e * to r «

i r d e r , b u t In a,>lte o f the >oitan-e. und ing te rm s •a .p loyed , th* r e f e r e n c e

Hint h#f to tn e r - y e l v e^ tn h t r o o p s . h«in th e 1* e r lm l . r o c u r a t o r o f

jfrUi, b in u n , a t te m p te d t*» gn ln t 'o e s e s s io n f h o ro d ’ a t r e a s u r e u ^ a ln a t

the o r d e r s o f .a rum , th e n c v e rn o r o f y r l n , he wn^ed s - t e o f h i s own

iil aTea t s u p p le a e n t tn e leg ion » ich Vduruo had g iven h im U'. In th e

f i g h t i n g which broke c u t in th e te a l e U tw e e n t e O e-s *r.d •.fcinue*

f o r c e s , tn e n k i l l o f th e Jew ish r . e r a end the p re sen c e o f Jew ish a r c h e r s

i s n o te d 1*7 , -hen r e v o l t s s p re a d t! r >u .nout J u o a e s , c e r t a i n e le * e n tn o f

the r o y a l Jew ish army r e q u i r e d l o / u l t the . oki-i.a. ih e se in c lu d e d \.m

a o s t w. r l i k e e le m e n t" , >-a . e b a s t e n i .na , I . e . , o a m sr i t /m e , buics ^ u i r i akd

was known we ,et>uate a t t l a , e r i o d , and a r c h e r s f ro * . r a c h o m t i s .

Ihe r e v o l t s were v e r lo u s e r v,,h to n**d the p re sen ce - f ^ r u a ,

„ho In ( r o c j r l n . e b ro u g h t t . . i . j l o n . -.r.d t h . (ov r . . . of

a t t a c h e d t t h . * , m i o rd e re d M i ebb . r i i . c I n , . .-•4 d j r - . t o t - « > • • • /

e . t U i . r l . . . Ihe c i t y f H e ry tu . ( . e l r u t ) . u r , l l . d »« ? ' " " " d

M l d l . r / h . r e t e e t o . ro t b r o n .h t . r e . o f I n f e n t r y . . . n . e . i r y ,

b e t I n t e r . . n t beyond t i e b u n i . o f . h . » . . . . . . » c t . d o f . 0 . 11/ - •>. . . . .

h U p r e o .n o . I,. . . . . . . t e o t l . f i h U j r l e u t e feud . th t h . h o u « ol

it. rod .

F i n a l l y , t h e r e « ro 1 r e f e r e n c e , to . u x l l U r l e . i n f . c l t « . ,

..ue ton lue .n d d in . t . o i t u . ^ . t . U . t h .« o«, u . t u . l e f t . d o M M h t beh ind

. , h ie d . . t h e h lc h M otioned " . , u .n t . n . 1 . 1 - . . o c l o r u . , u , in i n .

PM M M r e f e r , o n ! / to . u x l U ' . r i e . . « c o n t r - . t .d - i l h 1 . Io m t I . . •

/ w hether . . . . .

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w hether th e " e o c i i " in c lu d e d "*d hoc" t ro o p a w upplied by th e " re g n a" t h a t

a r e mentioned in th e n ex t p h ra se ca,-not be d e c id e d f r o the c o n t e x t . The

f a c t t h a t the number - f the " e o c i i " co u ld be s t a t e d euL g ee ta , however, t h a t

t:.u " a o c i l in - ir . j ie" were on a b a s i a s e c u r e enough f u r .a e a n iu t fu l re c o rd

k ee .U if ,. u a e t o n i u e ' ^ aba tem en t trv*t "ex m ' l l t a r i b u s c o p i i a l e g io n e e e t

a u x i l i u prouinciu ti.T . d i a t r i b u i t " tak ee ua no f u r t h e r . da a hao a rgued t h a t

c e r t a i n " c o h o r te e " who were .u n io n e d by d ec im a tio n and by b e i« t_ g iven r a t i o n s

, b a r l e y ^ ' were a u x i l i a r i e s . *he p re v io u s s e n te n c e g iv e s m i ld e r pun ishm ents

to le g io n s : hwnce th e s e were a u x i l i a r i e s , hu t the u;>e o f c o h o r te e in

the sense Ot, a u x i l i a r y i n f a n t r y r e r i a . n t e so soon a f t e r th e term le g io n does

n o t seem n a t u r a l . The d i f f e r e n c e i s < r e l i k e l y to be found in tn e o f fe n c e :

th e " c o h o r te e " were be in g so p u n ish ed f o r y i e l d i n g t h e i r p o s i t i o n in b a t t l e :

th e l e g i c n a had m erely shown inn l e n : e . " s h o r t e n " then r e f e r s t > the

t a c t i c a l d i v i s i o n o f th e l e g i o n , n o t to th e a u x i l i a r y u n i t , uueton a a l s o

r e f e r s to a u x i l i a r y commanders, he snyt. t h a t Augustue a '••*1 the s no of

s e n a to r s to s t a r t t h e . r c a r e e r , n o t <n l y wi t h l e g io n a ry t r i b u n a t e , b u t a l s o

w ith c a v a l ry commands ( " p r a e f e c t u r a e a la r u m " ) , sometimes J sucf " l a t i c l a u i V

were p laced in command o f one a l a ( " b in o s p l . r u ^ u e l . t i c U u i o s p r a e p o s u i t

s i n g u l i s a l l o " ; ^ 4 . L i o 'a ' s t a t e m e n t i s a l s o g e n e r a l , w ith s d i s c l a im e r

t : .« t he 16 n o t a b le to su p p ly f i t u r e . i I %

» t ? - V v xu.! v v ©v oc -A ™ T> e °; V ’; ' ^ ; v *

- If ) -

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1577 f f . (n o . 11 >•, b i t t e r n t « in , 1 i V , i> 8J. i,ranc<iti, I9t>3, do** not d^atOUM ti.p ,u«#tion of t ‘ «* auxll ih in

Spain.

<♦. I l l , >, t ,>" r tne O a n ta b r l , c f . hGbner, n . . " i l l , I1* A i t ,

b . LIII , 2>. 6 .

7 . LIV, 22 , i>.

3 . Jio La^ ^ , 3.U t h e to w n -.i i itrtry ters

" t r l t u a u e " cannot Us i r e n such wel&ht : c f . van 0* . s e r d , •>.w '. . . . .

1337* for Ohueet lnctus , 7< ;. l v . For / . t u l f t c t l l i u e vuruu, c f . *. *nn, ' ' ‘ fe

(no . 2 u ; i A i t t e r l i n e - t # . n , 1 % , 1 « (no . 1 4 ) .

I I . ,>lo LV1, 1 , «•. >rr the .erunci , c f . h", ' i I i » 1 “ 7‘ l f *

12. Tsc. "Vnn." Al i i , u- ted below, p. n* ^ * r tlie

c f . Ih e , "i«. . " I , 16^ , 1 )5 3 .1*. . 1, 117, 1. • .r - i . . u . A i . i 1 » e i l e i u e ' u*.e ox ti.v t e r a a " e t

C o h n r t e e \ c f . Krlf tu, r . ^ 9 ' V e l le iu s d hi f . t h e r h ,d both been

MI r a e f e c t l e ^ u l t u e ' U ,

14. " « u « . s‘ 23 , 1 .

l j . LVi, 23, i .16. 22, 2a. .............17. M. . I . K . 1*2 a 1 ^6 3 . 'he phrase* d i s c u s s e d are ^ c . - nn . , *

Veil . I I , U v , 2 .Iti. ior Vel le ius ' career , c f . Oibie, *'•* • «> i . a,

IV. -wider ( " * * » . • • 1 V ) , 87 f f . ) hus h#en th* 'lefen 1d e t a i l , lie would however ae, a r e t e A rs.in lua ' a c t l / t t y ue

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« la « " I’roa h i» e*din* ol a Uiterubcajfi t - n t t o ^ e n t , w.«icht i n h io

o p in io n , o c c u r r e d d u r i n g i i h ^ n u e ’ uermon ctue,-al; n t i n 4 - 6 A.U.

I i ' , 177 f •« dnvelo : in » nu, ^eutl.Mi of Koa6 t«rii.ann, " n l a t . "

iy> 7 , 4 # f . , n . 17 .

21 . C f . I I , l v 4 i f . , e e p . 114, 1; i l > , i>.

22. a a , a . ; . , i n v^rdthauii^n, 1%A, v o l . i , 12 ^ aed II , 7 7 , n . 24;

a n g , I 2V. : f . • i ' r r , l . o . n . 1>, and ^ b l l i a a , " . A . u . r . " 1964,

l i t ) f e | wh i ea .-.ot a c c e p t m J e r ' a c o l t inn on ^ n . i n l u o aa

" p r a e f e c t u a a i a * .

25 . J i o -V i , 2>, 4 ; - u e t . " u . " 4 ., 1 , and a t o v r , p . 3(* , m d f o r the

" c o r p o r i e c u a to a e u ' , k * lo * , p . 3^*3*.

24. o u e t . "AUfi." ?!>, 2 | i o , L « I , . 5.

2 ) . v io - I , 24, f . / o r . I i c i n i o J r w au.., c f . ^ ro«ol A l i i ,

1926 , 2?v f f . (n o . >bv.

2 6 . 2 p , 4 . i'he c i r c u s . t a .c«a or, i . i t.»e u.. w t ; r l n e i • u r a ^ u in a t the

v d r / e U n e U c n k , . " \ " l l , 1957, f f . ) f * r i* u a (LIV, 3, l )

a fe e y e a r s l a t e r a r e « I n c u r s .27 . L1V, 31, 3 . » r t e . c >i‘d l a c l c f . t l u a e , “ . . " 11 *, I ' ^ l , - 5' f f .

26. I V, 29, 1. For J bodt , c f . t e r n , 1» ,e ^ f f *and f o r M. / a l e r t v o e n n e l l a / e e e a l l i n u a , h u n t e r , ’ K .n . ' • I l l A, 1 0 %

1>9 f f . ( n o . 2 6 4 ) .

29 . 11, 116 , >.

5 I l l , 3 .31. 112, 4 . Fo r . th o e n e t* lc» e , c f . % 3 t a h r a U d t , K.f . 1 a 1 14,

l.,w3 f . ( n o . 1 ) . i t l a t be no ted t h a t e - i # y a r n e - r l l e r * . U l l i u a

I c f . at, ve , p > y ) h t d ven t h i s a i r , a u p ^ o r t -hen he needed i t i 1»

1.1V, 26, 3 , . , * i „ tr , . c u e o f _erod i n th e l a t e re , u b l i c a n per iod

( c f . above r . J l P , i.o n m i l i t a r y - e s i a t nee t a c l i e n t k ing produced

a &ood d i v i d e n d .

32 . # e l l . i i , 112 , >.33 . 113 , 1 . URfvrtun teigr t i .e r e id . .g U d i l u t e d i •■“ r e n t sup , s a te d

"A a l i a e t " , L ip o iu e "A I I I I a l i a e t " f o r the l a c u n a . ^ a t # in

doub t in not the "* kt", but t h e i r number.

/ 54. . • • • •

J f . I l l , 1, and above 3 .

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number o f l e g i o n s l u v o l v e d • o/aie, v , 1 *. #?/ f »,

t l a u / i i b l j ex.-lr l n s as a , t nertu. e o t l s t e o f t h e t o t a l of l e g i o n s c«

the Khine w d u tnube t o g e t h e r .

!.V1, 1 1 , r , "«uaio" t/irti n e i th e r in .1 0 I ler, 1 t., 1961, nor in

ch S n fe ld , 1 lu , 1 '0>. - or u io 'a u.,o f < , c f .

LolGticvain's e d A i c n , in u ex , a . v .

1^ 4 , 117c., on thi. t a e l * o f l a c . '*• t .n ." 11 , >. or / I vua, c f .

> 450.

ue Iti c e l l e d an "ex l o r - t r in i a c . " . n n . " / 1, 16, t u t tne t e r *

th e re I s l a t e n - e d t o be ; s l i $ r*.te y all. , - r . ^ i n n . n l s "dona

a i l l i a r l a " ( f o r uh lch c f . iebUi # r 1 . . ' V, 1 v 5 , I >23 f f . >

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by th i r . d a t e .

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1 9 ^ , 16 f .

MA.y." / V , 9 , 3 . 3 - 7 .

o t r e b o XVII, 1 , ^4, h. . / o r 1 e t r v n i u n , c l . i * : n , ' • •" 1 ' -v «

1197 f f . (no . 1 / i .. t * i , 1 1 , 17 f .

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a d above , p. .

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pr bably leylcnurlea.

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V. r i i i ix iu ^ .

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e o l F r i i - h l c a l e v i d e n c e . The - s i n nource o f In f o rm a t io n 1c T a e l t u s ,

h i though Other e n r l y I m p e r i a l w r i t e r * c l 1.- a few f a c t a . h a t r e f e r e n c e *

to a u x i l i a r i e s t h e r e a r e w tU he t*. lacunae d r e :ion by r e f i o n .

• hen a e e r i o u a <tii tu rh n n c e broke out In the y : » r t ^ an

town o f t o l l e n t i a i r o l l e n t o ) , . i b e r i u * s e n t two detachment* to r e a t o r e

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,n« c o h o r t f r o . *« c o ld h. r . t o . o iM t ro r a c o n - r t . . ®

p r o . t o r i a f t £u. .rd o r . ' coho rn o r b . 0 . " . t h . f o r r o r 1 . o o r . U k . l J t o

o f t h . 01 . 1 ,0 .0 . i n r o l v o d . f h . . . o o n t c o h o r t , h o . r . o r , wo. . o u t p r o b . ,

no n u . t l l n r , u n i t . Tbo i o t t l . u , ipu f o r wd - t t h t o t l . o « o l t o o t k t o f O o . .

f h . c o h o r t t h . r c 007 h- . re born c i t h e r « u n i t o u r p l l . k bjr t h . i:ou»n. t

o tmf ir f th rn C o t t l u o o r o i o c n l .U , , ln . f o r e , o f - o t t l . , ' t r o l n . i ■ ■ -

e r e a n l e e d on t e ”fxlel o f a xor: n c ’ f •

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t o pu t down b r l g . B d o * . <»r . 1. . . - r t o h b . . . — " f t h . b . d « l t o . t . ) .

o t o c r T o c l t u . u . . . t h . n ln . - l . r f o r t h . r . U „ o h t o r o U . O . u p . r -

. t l t l o n . " ) . I t 1. no , . ' . " r f r o , b ln w h r t h . r t h . f r „ d „ . n « r . b s p t l - i .

o r . . . . . h t h . p . r . 1 1 .1 oceount In d o - . o h u . ' « • « “ »»“ «

t h . f r e . d - . « .................... -bn . k ind f h l l l t . r , u n i t . . . f o r . , , .

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t r a u i o r i a c a e l l d i n t r i V u i t " . h * r e f e r e n c e to th e >. rciuicau o f trie c l i e a t e

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found in . a r i t u a ^ i • o a e t h i n h an<ulo^o .a to «ui a u x i l i a r y u n i t or a "cohere

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headin, o l " c o h n r t e # " , " n r m r r ' l ' •• : " f e r m t l " U h io l e . c r i p t i o n of the

f i n a l rr,v,', e.T#,nt.

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a t t h i n d a t e they were ppOj i r t i o i u i t e l y few in number • More l i k e l y

a u x i l l n r l e # ure meant* : ven when the exaegera* ion in the r h e t o r i c a l

i n d l a c c u n t e d , i t l a a i ( n l f I r a n t th t thlm a a . o c t f f ' r * ‘n ”jr

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..u> -iuni p r ^ e a . d l o a *u l t H u n t ' wu* an urban co u r t , t e c h n i c a l l y p . . r t o f the

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c h i e f ta ir .a r e n d e red a e e l a t a o o e V a u x l . lam’') i t h i a p rohab l ) Inc luded men,

aa w e ' l as s u p p l i e s ind t 'i e y , who would have been unoar loo .i l c o n t r o l

r a t h e r than p r o f e s s i o n a l a u x i l i a r i e s , out tr.e " a l a equituie quae c o n s c r i p t s

e . r e u d r l s o l l l t l a d i s c l p l l a a q u e n o o t r a b a b e b s t u r " cuu t have bwen a r e g u l a r

r e .A»ent i tne r e f e r e n c e t c v r . n c n p t i >n and r men m i l i t a r y d i s c i p l i n e

so k es t n i s c e a r \ . u l i» .a i&dua, *• ro- . toaau . r e v e r u r l e a d e r , was

e n t r u s t e d wiln a p a r t i c u l a r o l n s i o n "ct-1 d e j e c t a ssni ." i t h l c fo rce i s

l a t e r d e s c r ib e d a s ' u m a l a .reu i 'Voru . f h i e sunt have been a second

r e g u l a r a u x i l i a r y u n i t . * hen . v i . i u m , i e , a t e in upper m any, a; ,pr icf.ed

t.'w scene o f the r e b e l l i o n w i tn tw > l e Lone, fie se i . t -n ahead a fo rce

d e s c r ib e d a s an ' t ^ x i l l a r l s t »i*uu'• h i* i s r e f e r r e d t o , d e l ib o r . i t e ^ y

d i s p a r a g i n g l y , by d l l l u s h l n s e l f a r "oeucas . . . t u r s a e , which i s . l i e s t h a t

th e force c nn ls te - i o f a t l e t a t one, i f n t *a>re, f- l ae .

ime 1 t u a ' a c c o u n t l t» e - u t l i y on t : . r hii .e and a e r e s n l c u c '

subsequen t c uapalgns ^ ,1 . t t..«* w era .n* ^ 4 - It, v . u . , a t the o u t s e t o f

i l b e r l u a * p r i r . c i p a t e p rov .w es .. ot r t u i i . m , ,unt k f « . te r iwu >n tne

a u x i l i a r i e s i n tne h ind . . r e * . he number - f a u x i l i a r i e s a v a i l a b l e t o

Uernsnious on tn e . h i n t i s e m d to h -ve been a f a c t o r i n i i b e r i u s ’ f e a r of

h i s adopted « n « h r hnd in i s |X - * r " t o t l e g i o n e s , l -a ienss s o c i o r u o

a u x i J l a " 1^ . he phrs . .e in obv ualy r h e t o r . c m l , md canno t be aneeaned as

I f i t wer* . r«*ciae t c m i n o l >,jr # * p lan p u t fo rward . lu r in t tno m a t in ; wac

t > L <« " * u x i l ia e t ' * & i ln a t tr.e r* l> e l l iu u s l e n i e n t * ru r r*«ux^^

i s I n c l i : «d t d i » t i n t u i a : U c t r r a , Uflderstar.din* " o o c i i ” a# t i .osf who

e*re e t i X l t fce mu* i ’ #a . 1 in « v h o, Lu t , u» in the p reviouo

iir^. c , tr .e wording c«».. t lu p m i# I. ae r r .u i i cu e »ak*»a a r e f e r e n c e to

an >£fer by the * 1&1 .nc t * r o t » c t the meum e a , . l r e f r a * the "ern&nA In

the I f c e o f t e l e t. icn# - b u t t h i s c c - r e i n . h ig h ly « . t i i. *; c o n te x t

Uitended to nhawf t h e j u l . n e e r u ^ ' . .he ' p r . e m i d l u a au x i lL - r lu m *

however, t h a t was tvia 1, n rd t< nr if t rr . t , caa )ru f r o o trm wenstc whoa

the r r b e l r e j e c t e d , - us o b v . u s l y « ru« ’ r u n i t o r p a r t o i one .

/ o r the f r $ t vj*r c i , ,h, 1-ite in 1*» . ' ie rsnn icue

pre j - red a fo rce o f "n r . * c e . i. c i c t 1 , - h e r 1 •* ixl"! i « r l e a e r e clewrxy

dl- t l n g u la h e d f r • t . » l e i r i e r ! - r e "nrfce") by t # Id t « r * " e o c i i .

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panled by ‘ du o Jec l* a i l i a e Lcul o n i b u e , » ‘> e t u i i n t i s o c i a s c o h o r t U ,

PCto eq e itu u ai m " '1 . ’ ir t - t fr i the l e r.r inted to the

eq u iva len t f P r. r t.1 !• 1 - i *ee ts*e r.u*’ ir i .tax*.iv-ry

coh >rte *j ear vor, la r f , In r 1 1 - v f I h e ir l e a ly w‘... *Kcitu« o*** *5n

t? e t r e a a . i f t - f C f t • . , l n- r: *V* i*‘* t r r of

e u r l l i i r l e n tc t.. 1# * 1 % W - »r. '• v c*.v*. r y . ftr* 1 l t , r

r e f e r r e d t a* " e q u l t e a " , t o r in ! t r y u x l J i i r i e e an A v u i l i a r i a e

co h u r tea" an ■ o e t e r i t io r lo r u • >»», 11 t - 1 , c.’h o r t a » r r e

l i g h t l y nrned ("m xped l t ,e col r t e " , " l e u e e col nr ten" ' '* - .

The forcer. M tho r , na c f 15 A.U. are oh-.r.ctertred m.

/ " p e d e s , ..........

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if e. juec, ol&t-eito , n p l r u.* l * i - «c.]j p j . r i . l l e l to tf.e "t tn « o l^ a e ea

b ic;io*' o f tf«* jfff.r bo f o r e , e x ce p t tbAt "pedex" xue t aave in c lu d e d both

tbo a u x i l i a r y aou toe Ib^^onnry l &f -i.try' . « t tn e u t u e t the a ray -*a

vliled In to two. Cer a n l c u e t »»• a e c ln n , t n e l e g a t e ol tne a r s j in Lower

uerexr.y, 4 l e g io n * and - . i u x l l i ^ r e e i th e l a t t e r ^reeumebly Included

c i v a l r y and i n f a n t r y . e alr»v. had " t u 3 .u l t u a r i « « c a t e r u a e u e r ,»inoru* c m

txhenua c o le i i t lu a ” t the »e woul i h iv e t e e n d r a f t e d < r the cnaalofl , no

doubt f r o # the vfciar.a and n e l £ h t u r . n i t r i *m on th e oh ine . » -a the p o in t

o f f i e * o f r aer.c 1 t u r » , i t l b l. tc - et t i n , , t o no te VnA .he u n i t e of f r e e

I#rr.uie aero#* the h i n e wh i were • . , ■'rti r Iniua a re a l t o c a l le d

i 4"c i c m a e " : tne t e r a he, e l e i n te n d e d to be i* ro» '» t ry . o e r a a n lc u e '

f o r c e s c o n s i s t e d o f ” t n t l * e r l e * n, d u p l l c e o e o c l^ r u * numerue' ' J, I . e . ,

4 l e s i o n s and 1\ a u x l l x a r i e * . the p r o p o r t i o n o f c av a l ry to i n f a n t r y

l a not s t a t e d . u t th e t o t a l f the a u x i l i a r i e s o f wsecxna and u e r s a n i c u a ,

exc lud i 14 the c l e * eaaae er <n buoda, wee l ! ; ,vvv , compared wltt. the leae

c e r t a i n fl&ure o f I / , i t o r the e x p e d i t i o n of th e p rev ious y e a r , iw in* ;

the b a t t l e s of 15 * . J . , u a e r l n e ' e 4 l e p i o n s a r e r e f e r r e d to aa "quad ra -

c»n only me in a u x i l i a r y c o h o r t s , s l i .e e the log ionu n re een t l^ i .ed aa

su p p o rt ng them i n the n e x t 'hr an a .

(Tints c o h o r ts# .'touu.nae which i s m erely a e t / l i a t i c v .* r i» t ion • ine

- i i . u c e n . . u p t l l . j ' . u . l l A r . f « r . n c . t o . u b e l d U r l a . c u o o r te c

Th« - c l , , l . g l ACo -11" lu n d o r . a» . v e u u t , .u . .d tM

in t h . - r U - c t U c . . . l o r ) . ln **" e ^ » l « « * »■ *•*'•

. . 1 1 * . n . l e e * J . t . l l e e c v r o in T.-.clta.* . I w r l p t l e e o f t o . . . r e h l n *

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- - lo r o f « m lcua t e f o r e th e b a t t l e f H U U v l o . ’’Noatar e x e r c l t u a

e i c I n e e s t l t : :»u/Lll «n ■ *111 » r i n i tue in frontc, ^out s uca pedltee

saj V U r l l , (lain q u a t t u o r l e ^ l o n e n e t cu •. d«i*bua p r - e t c r l l o o o h o r t l b u a

a : d e l a e t o e . a l t e e x l t H U e a &Ua# l« b ioa«a e t l a u U - n r a t u r ay )

c u t a i t o » I t t t e r l o c e t e r -i jue i„ c l i r u i c >!iorUs . -a e r

p c r . l t f u r t . r II c M l >». I'M S 1« I o n , »nd 2 p r s . t o r l o l c o h o r t . no.<l

0 ) t d . t a U . 1M " a l l ! e t f n l q u e . u i U l a T o . " o r «v .n th e ' c e t o r i . . . .

e t e l o r a j c o h o r t . . " w u l d h r . l o c l u M d t h . " - . • t o r e . U n d . l t c o r u . q u . «t

' '

"M ilieu ." » i « . . UUC. . tie. nor .1 1 , th . n d j .c t lr . ia d lc u t .. th . ur.u in

which th . n .r r .d . r . tn .r thun I t . co=, c l t l o n " . t o r . , hou.ror.

I t m&o. M a t to t a x . I t u» u» . x n . p l . "f M e l t — " . n r l . t i . " fo r " M llo ru ."

and retard t h . c o h o r t . M Co., o f m u U r . t h . r torn o f o t h .r p r o . lh -

. 1 . 1 . . t . t l o n e d 1 , M u l M f o r . t M . . e d i t i o n , on. o f t h . Ground. f l M r l u .

U . . I d t o h e r . h .d f r o w G f u r t h .r com p .lcn . on t h . I» r t o f

t o n u l C M . . . G a l l i c w .a r l n .a . with .u p i , I n s M r . . . > " ' G* U 1 “

o l n l o t r . r . d l n . q u t » " « . U M t h . t r i d . , ...................... « " « . bu " " "

would p r o t . b l , n o t M r . r . c . r e d orB. . U o . t l o « . . f . M . l c o h o r t . , r t . u f

Gertrun a n x i l l n r l . . . . - . f . v l o n . , l . w - no. ■-.uucm. m . r . c o r d . d . th . . h i l l

o f t h . t o t . t o . In a w ln c ln - l a - .n t lo t ted a t t h . I t o d U , a t t h . r i v . r

1 . 1 . 1 . V-noJ b e f o r e t h . a . J . r «n*».»«« •* , l i o t e r l . o .

i h u r l o r . l d . took t h . . . « ■ . « t h . r l . . r V l a u r . U ( t M - . t o r i p r i o r to th .

c ronolnG o f tn . ren t of t h . M r-,. t h i n O M .- . t lo n t h . , . r t o d . M l of

•

H ,t . . l .M nunt h . included . C th . c o .n lr , .u x l l i u r i . . M f .r .n c .

-41 4 k

[(_ ^ t ;(, i o t eh . ' t e r t n f tvioua i n t e r v i e w with him p ro -

h r ' t >er, 1 iv u s . in"** n I r . i i e r i ' «cre n ir M l y *.ccom jnied by

, f f e l l o w * rir, thv "cc I t t; tH is %c turn C ' l lw i t , I t i s l i k e l y tb«t

n . ruo )r,d 6 M »f h id f e l l o w t r i t e o a e n ( I . e . Iheruoc »u0 with h i* in

U*rr in leu .* a u x i l i a r y f o r c e . ten t h e i n t e r v i e w had d e g e n e ra te d to

i-.f li .U, .utd th e b r therm we”# on t h e ;K>int o f he t i n t . rec< urr.e to er&a,

f l u t u a c a l l e d f o r M s wen,x>rui and h e r e * , which nw-kee I t l i k e l y thwt he

norm al ly founh t o a e - s t i e c f ^ r y . Vhe Ch .ucane had Jo in ed the Ho-wn w * y

only the yewr b e f o r e : i t l i h r d l y l i k e l y t they were **>„* the w m m n

a L u i l i s r i e e i n t h e van , b u t *e re . r A .d ly y o u p * .' In the r e a r .

The n e x t e l * - i t in t * l i n e c s a i n t e d o f a r c h e r s on f o o t V .

- ^ I t t - r l l - . r . c . t l ‘ 9 J- p rc v l , u» Ur a . u U t l o a . d on th e aoeen e l d . o f the

f l o u r a l e . t th e I n t e r , U o f k e . N . th e r e a r » r e ■unt.d. . . ■ .-.•.on

f r o . tiit c i t o - c o l io r t e e " U , 1 . e d i f f e r e n t o r , .M e n t i o n , » !■ "

p o r t o f th e " , r e p r o f e w t o n 1 " . 1— t in th e orror. i t h e lped U c r v i r h ^

the e t i e o k o f t h . *nt r .W , r l "We -hen t h e ho— lenoed a t th e - l e i . , .

in , f u r t h e r - t - i t . t - .e e r , . , f n r e i n l o . e f t . r th e h e t t l . o f

M i e t e e U o . . n n e n l o u o d . d l - l o " , . » - *h3 h*' ' , *k*" “ *

p o e i t l u on e a r t h e o r h the ' . . . r e e d « th e h , u n d e r , b r t « « the A w r l e e r l u u

end t h . u h e r u e e e n e . Tht. -no « o o . , H ^ . 1 b , th e uee o f Kotun e r . i i . r ,

and t h e de. Xoynent o f e l i n e e r o . d e o c r ih e d a . " f u n d i t o r e . U b r i t o r . . ^ . "

K l in g e r* in t h - re u b l i c - r . d *«""* a . M ^ ' - r i . m , and t h e r e ! •

f o r r e g a rd in g t o o . , to o n , o t n - r l U i h t . h i , t h e , . « be o i . n . i r i . d

wlt> the " i e u i a a r m a t u r e " .

In the r i d d l e o f t • l i n o ueru.«n cue wat, accnmifmied 1 / " d e l e c t o

e<;uito"# N e i t h e r . u rneaux n o r h o e e t e r »nn com e u t a on t h i s p h r« e e t which

Hu,*, the l a t e r "e j u i t e a win u i t r e o ” . 'h en l i t e r i u a ' l n , the younger

Lrunua, wan t e n t t i e . i l w i th th e mutiny the »nn m e n l e g l an e i n 14,

he w«» a c c o m j’ .n ied by 2 e n l a r ed ; r a e t - r i . a i c i h o r t e . " - . i d i t u r rn^n* pare

j r a e t r i a n i e u i t i o a t r o b o r a .»ora.uiorua, ;u i tux cv ‘ ortea i m p e r a to r l

eridvt*'**1 - t h a t he wa» a l t o hccok, -a ied by c a v a l r y o f the j raet^ a

iwrd and . . . e m b e r ,o f t h e "ct>r , o r l a cu . t o i e a ” o r the e , e r o r ' a body uon).

*he ;ihraae he re "cum iu ab u a , r a * t . , r i U cohort . ibua d e l e c t o e q u i t e - a e a a r "

oeemo a r a i l e l . vn t h e o t h e r hand , s i n c e j ru e u a wao no t in comaand o f the

Iannonian le , i o n e , him ttouuin f o r c e «ny h*w» been eade l a r g e r than t h a t of

u i r : ;an icua . a second >feti L i l i t y shou ld b< c o n s i d e r e d . *a no ted above,

4hen the Anrr i .VurUna d e l e c t e d , 11, t . rned t r opr ^ t i c i p a t e d in avenging

the r t r e x h e r y . The f u l l h r a n e l a "r i a eu a i l i c o - t e r t i n i u n cue e Mu i t e

m li , . . t e r t l n i U u had been s e n t a, a l n e t the r u c t e r a n e

lU. in t e r t l n i u a e t e n u « e m p r i a l p i l a r i u a

/ ' >a e • e • sa • e • •

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of i . L . a . 2686 e«n be *cce t e d , he **» in a l l p r o b a b i l i t y a - p r a e f e c t u a

a (u l t u a " a t tnvfi a m * , , u t e r t n l u a auot have been much s u p e r i o r * in

f „ c t d t t e r i i i * ; - ‘t e i n c a t a l o g u e # hit- au. ng tiie u n t e r l e g a t e n i . e . , the

" l e g e t i " ana "c d i t e a o f . e ra n l c u e . .lie t r o o ^ e n t r u s t e d t> h i * a u e t have

been o f a j » c i o l q u a l i t y , s i n c e he - a s uued f o r s o c i a l c U a i o n r o f c r e s t

1* o r t a n c e . . o a e t l a e a t h e " l e u i s a rm a tu re " - a s in c lu d e d ; t u t t h e c a v a l ry

■vat nave been the b e s t o f the a u x i l i a r i e s , the a o n t " p r o f e s s i o n a l " a*ong

th e n . Ihey co u ld - e l l be the " d e l e c t u s equee" o f ^ e r rn m icu s .

i^e a u x i l i a r i e s o f ^ r ^ n i c u n in 16 f i l l i n t o v a r i o u s c a t e g o r i e s ,

a . yr o r . « l = . . : . l . c t r . r . . . n t . < l t , t b . -u.d . . . . o f

t h . " l . o l . M.d I . . . c v . l r , » n t r u . t , d t o d u r t ^ i l v . . • • “ “ <

. „ t l « = o « . . d . r . I t « .v h .,™ l a c l . d . d f r o . F r o r i o o . . . t h . r

«dw, - .1 o r - r . d n r . . h o t i . r » d o l i o co orV .

. . r . o f ion, , . t o , . d ln < o r no t c n n . t b . d . t . r . l n . d f r o . t n l . c o n t r . t . b . t

I t . , p . . r . I l k . I f t n . t t n .y & . b . t . T l « c o n t i n e n t , - r r . . t i l l

u n d . r . no t i r e l . W . r . bu t r . r . . n t i r . l , r . l U . 1 . « d u u r t b . c o n . l d . r . d

. , . P . n . - n . n t « d p r o f w . l o n .1 t h « t b . b h . u c . n . u , U l « t < . . . '« .•

a t a t u s o f t h . • c . t . r n . . . . ■ c l o r u o c o h o r t . . " c . n . „ t b . d . f U l t . 1/ d . t . r -

« l » . d . f a c l t u . 1 . unln , t h . m r d " c o h o r t . . " h . r . i n a p a n e l , t . c t l c . 1

. . . . . . I f . . . i t . o u i d r e f . r t o ' W noc" l . . i r . ^ . - t b . o t h e r hand i t

« , b . u o .d in t h . t . « b n i . . l . u , U i . r , . . c . 1- - h l o n c . " co o iV m

mere ly ’ n a r c h a i s e .

f b . c a t . . . h i r e c o r d . , b , i . c l t u . in o . r . « V f «-'• > r U i «

c o l t i n PC » . non in . . , ' l o f . d l . , l o . . r , d . t . c h c t . and c l . c t

A. * .

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vtuxi j i n r i e o , riet*cril ed "pedl ld ic e t e^u i to r . B u j i i l W l u e de lec toe '* ,

ae t i n u t th e r e b e l * ' ' , a e . t e c i a l f u n c t i o n w** weeifned to an " a l a *45

^u in ln e fa teB e t . ,uod ped i tu a i n t e r n o s t r o * c e r e b n n t " • fhe . im n in e fe te a

fc*re u n e l jh b u r in* t r i b e * cio. ;e l j f a r a i c l ^ t e d w l tn tno b a t a v i a n * . fhe

ter«i " a l a ' a u . g e o t* t h a t t h e i r o r g a n i s a t i o n had been fo r m a l i z e d : they a r e

r e f e r r e d to in t h e n e x t c : tuc# ae " tu rAaa a o c i a l e e " , "here " t u r a a la

a t e c h n i c a l r.on\n t e r n . I t l a d i f f i c u l t to kn >w wnf-t weight ahould

l e r iven to tr.e f a c t t h a t the u. ru .m i f u n t r y wtre " r e c e i v i n r pay » on

the fa c e of i t i t would » p ea r t h . l they to e - e r e o r g a n iz e d , , r e o u a * b ly in

c o h o r t s , .u* th e b a t t l e roceeded " t r e e leuen c c h o r t e s ac ru r s u * duue,

a« ln . . . . i v l u . . « r . » r . t i n t t ,e . t U < * . H U <=’*« "=1/ "

rei ;« rded 10 > l n f ^ r . t r / c o h o r t . <0.1 »n u M p . c i r i . d B oa te r o f e - r s l r i r »1 • 1

th e . u x l l l e r l . e t . r# X e t . r r e f e r r e d to . U p l f ■*» ' c o h o r t J . «l«ir ,u« ona the

d . . t h . o f « . n , " p r . . f . c t t ' n o t e d . 1> v " i» rJw .»d In t o .

y p r U tn g . o U c e t o . brtrnt o f t . f i g h t t o * hod t . o n b o m . bp t o . . u x l l l -

. r U . , I t . o o l d b . i n t . r e n t i n g to k n o . . - . t n . r t h . t r c . n n . i t l . . » r . U o l n d . d

in t h i s f l g o r . o r v h . t n . r t o . U r . "ooaon." r . f . r . on lp t o l . g l o n s r t . . .

s d i . n e t . r o c c u r r e d i n . f a r n h o u e . 1. 1011&11, t •' c e r t o i n r « ^

d e c c r l b . d « . f o r . t r . o l d i . r i n K o , . , . . p l o p - " d d o n d . . . t i p e n d t - r l u . " ' .

li. cou ld h n r d lp l u . . . been o t h e r t n . M e U n . -'■< t e r * o t l, -n. .. r l u e

then U p l l e . t h e f . r io r . . i n t . n o . " t - c o o t l n s . n t in the M -e n

" e u x l l l . " . r . c i t ' t e ' s ee unt o f ti .n . 0 i n , ' H r . ’ 1

. u x l l t s r , f o r c e , i t « s O b . l o o . l p In te n d e d t o s t t h e , . h o u l d be . h i . to

d e c id e the U . u . * . t o . l . g i o n . . . r e o . l p brought In .h e n t h U g . . . n t

wrong./ c t u x i l l a r i e e ..........

, u x i l l * r i # b on in* vunubittn I ' runt tire mentioned on ly in con­

n e c t io n with the A*t.raci#>n t r o u b l e * o f x l a.. 1 2C .1. J . in the f i r s t

d i s t u r b u s e e s , th e g o v e rn o r o f oe tu * eo. t a l a r i o e e q u i t e e ac l e u i *

c o h o r t i u a ' ' yi a g a i n s t th e d . a i d a n t * , ihe r a t h e r unuauai phraae f o r the

i n f a n t r y . i u x 5 l i a r i e e '3 s o n t rw u te d with tiie “ro b o r peditum", meaning tne

l e g i o n a r i e s .

one o f t r r e a so n * advanced f o r the t r o u b l e * in P6 wan a change

in the c o n d i t i o n s o f n e r / i c e f o r hrac i r .n “a u x i l i a " . The fh rec inn*

O^sised t h a t p r e v i o u s l y they chooc the r own ccnaande rs end were only

*«, loyed a g a i n s t h e ig h t u r i n t , t r i l e s , bu t t h a t now they were s ep a ra te d

from eac o t h e r find went t > v a r i o u s , ; l«cea f a r from hose^ . The ClaLa

sounds »>oewhat h o l l o . In view of the f a c t t h a t I h r a c i a S a u x i l i a r i e s

formed a r e g u l a r e lem en t in lu ..an t m i e s from com para t ive ly e a r l y repub­

l i c a n t i n e a . . r e& uasb ly n o . e v e r t h i s as v o lu n ta r y o r mercenary s e r v i c e ,

and the p r e s e n t g r i e v a n c e r e l a t e d t o long . e r i o d of s e r v i c e away t r o s

hose u n . o r d i r e c t oan 4 1 -c l , l i n e , ihe j HSSage i*> ev id en c e , t h e r e f o r e ,

of a tendency t o , l a c e even c l i e n t kingdom . . u x l l i a r i e a cn % r e g u l a r o r

a .re p r o f e s s i o n a l b u e i a a t t b i a t ime t ^ r a c * on ly becaan. a p rov ince la

46 , . D .

,h .n t h , r u t t i n g . p r . . d , t h . . , — n . r . « . U t . d b , l o , « l

Th r .01™ . , by . r t h . r . « d by . b u z « b r l « c o h o r t , t o t b o « b o o .n to

uo. .b . t i n t „ r . u n l . r t h . eo » * n d - f t h . l r own k ing - > «

kho— U l c . cun n u x l l l l o u l . r i u , " . Th. ~ d o n d group - d . l r c t o .

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aog i t t f lu r io rua" - v» B en t l nud beceuce i t *uu ueed &»aim*t a r e b e l f o r c e

e n t ren ch ed In # n l U - f o r t an I hence i n i t i a l l y s e c u r e » t> ln&t n r a e l c a v a l r y

o r i n f a n t r y a t t a c k . , .o*e#er t e r e b e l * nr i r l j uuccceded in d e s t r o y i n g th ee

ir* a ouuden sa l y , b u t they were waved vy " a u b a l d i o .iU^aabrae c o h o r t l a " t

d e s c r ib e d a* " p r o a ^ t ^ ad p e n c u l * nec mit * can tuun e t armnruc t u s u l t usjl

trucett*" . . t l a c e a r t h a t th e u,.asnbr i a n a , a ue raan t r i b e , a l though

r e t n .niiit, f e a t ^ r e u o f t h e i r n a t i v e methods o f f i g h t i n g , had a l r e a d y come

under th-# c n d l t i c n a ot s e r v i c e fe j i red by the . h r a c i a n r e b e l s .

Var ious o p e r ^ t i - n . Invi l # in , t f c n ray in b y r l a a r e r e c o r d e d . Une

of the c h i r g e e b r ^ u r h t & n i n s t Ltc , a f t e r he h d f . l ieu o u t wit/*

aeracm icua , w*e t h a t h i s w ife r..c I n , re a n t a t army aanoeuvree i aed

e x e r c l t i o e u i tum , d ecu r *ifcua cof t i in t e r e s e • ^hei; th e m a t t e r came

u. in the s e n a t e « tr.p w rd a u: ed were "'.ir. e e e d i e o e m por l e i n a s e x e r c l t i o

c o h o r t i u a , decurnu l e , ‘.onu: . hroc ti i s i t i s c l e a r t h a t , in th e f i r s t

p a s s a g e , t h e c o h o r t s were l c t i j% w h ile in th e sec r.d t « c o h o r t s , now

c o rreapond in , to " e y u i t u u " , .u/.t. r r r e u c n t a u x i l i a r i e s in g e n e r a l . these

then were j o i n t e x e r c i s e s o f l e p i o n s • nd m i x ! l i e . hen • r n o n e s , the

e x i l e d . a r t h l a n k in g , a ttem j ted to e cm;# fr« » the p l a c e o f r e f u g e a a e l , n e d

to h i e by th e dome a , nr ..»* a r r e s t e d by a c « v * l ry c aciander ( " p r a e f e c t o

e q u l t u a " ) - o m . t u r u l u ie of .1 . n ted a u x i l i a r y u n i t t o c a p t u r e someone

b7t r y i n , - t c e t oway on horse! * c ■ . A f te r th e we th t et ,wn l e u s In 1 ) A. U. ,

loo n t t v * t e d t o r e . in c -itr 1 r t e pr v^nce , from which ventsanicus had

e x p e i l e d h i o , by f o r c e . Hie mu, 01 t r r c c o n s i s t e d o f d e s e r t e r s from th e

l e f / o r . e , comp f o l l o w e r s , s l a v e s hr Iont,in# t h i # n e l f mnd h i s w ife and

/ " e u x i l l s " ..........

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t g" a u x l l l a '1 n u p p l l f i ky 'rfl, i l l .’l l i c u "v i’heee proved I n e f f e c t i v e on

(account o f t h e i r l a c k o f t r a i n l a , and t h e i r " r u s t i c weapc » , ae - a c i t u s

c a l l o them. i"hey I n c lu d e d u detaci .u ient t f r*e r e c r u i t s f o r the ^ y r i e n

l e g i o n * . « ieo f rawd t:.em " i n nu: irino Jeg o n i e " , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t he n*d

eeneged t o mus te r aoee ) o r 60v<. men.

o . / i t e i l i u e , fO v e rn u r o f - y r i * a t tne end o f T l b a r l u a ' p r i n -

c i , u t e , made ^ a how i f " r bur l e V hum « *cioru&; iue" on t i e hank of the

u p h ra te e in #%. J . d v r it. ecc.e i -wrt inn d i f f i c u l t i e s ^ . ne went one of

h i s l e g a t e t e g e i n e t t h e d l a a i d e n l . l i c i e n t r i b e o f tne - l e t a e i n the nex tir5u

y e a r with " q e e t t u o r » U l t u e !e» 1 n x l o r u a e t d e i e c t i e a u x l l l i n • 1x16157 he p roceeded to » ,*e . n r on the •<>- tu ea i k i »t r .re ti-o . Joaephue

d e s c r ib e * h i e „ • o e t t i n * out w ith i 1i e ,ept cd-tii f iX c t x a t i e t c o> jay o O v t tc .

The phrane ’s u c h l i t , t - . * r 1 v » ld .«r** u n u c a v a i r y aa f^u«.!it v i t a t h e xwo

le g io n * " i e p l l e n » ^ t f i n l onu r e g u l a r a e e o c i a t i n n c f a u x i l i n " with

leg tone .

62A fr io u un<er » l b ' r iun was no ted f o r the rev , I t ol e c f a r naa .

in the f i r s t c l a s h i n 17 « . a . the l e g i o n s t a t i o n e d in " f r i e s I the i l l

nuguavs) and "quod sub s ig n i s n o c ln r u e ^ 5 were brought togeth er a g a in s t the

r e b e l s . Mu o c i i " i s t .« o ld t e r r f o r a u x l l l u r i e s , bu t U o b v io u s ly j u u t a

v a r i a n t f o r t h e contem porary t e r w . which s j p e a r when the b a t t l e l i n e la

d e s c r i b e d i " l e g l o ^ d i o , l e u e e c o h r r t e s dueeque s i a e in eo rn ibu#

l o c s n t u r " . The p h r a s e ' s u b ni n i e ' may tn e n be u n d e r . t o d in tn e e . n s . o f

/ " i n ..........

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" i n r«{.ul«>r f- r s a t i o e " . •*»* r m .u i uttMC*ed a " o c h o r t e a ..ouanaa"

t h * t hold ii ig « i‘ >rt n e u r « r i v e r • fh# prwc import o f t h i s phrase

i s d i f f i c u l t to e s t a b l i s h , b u t tn e s o l d i e r s i n i t a re e m p h a t i c a l ly c a l l e d

' • t i l e e Hoiaanuo ' and were , imis t .ed f r coward ice by tlie a n c i e n t method o f

dec im at ion - s u r e l y an s t t e a p t t > e s t a b l i s h "kojum" d i s c i p l i n e um< ny

le . lOnar ieo . i h e i r b e h a v io u r a t r n , l y c i t r a s t e d wit ; th.^t , f m

'’u e x i l l u o ue toranoruc . ' t h a t r e u ls t td «*i a t t a c k by * a c f a r i n a s and one o f

whoje s ea , 'Vufue . e l u l u s a r . u a .r . i lea” , n c e l v e i the "d -na m l l i t a r l * 'f t.

a rd t n e r a r e " c i u i c e corona* - u u r e ly a s u n , hence the phrase here aun t

r e f e r to a coh r t f t he l e g i o n . In * l a t e r engagener t In the saoo y e a r ,

the governor s e n t hi t . non - g a l - . e t l a c f a r i n a s "cur e ^ u l t e e t cohor t^bua

a u x i l i a r l i a , q u ia u e l o c i a l t o s le# ionua i d e r «t ‘ , but no d e t a i l # can be

r e c o v e re d , in ^4 . . c e r t* . ^ . "» r : c l , ea i su l> r lo rua* , whose l o y a l t y was

s u s p e c t , were e x ec u te d by t h e t “•na ' • t rom t h i s i t c«n t e i n f e r r e d t h a t

the .‘ u s u l a s i a n s had been rer. ievltii ^rol&tMnce t > th* . »*ma. , t o l a y , the

king o f t a u r e t a n l a , was p re s se d I n t o s e r v i c e $ he o p e r a t e d cu.'

populjv i b u a " ^ . i t i s ro b u b ly meono t h n t he put th e r o y a l -tray a t the

d is p o se o f the nosu.no. « i re fu rth er to ld th at s e le c t e d .^ u ret miana,,64

o i t unixed r a i d i n g ,)«irtlee; " p raed ator iea m«nu* d e l e c t i < j»uroru.a duxer - .

no doubt u s in g l o c a l method* to d e fea t t lo c a l ei ec.y. • f f' ex .* . i ta e

c o h o r t s , a l s e q u e " ( t h e l a t t e r arranged in "tor , # " ) t h a t spear-headed the

f i n a l a t t a c k on lacftvrinun were o b v io u s ly r e ^ u l ^ r m u *, . a iu • tr 1

employed in th in long-drawn out war c o n s is t e d o f l e g io n a r ie s , r e u l a r

a u x i l i a r i e s and a l l i e d co n t in g en t# with u f l e x i b l e s t r u c t u r e .

The e u j ^ r t e r s :*of:i.r Ln><e i n s t r u e t l v e . -e c i tv i s in t r - jlucee

him with t*ie f i l l o - l n , n e n t e '.oe ; I:. n * t v ne ur.Iua, i., c u t r i , MOir .n ia

e u x i l i a - i a o t i . . en 11«. T r r l t v b , $o:< d e e e r t o r , u >'*cv r 4.tiua e t l . t r u c i n i i e

a .e tvp id r • <!*•'• e t r -nz r n. re r e , d e i i wore t i i l i t i r e et v t

t r -a cnu.x)nerr, ; o a t r # * o i. »: i . i .< t *.e t >:rL.«e oetl lo r -r dux

71hf.be. i . I t i t c our tu u t he i .d hee: i .« r o j u l u r a u k l l i i r / , bu t whether he

warn t i e . k t t r ol u 'uaild i in C r . t l . e n t «trt such c tn n o t be t i r n l j f deduced

h i s n a t i o n a l i t y , ne lo n o t l l e l j t . have been the o l e d e s e r t e r :

i n .ny caa* he mode . l e d r.L t ro o p * m tne a. in p a t t e r n c* " u e x i l l a e t

t t r r i « " , hurneaux l a 1 .d i n e d t r e »r ( " u o d l l a ' a* wjnonyiuOue with

" t - r . r i e " , s i n c e tne a t r e o . t . i .if t i e »uNldl ns l iy in t h e . r c a v a l r y , but

1 ' l a b e t t e r w i th n o e a t e r . inn t di .* t . ih .u in : tue t e r a a , wklnw the f i r e t» I

r e f n r to u n i t e o f ln fu . - . t ry ' iacf< . ru i«e k e p t these " l o c t o a u l r o e i t

Kotiunur.. In atodu.i * r «toa" c l o a e t . l e o e l f , Im^rovlna t h e i r d i s c i p l i n e end

le a v i n g the t r i b e s m a n who f l o c a e d t him s t a n d a r d to t h e i r own coanander# •

Althou, h admit I In t h a t e l« t« i r l i c k e d t i.eo i n t ahajie, iw c i tue e t tgmm-

t l z e e h :e n u , p o r t e r * ** " v a ^ r a n t e , band l a end an u n t r « i n e i mob . iheeeyi*

temM tend to r e c u r in a t e r t r tw f the n u r r a t i v e « nnu the word

75" e u x l l i a ” i e ;ilt«o uoed f , r eu, lo we. tu to h i e I >rces • ih r g en e ra l

p i c t u r e i s ne of a p r o p e r l y t r a i n e d co re r t u d by l o c a l t u t o r i a l of

vary in a# , , re s* o f m . i 1 . - e A t r e n . t h i H e reu io tm . e which the n. r t h

A fr i can * p ro v id ed 1« an I n d i c a t i o n I i e de, reo to which the .«> iui

" a u x l l t a *1 i n the , r o v tn c e had bee * t r ied .»nd d i e c i p l i n t t .

F i n a l l y , gennrA! re f r r en r f lB !. i f be n o te d . In look IV ol the

/ ' il.flA lh* . e . . •

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",vnr.*le r e v . <>. c 'l t h e r^rrl f t r c e o • C t v e -n-' n Empire > n they w ere

Ir, «?) , 1, : "i .me tunc « ■» n » e o - i h In r r r In , c u t e c l i r e r * » , quanto a l t

an^u-tJue im p e r l ta t u '' . ’ the e ^ h » 6 f a l l e on the I f f l na which

' f le re t i n t e d r v ;;ce hy r o v i n c e . ’re r U n t k lnf.e a r e i u t a o f n a u re to n l* ,

♦'•it i »r o f t h e t t i e y •> f ht i l n t t i i r f e r i . * j the kinf.c o f th t

i h e r i - n e and t: i #«lbt il «ar, in t h « a r e > o f th e w'.it.eaaun, ,u;J "o t f .c r k i n ue ,’l

p renusah ly f the f a s t ; i.hot l e t^ i r e* 'd the c r l J d r e n f >otj* in fhruce#

I t l a c l e a r t h a t U c i t u a rep^rjed the re u rcec of the c l i e .V k l i ^ e aa an

i n t e gral part o f i s ; e r l a l iafen * . it! nT'.i e d -ea i. t uae the t enaa a^ae

an I o h o r U o f t h e ir e n tin « ‘ , m • » c l a s l / y th e * aaon* the " e u x i l i a " .

i t * r e g u l a r " * u x i l l» " are t n lu ted » "at *pud id o a ea p r o u ia c i a e »>cl^e

t r i r em e* alaeque a t a u a l l l a c o h o r t lu r , neque * a l t s r c u a in i io u l r l u r .

e e l j ^ r ee o i i n c e r t o n f u l t , c u i e< uau tea, , r i a hue i ^ l u e Ae .. rea t , g l i a c e r e n t

aumero e t aliquand^ n in u e ^ n t u r " 7 . e ‘ t r i r e .•.*»" a rc t ‘.o . r o v i n c i a i

f l e e t s cr r i v e r f l o t U l a n an c-'ntrueted with H e : ta l i - .n f l e e t e t u t i o n e d u t

hinenua nn i , venn* . .» n w x i l l a r l e a are e o n p i re d for ntrco. tn with the

l e a on* an 1 a n i l t , be roughly e u lvn ier .t . out tao itu * wdtee i t c . e a r t h a t ,

l a th* e a r ly y e .r „ o f i I b e r i a . ' r in e lp .« te a t .my r a te , they were not as

s t a t i o n a r y an the l e g io n s and thnt . f i - d t t a l of reg im r .U had not y e t

been reached .

• i u - t o n l u . r . L . t * . t n . t I M r l u s 5»»« ,h *

U b . r t . t U " u a . v . r a l r - . ^ o t . , r . . . . ...............

d ) . = r t , t t o n . " 7 ) . h l o h U v n . b . b l r . » . . r . U . . « l " . f r o . t h . « . r N . U . t

X . . f u U „ , which t o o . p l « . .................... o ro v tn c * . l b . W , l o I* I 1 . « .«

/ w a s ..........

y

* tea-o r* r t i y t r a n s f e r r e d ( r » mnoni* t f r i e s * t t h a t t i n e ' . i roe

t h i n h r a s e I t * , * n r * l i k e l y th . i t t v* t r na fe r n f e.-ie .f the " a v / I l i a "

e e r v l n f * i t 11 l r . i n r - ' l a » «e i t i c u a j <i<1e H I . ; m t« te e i t f ^ u e t ^ n i u e

c ; - i f l r * o t h - t n f . n e l t u s , th, t the V . u r i l l e " h.,d b»cc r * f U e l . a r t o f

t : r o r v about w‘ leh c n s l d e r *Me i- f o r ; . t Ion » k» e v a l : e b l e In ^

» l c r , t o, . .ue tonl i ie 1 r e f e r o to " r r . e f e n t l a l e e " under I W l u e »b i f

they were » n r a u l r ; lr. ' .* * r * y . a u x l l l a r ? s y n te i wo&t nave tu en

ahft « by th e t i rse f I n e r i . * , even i f I t h»U not c r y u t x n t o tn o t

kn wn f r o # tue J i . io an by t h i n d e l e .

■ V ) •

X 1 J .

1 . ^ u e t . " l i b . " J>/» 5 . f i>r v U l lu e v u t t i u e end h i e kingdom, c f .

tt Ln, " . * » 1 1 . 57 f . h . 1 / / ; ; c f . ” . l . H ." 2 I , ?7l-

2 . "Ann." XI, S*>.

3 . x/XXI, 3, 5. 6 4 .

4 . " . l b . " > .

Jm Jo: e, hue ( i . c . n . 3 J .-.ayu 8 ' ,1 i tetf-<i.xKrvi\8vVC

u . v’xooc eC autQv u t f . vXc-f^p,^ v t r x I x c y t a vL .c f *r.i ' n i e who an i » s e r i a l p rov ince

a t t i . i e a t* ; .* , tne a s c r i p t i o n 1 the a c t i o n t the c imule e, .peero

a t r e e ge , b u t -u r t o o l u s I ' l b . ' 3 ) r e f e r * to . ib c r iua* in v o lv in g

of th e c o n eu ln in t . i l i t <rj i . i t l e r e f t h i a kind.

6 . . e c . " » n n . ’ I l l , % ) : r Vul lue l o ru e and U ul lue . . e c r o v l r , c f .

* V . i . d ." 2 i , 3 l> ;

7 . "Ann." i l l , 4>.

t>. 1J 1 , 4 v .9 . Cf. Zurneeux ed I n c . ; o m l , i 53, n . 1 . >oeeter«eim«» note

ad in*;, su f igea ta t h a t the r e f e r e n c e la ti* c i t i x e n a h i p . hut the

r c o e l a would have c n a i d e r e d l - u l e end o t h e r « e a U r a p r o v i n c i a l *

with c i t i a a n a h i p ne rv^n^ i n th e le^ ivna hb , - o U n t ln i ays ; a t h i s a r e .

10. fBC. " a i m ." . I I , 41, - the " r e . . . c^h .re' o f 46. 6 f . f i e * ,

1967, 26 f .11. i n c . "Ann." H I , 4t j c f . u no. ue a , . 4 u e a t e r t a u n ad l o c . . o r

th e r e v e r i , c f . kali, V . * i >•. 1 ' 3 7 , : 3 y t f . ( e . p . 2> » f H .

12 . i b i d . ; 4 0 . f o r J u l i u s Indue, c f . "* . . . " I ,13 . Tac. "Ann." H i , 4 , ; 4c w . tn /u rn e e u x end r .oeoter;wnn ad l e e .

t o r -. . i l i u m , c f . ...e l , H I " , 1927, 74 f f . <«o. 1 2 ) ,

. i t t e r l l n , -. t e i n , 1 » , 1 2 . ("V » ' ' "" " " ' 1 i r ** h!teahoun t h a t the a l e a e r . t a . 6m*c nn l * r 4 ue d id not f o r t p a r t o f h i e

auMioc) e t u r e . >

1 4 . :>o. " ,nn." I , 7.

' r • a, 3u »>1<..................

ym.

- til

1 6 . ad l o c . , u view a c c e n te d by f oeaternan*. <ud l o c . j .

17. ' l ac . "»an ." 1 , 45, and r e a t e r nn ad l o c .

It i . 1 , 3 .

19. 45.

2t . 49.

2 1 . 5 1 . » lnce th e " a u x i l i a r i e s c o h o r t e e fo rced on ly ^ r t

e a r c a i n , c - luan (o th . - r e u x i l i r l e o , c e l l e d ' c e t e l eoclorum", were

in the r e a r ; ru rneeux id l o c . r e e t«rda the e u # ie u t l - n t h a t a number

much am i h o f a l l e n >ut o f # t h e t e x t b e fo re " e u x i l i a r i a e " &n

p ro b i .H e . however t h e h raoe can be taken In the cense f " a u x i l i a r y

c o h o r t# " r a t h e r than ' tr e <*u*l i« ry c o h o r t # " ; in any cnee the

number lv has no t-ecure b «bio, end canno t be used to c a l c u l a t e nrmy

• 1m # .22. >v - 1 . i>.e "exj e d i t a e coi r t e u ’ c uld reCor to l e t ioiinry c o h o r t s ,

but t h e c n t e x t maxes i t c l e a r t h a t a u x i l i a r i e s a r e meant, f ^ r the

l e g io n # e re euvd to have fo l lowed a f t e r a s h o r t i . t e r v u l .

23 . c f . 4^.24. 56; 51; t i l , 17 U t oruccoru.: Owteruis ' J . $ , r a . -aecinn <.ereru«,

c f . . i . . J , 1 b; a i t t e r l i n t - t * i n , 1732 , 4^ ; f o r the .ermani

C l a r h c n a n i , c f . i a n t , 19 , 4 f f ,

25 . l a c . " .urn ." I , 5 6 .

26. 1, 6 l .2 7 . 6 0 . For the J h a t i c i , c f . llux, • 1 11# 1^. ' '» •-*v 1 •

2 8 . l a c . " A i n . " 1 , 6 3 .

29 . 11, 8 .

3^ . 16.

31 . 17.3 2 . #f . v i c n o r i u a , 2 ) 3 .33 . Tac . " , n n . " 1 1 , 5 . o f . 1 , A» where, however, eMuc o l a afiain

the w , rd .54, Ix , i x , J l , « XI. f o r t i e ;« t .» v i , c f . I h r , • H i t l b ' . ’,

11 . f f . ; f o r - h n r lo v n ld u , ’ . . k . / 1( .

— 0*2 —

3^. 9 - • • *t>ove, p. S'/ f >'or kh* ierm.-in "comltatuu" c f . "U." 13,

Miid no te MrrainiuB* " e t l p e t o r l b u t i " h e re ( " , i n n . " I , 9 ) . i f t io io ca lu a '

a e n r i c e c under T l b e r l u e and OeriLanicue ex tended beyond the p r i n o i -

p a te o f rtU^uotuH xvf • a b o v e , p# $ / *nd below, p# ^ nmpsiv&riane

may have to be Inc uded h e r e .

3fc. I , 17 i "Ohnucia in t e r u u x i l l a e^eiitibue", a g a in s t . urneaux (note

ad l o c . a . v . " e a s i t t a r l i " ) who would include the ohxuc^ne among the

" a u x i l ia r e s . . . uerm/knique’1.

3 7 . i"he "aa--’ ♦ t . i r l i o f 1 1 , 17 are to be regarded as the "equite

a a g itta . j " o f 1 6 accord ing to •■.rneaux ad lo c .

38. 11, 9 .

3 9 . 8 .

4u. 2L. io r the ’’l i b r i t o r e s " , c f . ro o se , "n.h ," XIII, 1926, 139.

41. I , 24. or the merman cor, ori: cuatodes", c f . above p. T i f

i t I s true that vrui. . s 1 praetor on cohorts were "strengthened ', but

he s t i l l had the ouiue number t ^r^.onicua. nence L erick 'a ret»»rk

("Lat." 19<>0, 24v ) that " ;ruaua seem# to have had a s p e c ia l

con n ection with tne p ra e to r ia n ^uard ie in c o r re c t .

42. I I , . fo r L. j t e r t i n i u , c f . t e in "a. . . 1 i l l a, 1 / 2 ', 24pl f .

(n o . Z j \ r t i t t e r l i n g - t t e l n , 193^, 123 (no. 6 ) .

43. I , 6u.4 4 . 1 1 , 1 1 . fo r nem lliu e o,d h ie i d e n t i f i c a t i o n with the I au llua Aemiliua

who was "primo p l l o t i e p ra e fec tu e q u l t . ( 2 6 h ) c f .

>urnouux and Koeoternann «J lo o . i "I'.i.rt.* A, 32v.

43. Tac. I I , 17 .4h. Vhe p o r n lb i l i t y e n te r ta in e d hy Koester .«nn nd lo c .

*♦7 . 1 W, 7 3 , ( in e » r ia ia n fo r c e s ..re re ferred to aa a 'ciuiun. eociorumque

ewiua" in the revioun ch ap ter , a phrase r e c a l l in , human republican

term inology hut here a p p lied to the enemy.,

48, fo r the d an n in efa ten , c f . Ihm, 1 * 4 ,4 9 . fo r " e t ip e n d ia r iu e " , c f . rurneaux ad lo . , who compares " h .a fr ."

43, 1 i "cohorts* s t ip e n d L « r la e ‘’. holder 1 >6 , 1961, a .v . d e s ig ­

n a te s th e na a Jru ,,tor ix aa Uermanic .

/ 3 u ................

j L a .

— 3 —

i'll# ' a l a w,anninafao and t e lairman f r o n t ware aup p a r ted by ’’• q u l t e s

leglonura" , bu t t h i » tl ea no t e f f e c t the g e n e r a l p i c t u r e , us they

were lew in number ( o f . »b«,ve, p f 7 * 4 end a s e i B t l n ^ a s p e c i a l

aaaie,n e n t .

5 1 » lac* nZtii* i l l * 3 * in thifr c h a / i t e r , 1 t c i t u a ** ’’a u x l l l a " f o r

the f o r c e s o f the *hruc an r e b e ^ a , a s in 1 1 , 6) .

i><?* 1*» *6 i o l i t l * • • n t n i t t r r e n t a u x i l l a , auoc J t o r e s p r s e f i c e r e

nec n i n i idu e rau u s cc o l« # b e l l i e r a r e . ac turn ru i n c e e a e r a t

f o r e u t d ia i<#c t i s l l i s ^ u e n A t io n lb v s e n t l x t l d iu e ro ao in t e r r a s

I r a h e r e n t u r . "

>3. 47. . ,r a k o e e e t s l c e * , c f . 1 i h r e t e d t , " a . i 1 14, 1 v4 (no . 2 ) .

i>4. 'fee* " a n . " IV, 47 . l o r the ou, c f . ,ch*ni , ’ «v. IV

1931, 6 5 ) f f .

>3 . >or Cn. v u lp u rn iu a i s o , c f . " r . l . . '* L , 6 7 .

36 . i*C. " ‘%nL,'' i i , pbi I I I , 33; >urnraux a d oeaterm.uin a i l o c c .

37 . I i , 6 8 . **r Vononee, c f . «<. a n e l l k , .. ' ^u p p l . i a , 1 )62 ,

1863 f f . (n o . 2 y.

5 • l * c . " kftn.' I i , 7 >; s.m & n e a t e r i .n n ad l o c . f o r t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e

of "nu-'^erutn". the le& lonary t r o o p s t h a t op )sed t i s o a r e c a l l e d

" ^ o s ’tnue c o h o r t e a " .3 9 . VI, 3 7 . r i b - r i u c i n v i t e d , i t h r i ‘. i tea the I b e r i a n kfi.r who* c f . veyer ,

"h . . " »V, 1732, 7214 f . I no. 3 3 / / to Invade ~r»en<« a c c o r d s * t o

Lio L V I i l , 2 6 , 3 . '■or . V l t e l l i u s , c f . rt. l i s n s l i k , "k . . " l luypl.

l a n d I a , 1 >6 2 , 1733 f f (r .o. 7 c ) .6 i . t ttc. " t a n . " VI, 4 l , ai.d urr.e:»ux -id l o c . f o r t.ie * , r i l i n g w i e t s e .

6 1 . Ma . v , M a VI i 1 , 3 , 3 t U v . * o r . . r e t a o , c f . above, p. ^ 7 .

62 . w te in , IV e , 173^« 1 ^ 3 f .

63. i s o . 1 1 , 32 .64 . H i , 2 0 . h . t h i n , can be deduced f r o * tne na^e o f i t s e o s s s n d e r ,

• /ecr ius f.' :> 3 2 ) , who la o th e r w i s e tml nown.

6 3 . I l l , 2 1 . / o r the "d >r.» r . i l i t n r l a , c f . above, p . &/, h

6 6 . i s c . "Ann." I l l , 21 ./ 0 7 ..............

- iM* -

67. IV, 24 . r'or the u u u l e a l i , c l . . . r.iuv <, ' Atfi, v>33,

026 f f .

6 d . 4a c . " n o . " iV, 2 4 . for , l o l* . y , c f . h . uof w nn a a I I I , 1 9 » ,

17bti f f . (n o . 6 2 ) , who ,.ropr>see the r e a d in g " r e ^ l " i I n s t e a d o f " re^e

I’to le ia ae o " ) h e ro , » t h a t . to le .y f a a / «,,, e a r as t..e nominal l e a d e r

of the ext e l i t l o n , wit?, th e a - co and in* a c t In/; o s t e n a i b i y only

as a d v i s e r t o hi ; , (hof . -nn c o T ^ . r eu "c, nsulto.**' t o p o r t . l a

•u t j e a t i o n ; .

69 . i’e e . IV, 2 4 .

7v . IV, 2 ) .

71. l i , >2 ; . i t 1 : not , i m l i e t o ei y *hat rank iu c fa r l r .^ a he ld in

the . o an "a . x i l i a " . r r tr.r fa. ;t t ! t t a con of hie f e l l f i g h t i n f

f o r hie. in 24 k .U . < IV, 2>) i t in pone ib l# to deduce t h a t he waa o ld

enough t c h..ve had co rc lder& b e e x / e r l e n c e ir. t).e "f u x l l i a " be fo re

tho r e t e l

72. furneuux ax.u kvee te rm sxn ad l o c . k o » a n e l l i , 1 5^ , e u p p c r t s the

l a t t e r v ie* in r . le „ ro se ' o r r a n i t z s t u . . . in cor. i d l c a v a l l e r i e

e d l f a n t e r i a " .7 ) . l a c . V an . ' I I , >2. c.is a l l l e e v..ed “ l e u l o cc, i a ” . , f . IV, 2 j .

74. J f . " i n c o n d l t l " ( i l l , 2 >\ "d e o e r to r . ^ raedo , l a t r o " (73) ;

" . . raednru* recw t o r e t a o c iu a ^ o p u lan d i rex v«r-u^antua

iho d re g s o f tne pro? .nee j o i n e d /.is. t i j a * Hue e r r o u l n c i a , ut

q u i s f o r t u n a ioo,>u, a rll>ua tu r b i d u a , r o « ^ t i u a rue! an t ( i b i d / .

7 ? . H i , 73; IV, 2 3 .76. 1/ , 4 .77. % >'or vuba, c f . " . 1 . i by; f o r tt-r A te r iana c l . below, j>. 4 3

f o r n h o e a e tn l c e e ,md th e c h i l d r e n o f i v l y e , c l . above, p . *7 3

end f e e . ' u in . " I I , 0 7 .

76. IV, 5 .7 9 . ” * i b . " 3- , aivl, f o r th e im;K>rt ol th e p h r a s e , ' i e t r a ad o c .

f . n to 3 a bove .(k,. vac. i l l , /; v, >; 2 3 ; t l t t e r l l n * , A i i » 1'>^4, 12^3.

81. " T i b . " >^ | 41 .

4l_ 4b.. •

- o5 -

Vie j* AV I' UaIUu l\ .... tU ,

The s o u rc e * f o r the l a t e r , u l i o - J l a u d i a x i pe r iod remain those

p a r t s of T a c i t u s ' "Annu-to" t h a t h-»ve s u r v i v e d , o u e to n iu a and Uio o r h i s

e, i t o m a t o r a . J o s e h u e , and even the he* Tee tar . en t , I l l u m i n a t e Ju d aea ,

hp ig ra h i c a l e v id en c e becc. e s le i t S ( ^ i . t , and *111 be d iacuused where i t

seems j c s e i b l e tc dr.tr i t with so. a s e c u r i t y i n t .»s v e r io d .

B r i t a i n a f f o r d s a s ^ c c i a i o p p o r t u n i t y because of tne d e f i n i t e

n t a r t i r . g - d a t e o f 4 1 a . J . which i t p r o v i d e s . I n f r t u n u t e l y T a c i tu s '

d e t a i l e d accoun t o f t h e i n v a s i o n f c r o n has n o t s u r v i v e d . In the "a&rioola"^

i t i s o i a ^ l y s t a t e 1 t n a t “ tan 1c, i .in nd a u x i l i a r i e s " wer* t r a n s p o r t e d top

B r i t a i n . . u t in J i o ' e acc unt of the f i n t p i t c h e d b a t t ' e , on the Kedwsy

in Kent, ( a r e m ent ioned . This i s h i a t e r e f o r iercione who fo rced

a c rosn inp by ewia.ninr a c r o s s th e r i v e r in f u l l s m c u r . Tliis won known an

a s p e c i a l s k i l l o f t h e L. tav j > n t , so t h a t i t u.«y be assumed t h a t the

in v as io n a u x i l i i r i s e Inc luded d a t a v i - n de tach m en ts .

D e t a i l n e x t acc ru e* in u c l t u t* r e . o r t n on tl.e e v en t s l e a d in g

up to the c a p t u r e o f , a r » t e c u e in a . j . and th e r e v o l t o f boudicca in

6 l t wren v e t o r i u e -ca; ultt beca...e , c v e r n u r of r i t a i n in 4 / he wnr o b l ig e d

to r e s to r e o r d e r , making use o f " c i t a s c o h o r tx e ' Thee* can be rega rded

as a u x i l i a r i e s , s i n c e “c l t * e " woui I seem to be a v a r i a n t f o r "T eu es ' o r

e x p e d i t a e " , and l u t e r i n tl .e o « .e c h a p t e r . . s t o r l u s i s d e s c r ib e d a s l e a d i n g

"eine robore le^ . ionuj s o c i a l l w c o p i e s " u# u i ' e t the d i s s i d e n t i c e n i a . i e .

d ine* they hud chosen a p la c e im -^ .v oua to c a v a l r y , ht adopted the

/unueu <1 ..........

f

f

* 86 —

unusukl t a c t i c o f aakin>, r.is ca v a lry diwucant and on fo o t with the

infantry au x i1 i a r i e o : 'd ia tr b u t ia cohortiLuo tura-uB quoqua peditua ad

Bunio a c c m g i t " . ibe ca a o r te in bath engagement* are a u x i l ia r y , in 5 1

the Ko«ana crumbed the Lrdoviceo o f towys in .a le* who were under the

leaderahlp i f Caratacuo. f >r the l e c l s i y e b u t t l e , p r e fe c ts and tribune*

exhorted t i e aoi m trooj : "i r a e fec t iq u e e t tr ib u n i . . . ardorem e x e r c itu e

intendebant''^. -ne tr ib u n e* ure the leg ion ary tribune* - the prefect*

the commander* o f u u x l l i -ry uni td . »cc rdin . ly the sentence e a s t be taken

so an in d ir e c t way o f s t a t i i u that the tw> a r ia o f the leg ion* and the

" a u x i l ia ” were in v o lv e d . Lhe sa e d io t in c t io n must un derlie the co n tra st

in "eo . . . inru;.ere fe r e t i r i w i grauiuque m ile* , i l l ! t e l l * u d su ita n tes ,

h i conferto graou 1. ' f e r e n ta r iu c 1 i s u;. .irch i* e , r e fer r in g to a l i& ht-

arned s o l d i e r ' , and hence ,r e s e n t in g the a u x i l i a r i e s an a whole, balanced

by the le g io n . ,r le n V g r - iu is w i l e s ’) . he th ird double phrase a c tu a l ly ueen

the normal ten se in ;aentioninr the d i f f e r e n t weiuon* d the two ar»s

" g ln d lie ac p i l i e le g io n u r .o r u n, . . . *; *thi* e t h a u tic a u x il ia r ib u * ’ (where

"epatha" la an unusual word f r a heavy aword ) . It would appear that

Tacitus la d e l i b e r a t e l y ex je r is e n t ln g with new ex p ress io n s for what he now

regarded am a reg u la r fe a tu r e ’f • oann f ith t i ' -K i * e c lo se en ioy . t

together o f two branches o f a p r o fe s s io n a l f Lghtii.g force* -or*#

reverse* among t .e o i iu r e o o f wouth alar, are next re o r .e d . h i s

c o s f i tu r e o f " l e g l o n s r i s s cohort! " need not concern t the "turmss" that

were d efeated m ust , however, have b n .,u 11.try • . nt. r lu e

r e s t o r e th e s i t u a t i o n w i th " c o h o r t i * ex ad *a» - t y now » f a m i l i a r

/who s e e s *

who had to be saved b y t..e robtfr" o f the "le^lo^ea"' l i g h t in g ugalnot

the b l lu r e e continued o f t e n "In ooduzo l a t r o c l n l i " - we W'>uld c a l l i t

g u r r r i l ln warfare r a th er than "brIgMida*e". at one etnge two cohorto were

I o l I while forag in g : "duae a u x i l i a r i n c o h o r t le a u a r i t ia praefoctorus

in cau tiu a {Kipulantla in te r c e p e r e " . fhe pattern o f a u x l l la r le e l a t e r backed

by le g lo : a r ia s wan re mated when the immana supported queen Cartlomdua

of the h r ig a n tee an ter the n^xt vernor, J id lu a -.ailua - j l a .v , j 11,

There are tne usual com binations o l le g io n a r ie s and a u x i l i a r i e s

in the s e c t i o n devoted to io u d ic c a 1 . in ti e f in a l b%ttle . 1 th the r e b e l s

the governor, ou toniuz, «n.l inun, hr* " -unrtn decl^m l e g ! - cun u e x i l l u r i i s

u i c e e l ' v j i l a e t e proxim la a n x il l .u rea , de«:«'rj fe r e m il la arnntoruai"

U nfortunately th* f i ^ u i * 1 0 too vague t i Le able to e a t lv u te the nunker

of a u x i l i a r i e s . The s in e 1 t e detaclu.ent Iroe. the Twentieth region m

not g iv en , arid the i u rteen th .lay n t have * een up to i t s f u l l s t r e n g t h of

> to BvVu men. une may hazard t e .,uesn th at the a u x l l la r l* n f ->r -ed

roughly a th ir d o f the t o t a l . %ext the b a t t l . -^-der la described :

"leg ionariu a freipiene or>*inib s , l e u lo c i i . -v «, cur i^ o b u tu s pro

cornibua equea a d a t i t l t " , where " le u la - :i o ld - fa sh io n ed tera• I**

for a u x i l ia r y c o h o r ts , "equee" e re, ul-ir var ian t . •• ’ »«. v io a

d e scr ip t io n o f the b a t t l e , Roman arch ers contend with c! r i o t s o f the

b r i t l a h . But t h . v h c l . 1 . h l f c h l , r h . t r l c l , and . . . i . I n c l l n . d

to suopoct t h . t t o . a r c l i .ro , i f not t h , B r l t L h c h a r i o t . , . r . .r .u c h r o n U ttc .

o f t . r t h , cruchln , o f t h . r . v „ l t , N .ro c o t 2 .* v l . g i o . o r l . . , d . u . l l l . r ,

/c o h o r t s . . . . .

X5 i £c o h o r t s a nd l u W c a v a l r y • i t ht^a b e e n thou g h t t h a t t h e d cohor t t . were

th e 6 t i a tav tun c o h o r t* l a t e r found I n b r l t o i n c o - o p e r * t l n j with tho >’r u r -

t e c n t h r e g i o n , bu t i t i u jaout l i v e l y t h a t l e t a v l a n a formed p a r t o f tne

invad in g f o r c e s under C l j u d i u a , mt, a t a t r d above, eo t h a t t h e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n ,

a l th o u g h f e a s i b l e , i s n o t o b l i g a t o r y , im the a r r i v a l o f t h e s e r e i n f o r c e ­

ments , the a u x i l i a r i e s were a o u l nod t s m a l l f ) r t > f o r the w in te r :

" c o h o r t e e a.me^um nou lo h i h e r n a c u L e l o c a t a e " . f h i o , and the phrane "e

p rox im is a u x i l i i r e s ' quo ted ab -ve, «re Vie f i r s t d e f i n i t e i n d i c a t i o n s of

a u x i l i a r y r e g i a « n t ^ bv n,; s t a t i o n e d i n u network o f f o r t s in U.e l i t e r a r y

r e c o r d .

Wo r e g i m e n t a l na es a e-tr in tn e n a s s a ^ e r d i s c u s s e d sc f a r ,

excep t f o r the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n f i ' e a* .va taviano. d e fe re n c e s

to a u x i l i a r i e s in t h e r / a r t s o f ^ac i tu t i n l . h t h e l p , m e ^ t a v i a n a appear

in the "h i s t o r i e s " ^ u n d e r tlie y en r 6 ' where tney a r e s a i d to have

made a r e p u t a t i o n f o r th e m s e lv e s in > r i t a i n . 8 c o h o r t s accos; iinied the

f o u r t e e n t h ueg lon when i t wno e u i iuoned from b r i t a i n by h e r o , fhe n a t a v l a n e

next ap p ea r by name in t.4 , v..en 4 c ,hc»rts fought a t the b a t t l e o f Ions

Uraupiua1 . i t i s l i k e l y t h a t t n e " lec t l& aim oa u ux i l la -* iu* , quibue not*

uada e t p a t r i u t , nu:uli u*ua quo aimui oe (ue e t * r ;» e t f i;uos r eg u n t , who

led ' b r i c o l a ' s s u c c e s s t u l a t t - c x in ?h on on* i.uit l e n e y l were o a t a v i a n s ,

i f one ir,ay judge I r o n tho t a c t i c d e s c r i b e d . fwo o t h e r names from the

si-ea of tn e .owur i<htne a rc p r e s e r v e d . a coho rs Usiporum m ut in ied while

b e in g t r a i n e d in 8 ^ i the f a c t t h a t t h e , were be ing f o r , a d eo l a t e

makes i t u n l i k e l y t h a t o t h e r c o h o r t s o f l i sxp lsns hud preceded them, ‘hen

2 c o h o r t s o f l*unp,rian« a r e ment ioned a t the b a t t l e I * one i a u p lu s .

/w h e th e r . . . . .

h f t ' i e r ^ T i ’Tit tore u - t oi t ,* . ! ,ud -N*roni*.n rmy cannot be

Induced f r o a t h i u : b u t i t in s i , n i f l c a r t t h a t t , ,» auxil lariea named in

t l » 1 i t f r v ry rrc rd c i ' .e f r 1 -v-r W r-. .ny5^ .

- r . foi f a n ny h*; r e t h e r r d f r x i n f l c r l p t l o n s . a

2 %toabetu! o I roa ichi*. «*r k v •« -.»»» u. i) r e c o f a s an l a ^coi ;

/>n> '• ' "" <c a*i:io a r 1 «« . r ic ;,r> , .« ru i . anno*

/L a e r i r . h e re d e^ #>* te*.t*o*. , 7 . 7 c . h . a . e .

i.i * 11 # t • .« *or % Up be f a r e 4 # a* j . , when vaulodunum

a t l l l . r r . ,>i. t .v» f u r r e d a r t r f the i n v a r Ion

f i r c c . . tcr. ;,ct ' ,c o f t ? 3 -r r ly 4 r e c c r ia a i h r ic iau c o h o r t at

r o x e t e r W l r l i , . l r r t in - t e ly t U nu ^b*r o f the cohort it> no longer

l e ^ i h e :

- ... hrucu-e an norum LV1J e t i > rndivrum

/ • • ti • 8 • e *

Another * hr ic i an cc ou t -1 r r c rncd u t o u c e r t e r (vlevuai> ;

•ufue w ita eou ee . cho. Vi i>;icuir. ( n t o ) r n n . XL e t i p . aaIa, heredea ex#

t e a t . f . curoue. h . e . r .

t virencr.'iter W nrinium) t* are ^*ie tv,o one llxracin.i, the o ther

awlxic 1

e x t u r V u l e r i u a w»ni * l i& eijfr ( m : v a l e T h i r c . < ajlc > c i u i e ‘- r l o l a u # t u r .27

U en ia lio on . /XxX a t . xa. h . a . e . e . (jgi^) f . c .

/ iw m iicu e . . . . .

<•At afc,

- ',J ' -

. XVI ,

i n ^ o . e a r l y I n e c r l p t l o m , Mow t h a t f h r a c l a n M d 0 . I . I 0# . u x l l l a r y r e . 1-

Bi^nta ubt be ailded to tf\ ^a knuwn i ro . , t . e l i t e r a r y r e c o r d .

t

.

3 in c e ih ra o e d id t bee .« * ro w ia re t i l l 46, the u n i t s o - u ld ha rd ly

It incl . - .r auxi. i a r i v s h id ion a red t ie b*. j . f u r t h e r vextuc V a le r iu s

(leal ,1 U o f the air; i ct ; . fc v- w , r i fc i . a . ne could n e t have been

on'? : 1 ‘® r i k ^ n a l o r a . t i o r In l a u i . i t , . ten n.uut h.,ve been i n e x i s t e n c e

t -r l u l ' e a . e t i n e b e fo re 46 , f o r u e n U l i * t n.ive d ie d a f t e r 20 y e a r s

»De :>e re i s not

P***' -‘red to re.-. L^ck 11 t .«• r i c 1 * . >ut b a s i c a l l y the l i e t e a re

th e a s* * .

<e Oc*;. now turn tu t h e u t ,_ . ,n iren , be%infiin*; with uu ius' v i e i t

t the hw.e in 5V A .U . ' u u e to n lu a #»lva* aa t . e reaaun f o r the

ex p e d it io n a re...iuder wuich .,..ua had rece iv ed t n u t hit, ueraun bodyguard

needed r o c r u i t s - ”a i •,.>nitue >e hujj, lend nu, »ro i>*tauoru*i, vaoe c i r c a

«c habebat . a[ thic, c ul. oerVt. is le t t -nc ib le aiot.ve f r the expe­

d i t io n , . t i s c le « r that i t w.«a co n a iu e red necesn r j tu m ain ta in the

o r ig in a l ch aracter o f ti e t,uard. i.ie guard scco.sj. u.'*d j.iius t o i*ru.ltny t

« t on* point h# s e n t " p au n a do c u s to d ia U)r..anoa" across the .ihine to

A i d e . . . . .

AL * . .

- y i

h ide uo t h a t the p r u e t ^ r l u n c a v a l r y c o u ld gaUi p r a c t i c e by t r a c k in g th ea

d o w n ^ \ (ioiuo c o l l e c t e d u l a r g e army f o r h l a p r o c e e d in v a s i o n , bu t the

f i u u r e o t h a t we have a r e exa t l ;«*rated ou t o f a l l p r o p o r t i o n , u ic ' '* ettye

t h a t t h e r e were e i t h e r 2 u> o r ,v ^ . i’h ia auunda l i n e an e s t i m a t e o f the

t o t a l s t r e n g t h f th e K >mun army, l e g . o n e and a u x i l i a r i e s t o g e t h e r ,

uuetonivui g i v e s no a, e c i i l c f i, u rea i " l e g i o n i b u s e t a u x i l i i s undlque

e x c i t i s , d i l e c t i b u a uh ique a c e r b i / iioie uctia ' . ' ^oa.e were slow in a r r i v Uigt

to ^a in a r e u t n t i o n f r s t e r n d i s c i ; l i n e , >aiue d ism icsed with ignominy

" l e g a t e s qu l a u x i l i a s e r i u s ex d i u e r a a l o c i s a d d u x e r a n t " ^ ' . The " l e g o t i "

xue t Le the l e g i o ury l e g a t e s s t h e i r l a t e n e s s r a y have te en due e i t h e r to

the f a c t t h a t the a u x i l i a r i e s u nde r t h e i r r e s , o n n a b i l i t y were s t a t i o n e d in

6 ■nail f r t e uver a wide a r e a , and needed c o n s i d e r a b l e t ime f o r m us te r ing ,

o r t h a t they »ere occu, led w i th the new l e v i e o a l r e a d y mentioned. No d e t a i l s

s u r v i v e , bu t i t h..o been su gen te d t h a t the c h i e f t a i n c f th e Jann inef& tee

who got ttway with makln,, fun >f l i u s 1 ex, e d i t i o n was supposed to provide

" a u x i n s " 57.

In 47 a . J . i t a l i c u s , th e son o f H avuo u.,d the nephew o f

a rm in iue , was c e n t o u t by J l n u d i u a to become k i g o f the uheruccnns .

f a c i t u a t e j l o us t h a t du r .ng h i e u p b r in g in g in I t a l y , he had been t r a i n e d

both in homun and in (erm/m methods ol f i g h t i n g , i t i s obvious t h a t such

f i g u r e s us I t a l i c u s w >uld have irode changes in t r i b a l t a c t i c s , anil t h a t

u l t i m a t e l y r e c r u i t s f ir the oroon " a u x i l i a would hove b e n e f i t e d f rue such

c o n t a c t s , a n o t h e r avenue >f Moman i n f l u e n c e in tn e vierm/tn a r e a cone f ro #

?9d e s e r t e r s who took c o n t r o l o f inv.id ug a r m i e s . 1 h i e ap p en r r from i a c l t u b

/ d e s c r i p t i o n ..........

J L 4tk .

/

- 9? -

d e s c r i p t i o n o f Vannaocus who l e d t h e Jbuuc ,na i n r e I d a on th e c o aa t o f

u a u l in 4 / - >jui u a t i o n e ve iu i lne fua , oiixlli.«i*e n t i ^ e n d i u * iae r l tua , poa t

tranmfu o, l e u i h u a n. u i ^ i l a r aedsbundus a l l o r u .1 t..'xj(iwe oram u l a tm b a t" .

I n > m .u. tne wha t tanu «&ade a r a i d on u; per oerwany. I'he fo rce* employed

a p a i n s t thu* were "oux111 t r i o Vah^i. ; #* ac o e o e t a e , a d d i to er^uite

. ' i la r io" . » - i t t l e d i f f c u l t y a t t a c n e c to the "equee a l a r i u s " , obv ious ly

4 la r a c i t e » n v a r i a n t f o r an a l n o r t. ; ^ r t f n r . velh'uK haa d e sc r ib e d

the Vanp lonea and Waite t a n a an " l o c a l l e v i e e " , cooipfcrin, the " tum ul ta r iaa

Chteruaa uero,en< ru c i n tvhenum colent i t . ' . t " o f u e r a a m c u o 1 expedi t ion c f 15.

i h io would imply u h a a ty fo r m a t i o n f u t r i b a l co.-.ti p,ent to deal w i th an

emergencye • u t c ^ r . d l t i no were ve ry d l l f » r e n t by t h i s d a te , and, even i f

the Vangionee and leavetanu were d r if t e l f r th e f i r o t t ime a t t h i s ata&e,

the t e r n " au x l l l u r e o * l . p l l e e a r o f e e e i o n a l o r an im a t io n . Ihe d i s t i n c t i o n

between " n u x l l l a r e e " nnn " e i - r i u r n e e .* to t e t h u t between in fan t ry and

c a v a l r y , r a t h e r th.*n t r i b a l c o n t i n g e n t and p r o f e s s i o n a l re , i a e n t . %e

KoSunn h a d n e t c e r t a i n a r e n a on the r i» h t bulk o f the lower nhine a a i le

to be k e yt empty o f inn b i tnnV s end f r e e f r " l l i t . o - y , ur oeea . when the

i T ioiann ecu; l e d thee# »>it:iouv e r i ion and hod to be e j e c t e d i rom th ,*o

• 4<?by fo rce in ^8 , the s >ld e r a employed were a u x i l i a r i a equea • *hen,

iv -edua te ly tn e rc t i i t e r , t n e -^npe ivarl *ne a t t e m p ted ti.e seme th in ^ under

uhtiucan p re ssu re , t h e i r c n i e f I 'o io c a lu a r e f e r r e d t h in yearn «n

auxiliary ta* part of h i s Ion, s e r v ic e to none, the Roman# acknowledged

t h is , and ad i t ted that i t needed recou cnee, hut used d ip lca .it ic seans

to prevent t « iccupotlon

/ th i r d ly e e # e e

j l .

- 9 3 -

i ie rd ly n n y th ir ^ hnr. s u r v i v e d co n ce rn in g the N u b i a n a r e * .

.h en the go v e rn o r o f Ja l . -ea tie in 42 A . J . , >u r iua - a m i l l u a c r l b o n l a n u s ,

becjuae Invo lved i n a c o n a p l r a c y ugminat J U u d i u b . he ^*0 0 0 id to have had

a lu r , e f o r c e f i e ^ i o n i r t e a mi i a u x i l i u r i e c a t h U d ie o e e l -

’ 1 1 ' 1 ' v M‘ . .h en t r o u b l e broke

o u t in t h e r e r u n s vannia; um" M ong th e v . e t n n e in >v a . v . , u lau d iu e d id

n o t accede to Vanniuc ' r e lu c e t f o r nne i f . tnnce . however he d .d o r d e r the

governor o f i t a m o n ia to .itove t r o o ^ a u, to th e bunk o f the uanube to aexe

'* 5 ‘cw ^ f o r c e t d i s c o u r a g e an j a t t e m p t to Invade the p ro v in c e . These

t ro o p s c o n s i s t e d . f ' l e r i o n o u 1 , a «ue e . ro u in c ^ a l e c t n a u x i l i a " ^ ^ ,

- u i c e the t,f-rr>f.un f ^unoni. c o te d o f } l e g l r n n a t t h i b d a t e , i t l a

c J e a r t h a t the whole arwy wan no t in v Ived . nence i t a ee i ,0 b e e t to rega rd

' l e c t a am ' a e i e c t ' o r “c h o sen th e r e g u l a r a u x i l i a r i e s of the

pro v in ce , and n o t , ao rurr .eaux < d Koeeti-rowan, o f " l e v i e s a e c l a l l y

c a l l e d o u t " .

I n t e r e s t i n the . . a t c en t - e on f i g h t i n g with the Var th iane

and the r e b e l l i o n i n Judaea# But minor i n c i d e n t s a re a so o f v a lu e , in

'+'/ n , j . C la u d iu s s e n t I t h r i d n t e n out t-> r e c o v e r the kln< dom ol Arsen l a .

In t h i s he was a i d e d by h i s b r t h e r iharumninoa , the prese t k ing o f

I b e r i a ' . x’he " m i l e s i anus ' t a c k l e d t i * rnen ian f o r t r e s a e e ~ presumably

theme . e r e l e g i o n a r l e e . \ t t e aa e t ime t h e "Hiberua e x e r c i t u a " scoured

47the p l a i n # , ih e d b e r . a n o were l a r g e l y c a v a l r y •

In 49 a d i f f e r e n t M t h r l d u t e m , « demcendsnt o f the K l th r id a te w

the Urest o f t on tun who co nduc ted th e fatnoue " h i t h r i i a t i c '*nrs nf the

/ e n d • e e e •

/A

■* 4 ••

e n d o f t h e He p u b l i c , t r i e d V> t r e r t the doc o ra r . Kiti(.;doui l l r . t t .e Crimea)

I r o n h i s b r >thei: o t y e , who h-*d bee c.c i t s r u l e r i n h i e p l u c e . Cotye was

s u p p o r t e d b j a few cohort*, u nde r % mecLer o f the e q u e s t r i a n o r d e r t

then concluded an a l l i a n c e w i th unones , kln j f the A o rs ian r a ^armst.ian

p e o p le , .he i r r ^ n eu.or.t . »u t i t unones would fi# n t tnc c a v a l r y b a t t l e s ,

the noukuis h a n d . e th e oiu <iu. i h e i r .i-chin, colutsn i s d e s c r ib e d us

fo l low s : " f r o n t e a e t t e r ^ n . t o r s i , r e d l a c o h o r t e s e t boosioruni

urei.'»M to th e b o o p o r u n - . , n.eanin t h u t they we. a r d l i k e :.oa>*n i n f a n t r y ,

h o e s t h ^ s i c p l y t h a t t h e " c o h o r t o " were l e g *. r a r y ? 1’h i s would be the

n a t u r a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , b u t t h e d e r o , t . t o r y tone f " p s u c a t co h o r t iu o

above (comin i s e d l a t e l y u i t c r tl** te rn r o t u r e x e r c i t u a ) and the f a c t

t h a t a minor a k i i n i s h o c c u r r e d In w l ich a ’p r a e i e c t u c c o h o r t i e and

" p i e r Iquc t«u> i l i a r i u a " were e l . i n , muat acun t h a t the c o h o r t s were

a u x i l i a r y ^ ' .

Ih e nex t i n c i d e n t , i n >1 l comes from . r w e n l a . h l t h r i d a t e a

woo a t t a c k e d by th e son f h i s b r o t h e r . b u r am wanes. « e took r e f u he in a

f o r t c a l l e d Uornsas ( t i a r n i a ) d e s c r i b e d s " t u t u r loco ac p r a e s i d i o,1

m il l t u r . , qulr. Cael i u s o l l i o p r a e f e c t u s , c e n t u r i o Cas, e r l u s j r<.eerat

"puucus cohort .urn c v t i u l i o . . q u i l a ec ,u i te omano" Cotys and a q u i i a

i t 3eec.s b e e t to r e f e r "n -a tr ie int u t n b u n t u r n o s t r i e in a r s i s

These " m i l i t e s " were o b v io u s ly thooe d e s i g n a t e d as ( t i leo Ho:;.inua' m 'V .

T a c i t u s remarks t h « t t h e i r s u p e r i o r e l e ^ e - c r u f t f r u s t r a t e d t u t enemy'n

b lockade u n t i l b r i b e r y was u s e d . *hen the p r o c u r a t o r o f Uappadocie t r i e dblockade u n t i l b r i b e r y was

e u x l l l i nt o I n t e r v e n e , he drew to, e t h e r the a u x i l i a of ».!•> ,/rovlni.e

/ p r o u i n c i a l i u m

A. . <fc.

<m

- 5 -

, r o u l n o i tliuc:, c o u t m c t " - hut f n ' l e d tn nccomrl leh a n y th in g . L a te r a

.*t,iou ser . t f r a the- y r i a n .:rmy t.- r e s t o r e woman ascendancy . Ihe

_ _>Td 'V-roulnc . a l e s ' ' nu t h a t th e " a u r . 11a" c o n s i s t e d o f l o c a l

J<» ..;Joc . ina , b u t th e -u t ve been formed i n t o r e g u l a r u n ite a l r e a d y ,

o th e rw is e t h e / * u l d not have been a v a i l a b l e f u r Immediate uae.

i"he U l l I c l a n v i e t a e a La l n c ave t r o u b l e in >2 w . J . ihey Ranaged

to overcome th e ' ‘equ l tea '* a e n t a g a i n s t then f r c a the .»yr tn artry under the

command o f a ‘' p r a e f e c t u a . b u t tney were f> i ly reduce i by the I n t e r ­

v e n t io n '.t /xotiochua o f uOiwsageue h e re a c l i e n t k in g afpear.s to be

pe r fo rm ! ' g the r o l e o f a l e g i o n .

Lnder »ero fi l - e c . le v r r b roke u t i n the a a t . In >4 the

fau. .ue Jo rb u lo was -■» >i t e d t oun t the i - r th lnn 1 i r l d a t e e who had s e iz e d

c n t n l i Ar. en l i i . <ew r e c r u i t s ( c u l l e d ' Ivucntt .e" by l a c i t u a ) we. e

dr«*i ted I r t e -r er.t.»] l e r 'no, and the Jew ish n r inee nerod ngr lppa and

kint, wnt iocuua f womeutgene were o r d e r e d t o su p p ly f o r c e r . Lease r

«r e n ia wan ass ig ned t o . t r i a l »bviu«, opi.ene t o ^ohaemue . ih# <yr an

* ray waa s p l i t in two, 'p i re w u x i l i . r iu.’n cuu duabus l e ^ i o n i ' u s remaining

i n ->yria under ♦ he a g a t e , Uamidius ;a - d r a tu a , while to vorbu I a went »'ar

ciuium e o c io r u/aque num^rua . . . a id i t i c o h o r t Ibuo a l l a q u e quae i n

ua.ipadociu h ie .4a b a n t ,,-y/ . ir.e l o c a l " s o c i i re.-e-s" were o rd e re d tc obey the

woman comjt.uitdere. Vologeses , tiir , a r t iar k in g (whose b r o t h e r l l n d a t e e

- a s ; , wes no t p r e p a re d f o r war i t t i s j u n c t u r e , and s u r r e n d e r ed h atmges

to bi.imidiue u u d r u tu o , who sant t> cen tu r ion t r e c e iv e them. Corku lo ,57

however, s e n t a " p r a e t o c t u n c- .v - t i n " t tihte th e over •

/ i n o i t u e ..........

- -

* a c l t u e re t u r n s to t h e under the yeu r ^S. Corbulo had found

i t n e c e s sa ry to r e s t o r e d i s c i p l i n e in h i s t r o o p s . A f r e s h levy wes h e ld ,

and s o l d i e r s t r a n s f e r r e d from a n o t h e r p r o v i n c e . " I t h a b i t i pe r ( in let lam

Capped ^eiui-'.que d i l e c t u s , a d l e c t a ,ue ex ^r-r.nanie l e iu cun e q u i t i b u e a l a r i l s

e t p e d i t a t u c o h o r t i u a " . I t w u ld be i n t e r e s t i n g to know whether tne

levy Inc uded a u x i l i a r y oa well as l e g i o n a r y r e c r u i t s . Vhe t r a r i s f e r o f tne

l e g i o n i s ec e c i a l l y n o t a b l e , s u c e f u r tne f i r s t t ime i t i s s t a t e d t h a t a

l e g io n on t r a n s f e r was accent; m led by a u x i l i a r y a l a e and c o h o r t s . During

the w in te r Corbulo k e p t h i s l e g i o n s i n camp, he a r ran , ed h i s a u x i l i a r y

c o h o r t s in v a r i o u s f o r t s , p u t t i n g then, under the command o f a former

l e a d in g c e n t u r i o n w i th s t r i c t o r u e r s t h a t t h e r e was t<- be no f i g h t i n g i

" d i s p o s i t i s q u e p e r i d o n e o s lo c o s oohort ifcus a u x l l i a r i l s . . . s curam

p r u e s i d i o r u c a c c io ^ r f i t p r i 1 111 honors p e r f u n c to T m d a t" . ihe re

must have been a s e p a r a t e - f f i c e r in c«> uid o f the c a v a l r y , f o r we hear

o f "turmae ' t h a t came "e p rv t i . . . i s c u e te .1 1 s " . -hen ; a c c i u s Joined th e se

in a s u l l y and wes d e f e a t ' d , -o rbu lo punished him and the "p rm efec tos

m i l i t e o q u e " ( i . e . , t h e a u x i l i a r y s o l d i e r o and the u n i t ccaaan d e re ) with the

o l d - f a s h io n e d p e n a l t y o f hav ing t o encamp o u t s i d e the f o r t i f i e d l i n e s .

c r o n t l n i V ' a l s o repo t t e tne i n c i l e n t , bu t w i th reci.- e f i g u r e s : he says

t h a t "duos a l a s e t t r e a c o h o r t e s " wer*. In v o lv ed . when the a c t u a l in v a s io n

o f irmenia be; an , v o rb u lo dec! led t d i v i n e h i s fo rce # , a t h a t 1 H11

p r a e f e c t i q u e " ,mi.;ht a t t a c k d i f f e r e n t p la c e s ' l . Aim v a r i a n t 1 r le&lones

e t a u x i l l a " has been no ted e a r l i e r in t h e c h a p t e r , he a l s o e , l oyed the

c l i e n t k i n g s , n t i o c n u s of Jo ma&ene # ,d . h a ra a uanes c f I b e r i a , t o a t t a c k

/ o u t l y i n g . . . . .

- 7 -

o u t l y i n t i e t r i c t o . iho r .n b o o t uc.i.uiti vnr len iochana ; a l l i e d t / iemeelree

t» the <-.ii-.au « t t h i n ' i l n t , and . » r t \ ravd u a e f u l . , * r , ue*. Qurin^

• u b a e i j j en t f*gr i t lng t . e re . r e t . , d e n o r l - . t i »ne f C . , rbu lo 'e trcopu drawn

U-J in b r t t f ' * o r 'l P r » tn,e 1 J r e t a c o n fe ren c e between the two a rm ies ,

the sec d when l l r i d a t e c . . t t e n j . t e i t d r i v e t n e a o f f b e fo re the s i e g e

oi -j-t-ocat Vortueh «t) s dorl u l o e-»ci. a c h r t l a e t a x i l i u return »ro

cora lbuH, e i lo e e x t u i l e t , ione« c o r o i t i t u l t , c u i a c c i t a ex c t n t r U t r i e

m l l i a t e r t i a n run »r U c u e r a t , una cu a b u l i a , u a a i eade.a l e j i o

s * c t r e t u r ' ^ - h a r e the r ' / a l "ou i l l . ' a u a t «ve fo rced the bulk o f tne

e g i o , a u t e t r o s e x t a In c e d eb a t , medlla

dec .»n -rum d e . e c t ; . . . # t 1 < ^ui l i e e^jiite.-i t u e b a n t w ; . . . in

corn ibud jH .v a |..1L v t to r .u e t c e t ^ - m > e . u l t u i b « t " ( . fhe l i i f » n t ry

arc! e ra ' were p r i b / p r o f e a t a n a l , t i n c e the bow «aa one f the c h i e f

we«. ..na f tne rtaer laaui a <• -ir trn.-r .s, «oid . m c t l s e d s r . i l l would be

needed to coun te r i t . ihw demt i a " d e e u r l o *< ultum" in no ted $ ao

f u r t e p r e l e c t h a s been t h e omt j u n i o r c a v a l r y o f f i c e r mentioned. At

the o u t s e t o f the sie*re of M r ta x a t a , o rbu lo used " l e u i s urmatura"*' * to

surround tn e w a l l s n / i » s t a r t t h e a t t a c x I r »it a d i s t a n c e . i h i s can only

be a r e v i v a l of an o lo t en# Tor some of the a u x i l i a r y c o h o r t s .

In 6t , 'm h i s way f r - . r ta> s»t t< i i r n m o c e r t n , the second

c a p i t a l o f , rmenla (? eyi f- r I n , , ' rbu lo m a t t a c k e d by so re mounts ln

t r l b e n n e n , b-.t managed to c r u s ' U " i w i th o u t nheddii g i < n H o o d by

d ls p u tc h in , the i b e r i n n e a g a i n s t th e n : "L i a i i h l b e r i s " ' J * To keep

Tirldr*tec on the r u n , J<.rbulo i .eot nh« .d r u x i l i r i e n under * i * r a t e corosaad,

fo l low ing r a . Id ly w i th the l e g i o n s ' ‘ . l i r i d a t e e e v e n t u a l l y >i. thdrew

/ c o m p l e t e l y , ..........

J !4 «Sk

- 98 -

co m p le te ly , and wao re. l a c e d on tne ,\rme«ilan th rone by a .toman nominee,

n , r a n e e . Uorbulo l e f t l e 4 . o n ^ r i e e and a u x i l i a r i e s behind to evpi-ort the

new k i n t : "odd i tu t ; c t p raec id iu* . m l l l e l e g i o n a r i i , t r e e eociorum

i a r t h i a n a e a i a t a n c e , Jo r t u l o s e n t 2 l e g i o n s to the a s s i s t a n c e o f f i g r a n e s .

lie warded o f f an advance o f Voiogeaes towards - y r i a by moving the r e s t of

h i e l e g i o n s t o the bank f th e - u p h r a t e e and s e i z i n g V ologe jea ’ r o u t e s of

advance by ..eans f M i s t i l y l e v i e d 1 c a l t ro o p s : " t u m u l t u a r i u r

prouinci&liuc. man urn i r o s t '^ i h e s e «ere o b v i o u s l y n t c o h o r t s and a l e e ,

t u t l a y well l a t e r nave t e e . t u r n e d i n t o s u c h . - eanw l i e . i uranes was

hold: .t ou t i n l^ r an o cc r t» witn t e su p p o r t o f h i e i. ictn B i l l i e s " .

Jo rU u lo p r o l e a te . . V: * o l o g e i e s. a b o u t t h i s , t t*ut " s ' d u n , *^lc-mque regem,

c o h o r t i s nouonss o t s i d e r i • «.ir., we* i l ^ r * / w « , t a toman co h o r t s

were the 1„<X> l e c i j u r i e s . t< id t ,e c’ 1* ions ment ioned above. * u x i l i a a rc

ignored . The s i t u a t i o n was a l t e r e d on the a r r i v a l o f a new g e n e r a l ,

uaeeennius . u e t u o l' U, t o d i r e c t j oman o p e r a t i o n s i n *r%enl*. ( I'M i s was done

a t u o rb u lo 'n su# g e s t i o n , so t n a t he c u ld c n c e n t r a t e on the . i j r . u n

f r o n t i e r . ; f a c i t u s d e n c r i b e s th e d i v i s i o n of the m i l i t a r y f o r c e s between

huetus and J o r b u l o no f o l l o w s i " c o p i l e i t s d i v i a i n u t q u a r t a e t

duodecimo l e g i o n * , ; i d d l t a q i i in tu , qua * r e c e n s * Koemls e x c i t a e r s n t , eimul

hon t icu e t l ia in ta rum Capp-idocum |U, sox i l i a r u e to oboe > 1, t e r t ia

co h o r tee duue^ue e^u l tum a l s e th e H u x i l l a r i e t okv iouc ly c o n s i s t i n g o f

p ro fe n e lo n o l u n i t s

' hen , in 62, * i n . a t e s t h r e a t e n e d to invade r\rmenla ag a in with

/ s e x t a

4 L

eex te e t decim on«a iriorrjue •• /r io e m iles aj-uri lorLuionem marie rent;

/ Ic e l c r u ex rent? asu r cl,- ren t p«rt iren tu e" . iThe use o f the nawe o f the

j'eop le , " .oeel" , for the mure uoual .iroeijnci..J nane o f "..oeaia". R i v a l s

caution in in t e r p r e t in g . I t in n t s t a t e d that th e r'ifth was accompanied

by A u x i l i a r i e s when I t i n t r a n s f e r r e d t J.ippodocia from hoeaia , but the

72t sinnonlan a la or a le e recorded below moat rohably came with i t . Tbe

p h r a s e " r o n t i c u . . . a u x t l i . i " would norm l l y r a n " a u x i l i n " s t a t i o n e d in

rontiu . Hut as rontui wm s t i l l a c l i e n t kingdom, the phruue must mean7 1

" a u x i l ia r ie s auppl ed by t i e k lr f ontut, ( nlemc y )" . Ibe words

"Galatarur. in; psdoc • no .'u ix ilinM sv pent a u x i l i a r i e s who were ' s l s t ln n s

and Caprsdocinno. Jome o f then may v e i l have been f lo c a l o r ig in , but,

as th e se two a r e an were p r o v i n c e s , t>e words ^uc t e>oi " a u x i l i a r i e s•jU

stationed i r. C.xlatia end Cap udocia"' . >ince the "If lores' of Jyria ure

mentioned »e n r v t e ly , too " r io r . . . l i e s vr: *unt r e f e r to n u x l l i e r i e s

s ta t io n ed in u y r ia . the fo r c es 1 , b e l le d "cetera" rreoumobl/ r e fe r to "ad

h o c 1' conti: ■ er ta row e l bv 1. 1 It*.- s 4 '• • oratlor ‘ ' in 42 are

reported both on the -y r l n end on the <rr '-n 1 -n fr o n t . !> tu lo t igh ten ed

hln grip on th« j >r r ien t > t h e .ii"hr' te e c r o s s inj i by r -upy ing n i l l s

'

cohorts Involved s wnd an though t in y 1-<d nermarert form, «nd presumably

t r e o o r #4 i n th e a r e s .

•aetun t r i e d t o b lo c k O r advance . f Vo lo feces by e t j t i n n i i , ’ t r i a m i l l s

d e l e c t i p e d l t i n " i . e . , >re M y l e - lo r «r1ec , th e f i f t h having j u « t

t lon , r

us*

lo rb u lo . . . . .

— 1 ) —

Corbulo t-re a red a ot^n.iby ; r c r t o »«» t him ehould the uowd * r i * .

I. ifl ecus u te d -f 1 -v. ,..en f r . a • a c n >f j l e , ior.e, 8u Ai l i r.. c a v a l r y

( " u 1 n r i o e ” ) a/vt .,n • juul number f r m t e I n f w i t r y c-h t r t o ^ .

by 6 ) , . a* tu n had been r e c a l l e d and r e p l a c e d by Jo rb u lo with widerin

t>owere. d y r w wuo n w t j i f e n to - e a t l u e u a l l u a " . i a c i t u a c o n c e n t r a t e s on

the leR iona in t h i a c e c t^ o n (- r l u i c r e c e i v e d the . i f t e e n t h f ro u annonia

on t r a n s f e r ) , b u t „e he.ir o f ui. L ib t r u e t ion g iven to " t e t r a r c h i e ac r e c i t u n

^ r ^ e f e c t i.e.(,ue" to o b se rv e Ju rbu l i *» coi , .nda . ftieae would yreauwsbly

laiCiutle o r u e r e t mu iy t ro o j >. .i,e t e t r* rc tu« ^nd k i n bb oj f o r no d i f f i ­

c u l t . v s , t u t «... were t .iv ,>r» .’l e c t i ' r &ney cannot be the coi.itundere of

c o h o r t s a J u i e , .is ojrueaujL qu. t ,, i , . c m e y , ui-r ;u>ir.an , r . t / e c t a o f

4 o t n c t i v ui ;u ' .iv.‘ . i «ut j , e » t i . a ; , .hey a re n u t Acann

of* a t «ti I - t ' . e ^ r u c u r -i- rt, u .. i - ^ r a e t o r n in the n« i(,h’. -r l t if ,

t r / .cee i re n e n t lo n e t f „ r t t e . y . ihe e r e Ltic ,ue" j i n s tv. era to the

t e t r « r c h a v . . j i n ^ o . v .e .y i-ui t be t e j u V r a o f t i e " p r a e : c tu r * e ' o r

p e t t y i». ei i id i a */, .er e no J n .o^e > u " ' ! * . ./ >rl u l z s e l e c t e d ^ l e , ionts

(ifv, i l l , V, XV) f c r * IS .-*« rch 1 t ’ ^ r en io t o g e t h e r with " u e x U l a

delec to ru ia ex i l l y r co »t ^etJ fr ' to , qucdque a ) «rum c o h o r t i u i q u e , e t mux 11 i s

refuui" ' 'J . j’he I t , a t two . .hrueeo w i l l be r e a d i l y u n d e r s to o d . Vht de tachment*

from i l l y r i c u m and -r.uet be le , i o r a r i e e , s i n c e a l l the tyrew o f

a u x i l i a r y a r e encor pnaaed by whnt f o l l o w s • ..here who however no p rov ince

o f " i l l y r i c u m " a t t h i n d a t e t ih<* 1 tu a su n t be u s in g i t onochr">ntmtic»*ly

fo r J a l m a t l s , i m n o n i s and f .mr.l'j •

deiiu lar e u x i l l »ry r e ; imeitte nr* auor. t > ev i . ence i n t n e f ig h t in y

t on • • • • •

z

1-1 -

0 » tl-e c . . tr«). er.wi r. r i . , r n s e c t i o n * i tne • t t e r n f r o n t i e r d u r in g t h i s

l i ' r l o d . u t t.-.f i . r c r r i c l i e n t «nd o f a l l i e d t r l b e e auch ac tne

jb.»rlaua, ct. r * n e n t . f h e l r Lr.,»ort«uice l a y in the U a - d of c av a l ry

ntiJ i n t..e use . f t h e L„w. >0% ins a re a t i l l ohown s u r ^ r r t i n r weak

c l i e n t -#iU. ■ ry , i .*v, i l j , ry t r o o p s ,

in c n u i d e r i n , ti.e eo u t r . e n . p a r t o f t e a s t e r n f r o n t i e r , Judaea ,

threw a t«>ec w y t e d i o t i n t u i o h e d . h i r s t t r .e re wae what was probably

cons ide red the " n o r ^ . l " p e r i a a l t e r the dea th o f herod «gr ipp*u l when

cudaea wa« under Ho*an g o v e r n o r s , then th e r e was the f i g h t l i . g t h a t

cu lm ina ted ir- the i n t e r v e n t i o n 1 ^ e s t i u s W l i u a from - y r i « - and f i n a l l y

the u r e a t r e b e l l i o n which » e a ; a a i a n a t t r a c t e d to c r u s h ,

fhe .<»« .• ,, «,i < f id nee c ... tc- added to th< t o f Jo sephus .

.

' >• Chronology ol t h e >w* te< .« • n t i , n o t o r i o u s l y t i i . i c u l t i only

i . rvx .;i t e d a t e s o n g i v e n , .lie s o l d i e r s t h a t guarded - h r i a t a t h io

i x i o n under . v n t l u e l i s t * , governor f r a 26 - . . ,

tire deocr ibo i a s , tne uree* f o r ’ conors" . hence they

were an a u x i l . - . r y u n i t , vne oi tn e . r f f i c e r s i a c a l l e d y ( oc) ■»

or v ; U| ' t which, a s I e .reek i t s e l l ohows, e e a n t a c e n t u r i o n ' •

•'he n UtiiAua bee ' e< ,,,oi »r, l u a . i n u r u l l u e , * to i s otncrw u.e unknown, to

be connander ol tne cavuxiy i n *udaea i t •

x, m . s is ,Ion unders tood

t h i s i n tnv oenu«, t j iu t . *«rullus ueca. .„ gove rno r >1 uuaaen, bul t m s de ends

upon taw emendation a | V V for I ' , r) v • 1,01 f ,r liliB

/ • • e • *

JA .

- Iu2 -

t h e ro 1 m . . . u a c r a u t t . <r Ly, ad th<» p u z z l i n g o f f i c e nuot he allowed

t ,t.«nu. .«»n t-./» t... .1 -/or'lor f » / r U , . c t r o n l u n , was nent t o coa w l

tno J e . a t e r e c t a — tue f i , In t <* fe a p le a t J e r u f i* le i In 4 a . ) . ,

ne wet o u t , a cc o rd in g to tn e " w U u . - lud i c u * " b^ , * ( , j

* t c • lace there

t e r e only ^ l « t i o n o in a l l ir >yrt»», t h e nuc.ber which voce hue , ivee in37t c /%nt iqu3 t ie n $ *i- - r t I ^rrode y # th6f*| id

. 'cue jbun' wvrd f o r l e f i m , but t e r , J - n d e t a i l or. the r tn y a u x l H s r i e e

t h a t CMwt i roiti . y r i u .

H e c o n v e r s io n t - r . t i u t y of th< .* .1 u > ra e l iu « v f

vaeearee ( n a l a r r a l y e / , l a f e a t u r e d t urJy in "#.ctu , wi.ere he i n r e f e r r e d

to as txc •

in o th e r words ne *«*, ,i ce t u n on ir tn e c n u r t c mu .1go

C o rn e l iu s ' cor.verHi -n in t o be d a t e d t o 4l - 4 « . a . , a u i f l i s ^ l t y l a seen

in t h a t Herod a ^ r l p a was r ir « f « u l a e e t. en , navm g re l aced tt.e toman

p r o c u r a to r am t. f a v o u r I r th e t j r o r l a u d l u s . .-t iu, ] t c a t i n n i s t h a t

tne re wou I h«.vt t ' -e, n< t . t n >p >$ in hu iae«i e t the time* -lut t i e

Herrdian k in , n r eednd t r .r r . t i 13 1 ' nr. n u p p ^ r t no l-ar* ti «n th« u man*, and

olnudiua mu. t ,v. l - ' f t t t r ; rev iouw ly in vudaea t h e r e under

the now k i n g , l i i t i n c o n f l r ed oy t h r f n c t t h i t when Vu.ineu r e v e r t e d

once t o r e t o . r . r i n i 1 i t r *un " i d*. *• >f . •Pipp-'i i n ^ ‘ * Claudius

t h r e i tened t o i r in, f o r r 1' . , t a i f nemremn# end w h a a te n la n e ( i . e .

a-i i r i t o n s ) f ro . t h e i r l o c a l :» to t i ms to . o n tu s and to re lace trem with

t roops from y r i , : i ’ v ! 1 ’k

■ ' t wffly i, I s* rv 11 fcC f '

. V

t ie iaruverv , l v i’ ^ r c tp a -se t jy i^ o , aCv 6 ‘ t’ v i v r f . ’ -^iai'xTv -ta-n ;a-

*

o h v ' r 1 th it thi-i.n t r hj:i h i 1 *n In Judaea d u r ln t h e r o y . a in t e r -

]uf- ' : in f a c t t f r. • • >n f r r ti-.e t r m f a r woe. f . e i r I n u u l t i n * behav iour

to the r o y a l <a. U y d u r i - - Agri , *s f u n e r a l . vth<;r co nc lus ion* fo l low

f r o - t h i u s t . t r ' t by Jm » h u t . f o r i l l a n o a h ia shewn t h a t , a l though here

r - rUit 1 ' *• < t. , , 1 $ t v." -aer: re>na re cent toned, Jose hus

i - l y r e f e r , t - ebasta liana a? ore as the t ro o ; k s t r t in n e d in Jaea ree.

f t ' r the tr o o j« nuci r ed V , whi- l c r e c i - e l y the number o f Jebxs-

t r. i V.S th a t fi ; ht fo r t - / -n* ■n-'cr N-urtun on toe leath o f fie rod the

re » . . i s » t , th r r - r , e t . - the de •'th f He-od and ->f A^rippa

1 ' ' royol * r ' * , r hv4 i t ! nucceeairr replacement# o f

t -« d ; i c 1 r ed, ho" 1 • > 1 1' 4 • c • r t s , each -win. *nary. Claudius

fe i t t t ♦’ e ) ' ■ < t r ferr# ’ ft th e ir L e s i tu t lo n to a d is ta n t

r rlr.ce, but How ? ' h l r e l f t b# d ' t u le d . . r e feo s io n a l o r f s n l s s t l o o

- r n t toe >r, V v f 1 c 1 tl< , e t '■ -e ten e j repl - c« - tj .ta warv to have

come frr i l omun ? ' In lyr 'n . a noted above, Jmte hua noruully

u'»o ' fo r " le . io", ! t I t ' unthinkable th«t lo .on.ories should

be ’rpfted in to e u / t l 1 ry unit . > c e , o i‘io 1 'ano rv ■ nrko, , '-j- .u

mufit here t ean a u x i l i ary u n i t .

Judaea u nder U u d h a . u f f e re d fmm n e r i » o - f eoroaratively

a # r i -us in c ld e . i t . n< * ! . v u e f r . -• '». hen the p m - b e t Iheudan hud

collected a large f v l l ov l r , , I >f cavalry wa» I lf etched against

u n i t r > ld ie re was

/ s t a t i o n e d ..........

s t a t i o n e d nn r 1 e tor c . f h l c J .,«> ;u; c a l l e d

Thio c n on ly renn c auxiM»ury c o h o r t , c e l l e d = or an becuuac i t » .u -t ■ r t

of tr - i ccv .h '-lrn n 7 < r ', r **•’ f 'c»a wore conce rned . r. m e occne lon

when c f th e o o l d ' e r a U .su’ • i the c r . J , the r e r u l t r i o t aecefceil^twd

the t r i n c i n e i n of r e i n f i r c e t o . Then# ro c a l l e d ^ .

n ' r i l l y t h e t e r : , uued f r 7 >ti;ion;«r ' <• 1 1 e m . " H o p l i t e " ao re .^ay j u a t be

a v.a* <>nt f o r " s o l d o r " , but e n i b l y i i i J i c . . t e » t h a t the u u x i l i a m a e on

du ty in «J*~uaal*j were h» v l iy ,»rireJ ' ot ie JewiU.— i r i t a n c lenhec

1 d to s e r l a u n r r l ’.c .ti> - .r . ; i t u , in t b r i e f n t . ice, r c r e l y nays

t h „ t " i l i t e s " were Inv lye , ' . J r ,■ H ,, ! owever. In the r e l a t e s

iww e ,u i->r«d fr . 1 c r ty th« , r tor' , i.i the " tiquUi.es" the

fo rce t . ,, c r "

. In

L t i n t e r t , an a l a >b. n t e r n- ' , 4 c o u c r t i c f I n f a n t r y and l o c a l J a . , r : t . ,n

l e v i e s a re • i n t , ( a in -Ae . ' . .m . iu x l l l u r y c o h o r t , not *

le, Ion ) . A j u d i c i a l en . i ry I n t r t e f t h t i f tg w-.a h e l d , anJ the e r ; r r0 r

sentenced m l/o# r., J e l r r , t l e «th. h i h io o f f e n c e v » U no t a b a te d ,

but he if de ■' i r l b e d nu , i * «, t r i b u n u s e i l i t u i* ' .

<rr i l ly cc,hort% *cre c n • ‘ by ,.r« a c t a . >inc« . nr . t r i b u n e ,

one i.f t .« a u x i l l ry re l**ntm >* I ve been i l H l a r y , not

quinr,eni»ry ^ . ^ u e to n lu r«* t.hc i _ >. it e- t if e l i x • • p rocu re t o r

in Vie f , l low n& te n r ,r , : « ic-* i , , cm o - > r t i t us e t a l •> j ro u iu c i« « v 1

Judaea* pra o e u U ( a c . J; dV .iJ ’ . hr c i f : r e f e r * .e< t t..« cv. , ,nd

of . h<v co n o r t a an*i #..) ie r. q !>• l i f t tm i ' t t h a t th t 1 ■' y u l t i< ion

/ i n .........

In Judaen - a s u p p a m o a t In m an 's m ln .u u t tha t im e . More l i k e I , i t u the

f a c t t h a t a man -ho had been a fre .dm an «ue p laced In e o w n d of t r o o p ,

t h a t ci ' »ed the c h o ic e o f the .o r d # ubea.

The g o T .m o r eh ip o l F e l ix la s t e d in to the p r in c ip a l* of Nero.

The s e c u r i t y s i t u a t i o n d i d no t im prove, w o a e p h u a note# the emergence o f •

e in i n t e r new group o f freedom f i fco te r a o r t e r r o r i s t * , the W i c u r i i ^ , eo

nur.ed from t h e cu rved k n i f e they ut>*d. F a ls e p ro p h e ts were an o th e r so u rce

o f t r o u b l e . F e l ix used c a v a l ry and 100 a g a in s t

t h e s e . I h i s can on ly mean "heavy-anned a u x i l i a r y i n f a n t r y " , voe, an

r.gyptian , t h r e a te n e d to s e i z e J e ru s a le m , overwhelming * *

J " th e &o an g a r r i s o n " must mean an a u x i l i a r y reg im ent o r

re g ia t-n ta in the c i t y , a s e r i o u s d is tu rb a n c e ccu r red a t C aesarea . The

non-Jewlsh e lem en t i n th # p o p u la t io n , c a l l e d in d io c r lm in i t e l y u y r ia n s o r

Creeks by uosephue , f e l t t h a t they could r e ly cn the su p p o r t o f the a u x i l i -

a r i e s t h e r e , a s be i . ig - jy r ian a a/id r e l a t i v e s as i t were i

• ov n< • ' : Aci. I o v- : / * v ' v x. c kXefp/vov xr.l

'd-EC vcTc "p. v * . i ‘ hT) ti f i ip t .

l c 2•

ine p a r a l l e l v e r s io n o f the " a n t i q u i t i e s i s more p r e c i s e i most of the

tro o p s o r i g i n a t e d f r m - te s a re a ai.d u eb aa te t -au. i r i a l :

tX sCoxou< %C'v v 3 xiuu. v t ’"xe t «. *5| tuo? w

K a i o a f * r c * v . i & C » The

^ y r ia n t ro o p s a re in f a c t v ao sa reo n a and e b a s te n ia n o . They were in the

m a jo r i ty , b u t n o th in , i s s a id o f th e " o r i g i n e s " o f tne o t h e r s .

— 1-J6 -

Th« arr»at and t r i u i o f the a p o a . l . Vaul in Jerue.lem apanned

the Inat yearo o f F e l ix an! the f i r s t a ntha o f h i t su c c e sso r *>rciua\oU

>eatua . i’he commander o f t i e u n it th at kept i a u l p r ison er , Jlaudiue

Lymaa, i e c a l l e d l v ^, ln Latln

teru s , he muct have oeen m i l i ta r y tribune o f a a i i l i a r y coh ort . Jiaudlua

Lyaiaa provided a m i l i ta r y e e c o r t un ier cen turiona v. v

to Vike i au l to Cuenarea. The eacox i conaleteu vf

• • •

. A7u s o ld ie r s are a large

number, e s p e c i a l l y i f they o i l cane from the some u r i t . i f they do, and

i f the term inology can be ren ted , tnr cohort cor.to i* 1 cava lry , hence i t

was a "cohere a i l l l a r i a e q u lta ta " . *hat th e were la

not c l e a r , ihe word i e very rare , but the var ian t reading 5v,..'U,;

ia an ha pax legume non. It would appear to aean "throwing with the hand"

and could r e fe r t ape ir - or. or j a v e l in thrower® or even bowmen, in la t e r

v r i te r e ia g iven t 1e meanings "a l i^ h t s o l d e r , perhaps

a b 'w.nan or s l ln g e r " , "• bodyguard", i f the were

or henvy-ar ed, t o use Jo se .h u e ' word, light-arm ed would be

the natural meaning for in t h i s c o n te x t . Given the

prevalence f b w-.en in tr.r a s t , "arc-ier i s a s u i ta b le rendering . ..hen

lo u l was sen t t o Home in view f h i s ap(<eal to the e»f>eror, he was handed

over to . t, o v t ' V' * 11 ‘ *

Ihe bat n tr a n u la t io n would be "cohura luguats , presumably a cohort a t

one stage honoured with the nmne o f uguotua or one o f hia eu cceaaors . but,

/ • a ...........

■ b * a--

TV '

.4#1-

- I v y -

a s noted above, Samaria wan c a l l e d . . ebaa te o r ^ugua ta , and t h e r e was a

c o h o r t o f e t a s t e n l a n e . o t h a t t h e ph rase may r e p r e s e n t "cohere e b a a t e " .

.h en t r o u b l e broke u t a t v a e e a re a under th e p r o c u r a t o r t ieeelua

h lo ru a ( 64 - 66 A. a c a v a l r y commander vucundue was d e t a i l e d t ox /8

i n t e r v e n e . Ihe t r o u b l e e ; i e a d and H o r u s ea rched wi th what Jooenhue

c a l l s an "u ray " o f c a v a l r y and I n f a n t r y on J e r . - e a l e a , b u t l a t e r i t ap p ea rs

t h a t only a c o h o r t was i n v o l v e d 1 t e a n w h l l e he had s e n t f o r 2 f u r t h e r

c o h o r t s i r >m a r e a . i’h ,e t*ltu?«tlon was now so s e r i o u s that, v e e t l u a

( l a l in e 11 i n S y r i a was asked to d e a l w i th i t .

f h ia su rv ey o f t e f i r s t p e r io d o f Judaea in th e C la u d io -h s ro n la n

p e r io d has shown v a r i o u s ty p e s f o f f i c e r - t r i b u n e s , pro r e s t s o f c a v a l r y

and c e n t u r i o n s - i n some p rom inence , ihe %re t e a t number o f r e g i o e n t s

s t a t i o n e d i n the prov ce amounted to 1 a l a and 'j c o h o r t s , a l l o f e b a s -

t e n i a n s ( i n c l u d i n g w a e a a r e i n a l . In a d d i t i o n th e r e was a cohora I t a l i c s .

•he then the t was one o f the o e h aa te n ia n c o h o r t s o r

an a d d i t i o n a l u n i t can n o t he d e c id e d , whether C e le r and J l s u d i u e * y s i a s

OOawf.nded l.e same r e lme.i t, and which reg im ent ( o r r e g im e n t s ) i t was, i s

not known, b u t a t l e a s t one o f the re , L.-nntu was a * cohora e l l l l a r l e

• q u i t a t a " , and i f earns a r c h e r s , " ea t i t t a r l a " na w e l l ,

b i n s l l y , in an emergency, e x t r a a- - r , t a n t r o,ie were en i n t e d .

l i e fo re t h e a r r i v a l o f v e a t l u s C a l l u s , the noamn g a r r i s o n a t haaade

(-•ebbeh n e a r the .>eid -ea> f e l l - bu t no d e t a i l s abou t i t s com, i s i t i o n

s u r v i v e 111. a p r i p g s n e n t 2v. hor&e to f - o a id f the Jew# who were s t i l l

/ 1oya1 . . . . .

112l o y a l t o t h e t foanna ' . fr. > e t i u 3 « e t u t from y r i . In 6C, he took

the Twelfth Legion, and ? > p i c k e d e , f r . r e ch u f the o t h e r l e g l o n a .

u l n c e tn e re were ) l e j l o r . t . i: y r l , t n i y give* him 6v - l e t . l o n a r i e a in

t h e d e U c h c e n t e , I . e . , a e e c c i d l e 0 it n aa f a r as numbers go. h i s nnn-

C . The r o y a 1 f r ce« were e u p j l i e d by Antiochuo of

vo^*4a t ene (2 Uu^ h o m e a .d f o o t , a l l a r c h e r s , ' , a - r i p p a ( > w u foo t and

j u s t u n d e r 2vuv h o rse , and ovhaemue ( 4 . vu wen, a t h i r d o f whom were

Ih.wAX r o y a l s 1. e r ^ , o f . . vs z. me it l e a s t were s a / a l r y , t: e m a jo r i ty

a rced with the b< w (uni r t u n ^ t r l y it. i s no t s t a t e d whether Agr ippa’a f o r c e s

were bowmen o r n o t , . I f th< r o f r o n i a . t l a u x i l i a r i e s , ,t?re qu ingenary , they

would here amounted to 2t-Vi hor-e .ui ’ f r o t . I.tit, .eeue a L,* tv ta l

to accompany 1 2 , Out. l e Liv ru - r ie « . l u t , i f Jct»e bus ' f i . u r e o can be a c c e p ted ,

C e a t iu c ' s t r a t e g y s een* to have been to a l l w t!.e c lx tw t t o out ply

the s , r c l a l arm o f "su i t t - i r l i ", bo th mounted and on i o t . He alr.o

c o l l e c t e d a l a r ^ e nunbci o f o t h e r a u x l l i n r i e * i i ) trom114

the towr.a c f . , y r i n . *hese . e r e c o m p le te ly u n t r a i n e d . v e o t i u s was

u n s u c c e s s f u l in h i s sr.nau.lt >n « erusa]o i* , anti evontua >y withdrew, h i t

f l i g h t t u r n i , to u r o u t . Jo sephus g iv r i , t h e <o. ne* of th e ‘lomura anti

t h e i r f to, e t h e r i ^ i n f a n t r y and 48. c a v a l r y The

dea th o f a " p r a e f e e t u e a l a e " I t Aemillua

d u c u n d u s i s m e n t i o n e d ^ ' .

l e c lo ury t roop* comprised

t c t m p c c CXoc Z rx /u v , x

t

l < “t i c t “ v PtiC"iXz£tiiv

c a v a l r y and th e m a j o r i t y a r c h e r s ) h i e giv<» , * t o t a l of j u o t under

/ V e s p a s i a n

“ 109 —

Veapeeian took o v e r in 6? and e u o te r e d h i . f o r c e s in P to lemaia117

U c r e o r ' ^ k a ) . . n i a l e g i o n s were t n e F i f t h and the Tenth nnd thel l 6

f i f t e e n t h . Id c o h o r t s accompanied the l e g i o n s , iheae e re supplemented by i) o t h e r s from a e s a r e a . Jooenhua aaya t h a t l v o f t h e se 25 were

m i l i t a r y « whi le the o t h e r 13 c c n U i A v i i n f a n t r y and 12v c a v a l r y each .

*a f a r a . a l a e were c o n ce rn e d , 1 came from C aesa rea 119 and 3 o t h e r s from

y r l a . /vntiochus, g r i p p e and ..ohne&us had prov ided v>, eee

, t h a t i s , 2v i a i n f a n t r y a r c h e r s and l u u / c a v a l r y each .

I 'u r th e r t e e Mabataean a rab - a l c h u a 1 s e n t 1UX> c a v a l r y and >U0U i n f a n t r y ,

the major! . / Leint, a r c e r a . Ahe t o t a l o f a l l t h e se f o r c e s was 6v , ouv,

accord .ng to J o ephua, who th e n ad ;s th e very i n t e r e s t i n g remark th a t the1 p i

very l a r g e numbers o f " s e r v a n t s " ‘ f o l l o w i n g the army must be in c luded ,

s in ce they had sh ared in t h e i r owners* t r a i n i n g .

Die i n f o r m a t io n s u p p l i e d by Josephus car. be s e t ou t as fo l low s :

Legions : ) x 6000 18,000

Cohorts i l v x 1CXJU 1u,ooa.

13 x 7?<j 9 .360

i ; , 3 6 o o. 2v,uVO

Alae i vaeat- rea t 1 x 5*>J o r I aAjO )00 o r lu u u

S y r i a ; > x %-v o r I aAj 2 ^ ^ or 'jmx3cOL o r 6ouu 3 - 6 ,uuo

K in ,;, i iowmen : 3 v 2u 00 B u w

Cava l ry « 3 * 100U 3^A<>90CV 9 «vVv

c . >v,vvv - 3 3 . 01V

J l . m.

- 110 -

C. >-/, uJv - JVC

. a l e ' u u : I n f a n t r y i 5w o

Cava l ry i I ' -L ' '

6,000

1V/riU< 5 C. 5 6 ,0 0 0 - ^q,U00

i.ne r e l a t i o n o f t h i s t o t a l to two o t h e r emai l f o r c e s t h a t Jouezhua had

mentioned e a r l i e r l a not c l e a r , ^ t a ^ i a n l e f t a g a r r i s o n o f 6vuv fo o t and

I w v horse ( i . e . 7w 0 ) a t .>epphorio ( . le fu r iyey under a t r i b u n e , r l a c i d u » 12\

and a co h o r t and a l e had b**n h o l d 4 nut a t necolon (aehkeion near

' . a k a l a n ) u n i e r t h e Command o f » p r e f e c t , Antoniua1^>>. The numbers Involved

a re too l a r g e f o r i n c l u s i o n in Uoue hue ' 6u,uv\y. ihe p ro p o r t i o n c l c av a l ry

to i n f a n t r y i n th e 6v , w v i s d i f f i c u l t to work ou t e x a c t l y , ihe a <e and

the a l l i e d c a v a l r y w 1 Id amount t o 7 - lv,v<Xy. r e g io n s c o n ta in e d 12v

c av a l ry , and th e " c o h o r t e a . ^ u i t e t a e " the t.aine number. Il i t produces a

t o t a l of 1V2 V ( 3 * 12v ♦ 1 ) x 12 >/, with a grand t o t a l o f a ore 9 - 1 2 , u i ,

a rough s i x t h o r q u a r t e r o f the whole . V e s p a s i a n ' s marching o r d e r in h i e

127invas ion o f U a l i l e e i s d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l . L igh t-a rm ed a u x i l i a r i e s

( 1 ) and a r c h e r e formed th e van so t h n t they could r e p e l s u r p r i s e

a t t a c h e and 6 ,,y o u t dnnperous r r e n o . Next enroe v a r io u s o , e c i a l l t e d d e t a c h ­

ments, which do no t c n c e r n us hr r e . llicn f >3 1 owed the mnin body o f the

l e g io n s , and t h e i r s e r v a n t s . Ihe n e x t in o r d e r a ipe.ir na

Vo<; : h e re cannot naan " r> e rcennr i i " , but s t i p e n d i a r l i #

f o r eo f a r th e mnin a u x i l i n r i e have no t been mer.t i n n e d , a s o c i a l f o r c e of

i n f a n t r y and ' v and c a v a l r y b rough t up th e r e n r .

/ 'I’h e ..........

d i - A. -

i'he c o u r t* o r / e tipa6 i &n «6 f i g h t i n g i n ^ advai4C# to

tie r u » a l e e can n o t bo n tuJ i .ed in d e t a i l , bu t c . r t a n " n o t a b U l e " mu/ be

s i n g l e d o u t . At the s i e g e o f d o t a . ^ t a ( k h i r b e t d e f a t ) Veapuauan used h i e

1?8n r c h e r a , e l i n g e r a and a l l h i t . marksmen : the f i r o t were c e r t a i n l y

u u x i l i a r i e e , b u t th e a t a t u n o f the neccnd two groups i a no t c l e a r . L a t e r

«r«b a r c h e n . J a v e l i n - . e n and e l in h e re a r e mentioned t o g e t h e r , and than

Arub a r c n e re ax.d a l l n g e r e and r t o n e - t h r o w e r e i the l a t t e r appear as

; * ' k ^ ' s

i r o a t . i a i t i a c l e a r t h a t t i . e e l i n g e r a and probab ly the a t o c s - th r o w e r e and

oarkaaen were a u x i l i a r i e e . ho l ur the o f f i c e r s o f the « x i l i u r i e e a re

concerned , two d e c u r lo n a •t'n :t. «e<.l, V a l e r i u s and n e b u t i u a , and a c e n tu r io n

i e l l u e , who i a e ; * c i f i c a l l y s t a t e d t > have been u wyr ian ' ' . 2vvv a ron»re

1 12wore under t e coeu-. r . ! f .. ct ’• t. n . t. n iua i l o " : e ln ce the a r c h e r s

were a ir-oe t e n t i r e l y , r o v i led by h» k in * a , t h i s looks l i k e the p l a c i n g o f

a no. un o f f i c e r in cV •*. e of w l l i e ) r ycl t r o o p s . Vec; i s i n n seems to have

uaed c e r t a i n o f ( . is s u b o r d i n a t e c r »ra on s p e c i a l n ian ione w i th J o i n t

l e g io n a ry - a u x i l i a r y f o r c e s l i f f r t n r o i z e u . Ihuo Trajan u s , l e g a t e o f

the Tenth ( the f a t h e r o f f hr f l u r e e p e r o r ) ‘ " , warn sent, a - a l n s t dnpha

(Ifuia; with 2 X f o o t md !<>. i h i r ^ - . Tl tun, am l e g a t e o f the f i f t e e n t h ,

r e l i e v e d nim *Lth lv. fo o t •nl ] - hor-ie, an.! l a l i t e r shown o p e r a t i n g

with 6v J chosen c a v a lry 1 > r e a l l a , th e l e g a t e of f-.e f i f t h , was s e n t

to q u e l l a S s M i r i t u n d i e t j rb vice with / i n f u - t r y and ( - c a v a l r y , and,

in 6b A. ) . , r a v a g ed p a r t o f Idwu«»* with a d e tac h neat i f i n f a n t r y and

c a v a l r y 1 ^ , n l to r t h e f a 1 o f . f i t ., t s , Aur l p ; s I n v i t e d Venpssian to h i s

kingdom. ue o f h iu o b j e c t a was to s e c u r e the a s s i s t a n c e o f the Homan

/ g e n e r a l ..........

y-AL Sk

11? -

f e d e r a l In p u t t i n g down d l s o r i m r o In h i e own k ln ^ d o e . Thin V e s a ^ l a n d id ,

b u t we do n o t h e a r o f h g a r r i s o n l e f t beh ind by the Boiwumi156, When

Vce m lan m&de arran , ;ewento f o r th e w in t e r o f 6? - 8 , he s t a t i o n e d

d e cu r io n s in toe v i l l a g e s and c e n t u r i o n s in th e fcowna157 - t h e s e c l e a r l y

comntnded a u x i l i a r y ie tachmer . t* . All t h i s showu how f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d the

a u x i l i a r i e s - e r e with th e l e g i o n a r i e s : they p layed a v i t a l r o l e in the

o v e r a l l s t r a t e g y .

a s c r i b e s uaiua* d ec is ion tc remove the troops in . f r ie s proconsul a r i a from

the control o f the proconsular governor and to place tnea under the commvnd

oi an i s [serial leg a te in ,».U. to h is fear o f Luciua . Iso Ison of the

i i s condemned f or the death o f jem a n lcu a ) . t iao i s a . l e t ed to have had

a l a r g e force o f a u x i l ia r ie s with h is le g io n a r ie s (

) , and a-iiiit be encouraged

to r e v o lt , i s c i t u s , however, ascr ibes the transfer to the g ivernorship

of K, o il#n u s, describ ing the troops in th e follow ing way i " leg lo in

africu auxiliaque tut and it. Imperil 1 inlbua sub diuo Augusto 'iberioque

1*0prlncipibue r.roconsull parebant . . .* ' • Tt.e nara of t ie governor

concerned need r<.t be dlz cvr.eed here : the two passages together, however,

l»ply that not only the leg ion hut e lso the a u x i l ia r ie s that had been in

Afr ca were n w in tre new province f i-usidia.

f ig h t in g there which l a s t e d i n i tne p r i n c i p a l # o f C laudius. The lo o r ie h

r e s is ta n c e wait l e i by a freed man o f the k i < , aedeeon by name, in nn

L i t t l e 5 tin be r e c vore 1 conce rn ing - s y p t and r f r i c a . Lio^"^

vls iuo1 e x s c u t 1 on o f t t o l e y the k ing o f r a u r e t a n i a , l e d to

/ i n s c r i p t i o n 141 • sees

1^1i n s c r i p t i o n f r a . V o t a b i l U ( K s , r I n r . o u n j . . h . „ o f . u x l l l . r l . n used

~.:j-*»inz*t .©demon :

M. Val. t a r i s f . U u l . ,©uero ued . s u t e t i i l u i r . f l a a i n i prLmo l a

a u n i c i p i o suo p r a e f . a u x l l i o r . a d u r r s u s Aedeaon oppresswt. b e l l o hu ic ordo

m u i l c l p l Volufc. ob a e r i t a ©r*.. r e i / u b . e t l e g a t i o n . * ban© g e s t a a qua ab

l i u o -l&udJ. c i u l t a t e x ,n©- e t conubium cv.u . e re , r l n l s x u l l e r i t u a

i a a u a i t a t a o i a a n o r . , I n c o l u s bon c iu lu , . b e l l o I n U r f e c t o r u s quoru.7,

h e red es non a x t a t - n t r ^ i s J . . « t r a u i t . . . .

rhe "»U>111*" o f whoc . V; i e r i u c . r v e r u e wkr. f r e f e e t were presumably »

l o c a l f o r c e wh. a Ja 6o t . e t h e r f r tr.e war. Tb.e r e . - rUa wnici he

r e c e iv e d from illaut: iua _n< ut.ed c l t i z e a L a l * and t . e r l ^ h t o f l e g a l l y v a l i d

l a r r i u ^ e . 1 t h non-.ioa.Li . J i n c e h l^ f a t h e r ' s m.ae (B oa te r ) 1*. no t

n0rn**ri* ^ r e s w tbly L ia c . t i r >z.i ! , t e o to t h i s i n c i d e n t . C^ lo i la r ' .y

h ln wife wat, t h e di 0l . t e r o f a nor.- o. a n . )

In 66 t h e r e was a Jew iah n o ^ r » In A lexandria In y y p t . B es ides

the 2 toman l e g i o n s , A. o l d i e r n who had J u s t a r r i v e d f r o a A fr i ca

p a r t i c i p a t e d ( . , ,

) : th* -* c ur r e g a r d s as a u x i l i a r i e s in tended f o r

N ero 's p r o j e c t e d t h i r i n ex; e d i t i o n ' . The aim i i l l l a n a wan a l s o

Involved : "p ro c o n s u l s / i t e l Hum ' l l l a n i in . f r i e s habue ran t , vox a1<I3

f»erone, u t in /.egyj tu.-r, p rae n i t t e r e n t u r , e x c l t i . . . " . V l t e l l i u s *

g o v e rn o rs r.lp f f r i t b‘' h . i j n t th e p r in c ip a l© o f Nero i th e s t a t e m e n t

r e v e a l s t h a t . In j , l t a f the c r . u t i n f th© le r ,e t#shJp o f Nuj. idia ,

/ s e n a t o r i a l . . . . .

- 114 -

s e n a t o r i a l A f r i c a h i d son* u u x i l l r y t r c o p c s t a t i o n e d In I t . The E t h io p ia n

•x j o d l t l o n war, p lanned f o r 63, bu t s o - ye, r e e a r l i e r , p o s s i b l y l r 6 l ,

• detachment from the IW ? to r ia n Guard , au been sent in to Lthlo; to

l n e e . t i c . t e the so u rcee o f the M l e 1' '" . a t o t a l i s i n g papyrus from Egypt

ht«ti 1 een connected ~ i th those ev en ts by Turner^'*'* i

xapsyevrto *xt , Pofi<oo< ix a y .W i

w ov vt. m;l ot pcxaxf

The f i r s t l a cunc h a s heon f i l l e d t o r e a d

, a l t ou^h . . . ‘ o r . . .

n re e tu l l y o s l b l e , icfordin% to T u rn e r . The second

lacuna presumably ended w ith . . . . A ccord ing ly th e re l a no

secure ban s for c o h o r t a ,« i M ."ht»nr-ied t roopo ( * * .*i • exu) , s in c e th in in m w e en en d etion . hut there appear to be

CAValry, pass ibiy under a "ora fec tu a" ( ) . ho tufua win in

not c le a r . Not even t e l 4nk l t k . e r o 'a 1 me i« secure t i l t h e lo end

x t le h l* date the p i ,/run to tnr c .r ly Pad century A.D.

Certs n p r n e r a l f e a t u r e s remain to he d is c u s se d . Reference has

a l ready been awde t o t h e ( crnnan "c r o r io cuatodee" under ua lue : in s p i t e

of h la i n t e n t i o n to keep the guard German, he p laced Three lane in command 147

° f i t . ftae guard showed i t s lo y a l t y to him at hiu iiaeaseiri 11 or hy

l4f'a t t e m p t in g a m assacre o f t,.** n r n x t r s , wh >' t h e / rded a r r e m s i h l e J .

'hey are hea rd -f a g a in wht«ii her- ' r e l a t i o n s w i t h i s mother became

/ s t r a in e d i . . . . .

s t r a i n e d • ho d a c id c d t wi tndraw t to tiet<«ciiuiciit o i t.ieui t . iu t ue luid

a s e lc n e d to h e r na a murk •>/ r w a ^ tc t1 *

a chance o c c u r re n c e on h e r o ' s jo u rney trom nap lea to kojie a f t e r

the o u tb re a k o f t . e r e v o l t o f VIndex i e i n c id e n ta l I n t e r e o t . The

emperor reg a rd ed e e e in ^ a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n in o c u lp tu re o f » koman cavalryman

1r i d i n g do-n w o au l i c .* ho. y ouen " . vuch a : . o t i f very popu la r on

the tom bstones o f t h e a u x i l i a r y " a v ^ l r y .

u u e to n iu o r e p o r t s t i .» t dl&udiua r e g u la r i z e d the o rd e r in which

commands ' f c o h o r t s , ol a l a e and * l ' i + » r y t r i b u n a t e s were to be held :

"e u e t i t r i f c i i i t i - . o i t ; , o r d i n a u i t , ut , »r»t c . ihor tec a la r . , pos t alcue t r i -

1 -1bunatum l e g i o n i s d a r e t , o^ev*r t .a .r ran , r -ent d id n o t long remain

in f r c e , oi ice th e c m /.r.-t I vt a >on ranged h i , .h e r than a m i l i t a r y

t r i b u n a te in a le I n n ' ' .

1 Xi.’he f i r u t di,,loe.i s iou «ed t , a u i i i i u r i e s appear in th e J l a u d i o -

i i e r o n i a n [ p e r i o d . fh< e a r l ie«*t i e d a t e d to b e f o r e «».J , I t io very

fruge .#n ta ry , but th e r e * e v e n t portion*, cut. be r e s t o r e d us fo l lo w s :

c u o ru r n^e inn a u f c r c r i p t r un t i ; r ‘ 1 l i b ( r i s . o . t - r i * tue e run

c lu i ta te m d e d i t e t c o n u t i u '1 :u ur^rlV ur. v ie tunc h#«' u en t cura e» t

c i u i t a s d a t a nut s i r u i 7 t ■ 1 b v rr n t ciu i i s «ti r «< t"* d u x isae n t

dumtaxet " .InRull n l n ^ l n e . . .

c o h o r t . I I hiupunoruM .,u l p ra e a t ■>. -;iuar as r lw cu a

" h u ' t l D aeen tl Dssaieni f . »r- ' CV' t i e t or.,* . r o e o o i i l i l i a e u x o r i e i u s

e t r».i«rito f . e i u e e t lu rw ia* f i l i u e » t ^ i c r i t a e f i l l » e «iuti15<,e

. e v e r a j c- ^ n t . » r . c a l l e d f o r . .he concern f o r the c l t U e n a h i p a t . t u . o f

the wife and c h i l d r e n haa «p e a r e d on th e t f o l u l i l i . i n e c r l p t l o o , a 6 noted

• b o w . Ihe r e c i p i e n t wen a0 " e q u e e h e n c e the c o h o r t ^ue t have been

’e q v l ta t# . " , nut t h l # e l e i . e n t dcee no t ap p ea r In I t e t i t l e , k le t r i b e , and

h ie name and th e naeea >f n U r e l a t i o n * , ex ce p t f o r h i s non and one o f h i .

d6ubh t o r a , show t h a t he was a . ^ . n o n i u i . l e t h i . reg im ent waa u bpanlah

v r .o r t . t i e ' ieann t h a t i t e u a t h ve come to j annonia ( th en e t l l l p a r t o f

. . l y : .cu n t l o n . t <*5 jft-ird b e f o r e 1 r 'eyene to have been d r a f t e d i n to

i t . k'o the co h o ra l i >iln; -j.orun. i t have reached I l l / r l c u n i a t soae da te

be fo re 2r>, Vhe nair.ee - ^ r i t u n / o f o r h i . eon and one of h ie d a u g h te r ,

s t r l e one sa h u e o r o u r ; b u t trsey wer* robeVly given In Honour o f h i s

d i . c h a r ;* from u e r v . e »r. t r e . . t a aee -e t r p ro v id e i K' man-mounding name.

v t h t - r r e g i a i i . t a a t t e o t e u b y t ? . f . l j 1 c r , i » w-,y ' , n o t e d t

J l* v e to ran a j a l lo ru .n e t fhraecuji

a l a u e H o r u a e t ih r . e cu m e n t l a n a

a l* U a l lo ru a e t i turaecua / . . . / ^ % p o t i . ib ly in uveu iu , in y$.

coh, 1 - e tu r jm e t . a l l a ecom un

ooh. i hitipwnorum

con, l <'lj, inorum

5oh. I I Klplnr ruu

to h . I I i.lyj rum

coh. V Lticenei •! r t . . a l lacco ru r i , ii i H y r i c u m , Jn 6v.

' U e m e l H a n n ^ ' , i n t ' a r t i n ( ? ) • In A .

/ " h e ..........

- u y -

xi—t ui ix. u/ .u ^vxsxbly unru>iwdfiniu.txvae -<ut

i t xti cxet«r t i .ul ^^jxXct «->><mx<*t4 <*«i< Vhrucixa #ie...unlt, ^rcdoxxui«t»e

i'ii# t»i«e eixreoay who* cuw^vaitw l . lXvw, bu t they do n o t hove nu&Lvrb I l k #

the co i io r tu . *»<o c o w /o e i t e cohort*, a p p e a r , bu t theoe a re n o t o f ■idely

aey o ra te u peoyl#t>, ue in tne u l *«t b u t ui t r i b e s c lone to each o th e r i n «

s i n g l e p r w n i c e , nls^ un ia ik r r a o o n e n e le # n f u r t n e r p o in t r e g a r d in g nomen­

c l a t u r e emerges , i t w i l l bv neei. t h a t the con. x l h iapanurua 1 e u tu r e e in

bo th the I l l y r i a n d i^ lo . i a e ( t n e f i r u t an ' the t h i r d abovey. in the occond

ui tneae tne r e c i p i e n t l a on e ui *n e>,ue« an I a . unnvnian :

coh. I I a in pan . c - i p r a e a t w. waeaiua ,p r u q u i t l I a n t xiwro Andedunia f .

Varciano.

thifc in i u r t n e i c o n l x r N ation L c ; e c n i o i ' t ■»«*« © q u i t a t a a n d tne

' cureub ’ o f tne ^ r e f e c . eavubituwe*. ti u> beyond dou b t , i t beg^iw u«

folioWU i

1^6v . „a#s1o f . f . J l . r p r a e f . c . h l s ; * n o r u x e tu i t a t s e . . .

here however the c . t n*»o no number* ^ne cai .nut then expec t u n i fo r m i ty

and r l & i d i t y o f t i t u l a t u r e a t t n i n *»t.x^«.

r

*<WA 4 ,

Inc . "H gr ." 1 ) ,

u * 2o* 1 6 i a v ' i O t o d c , if. r 3C 4 V

'--I • V* w v , O t. 'x Ctuacit, otXalc. . i b i d . G, «h«r* th* x u ■ croot th*

rha"ee ln the " 'V ' >>T u io 'm ,; Of. above, ^i l ^ i o ' e l ephant in Wi iu a in Vtii, Can De accep ted , a c irc u a animal r a th e ’* them an f r . c rt x i i »x v c rpo au^ t be in tended .

or tne n r . i i i ol Ji>tevi<AfiA in iwim ing in l u l l nrmour, c i . :*b :ve,p. & and below, p. (S <+.

"Ann. A l l , 31 - 5 Al V, - 3 9 . f o r v a r i t&cna, c i . "n.C 4%^; ixiudlccti , 1 14, .

. a c . .mn. Al*, 3 '• • Iwr . j.u« . cu>/V I n , cl* *. nu l l 0.1001," V I I I , 1V4P, 1> 71 ( n o . 4 , .

'i&c. " A n r x i i ,

Furreawix *;■: Koeotemnnn nr. loc .

i b i d . « t t f i ia j-oi . t . . tu.. cc ft a on t k e lack o f p r o t e c t i v e armour o f the B r i t n t . . #*ir t r o o p e <re 1 » i ' r r e d to ae " c t t e r u a e armatoru" ”

(33/ and * ' u i l i d i o t 1 ; t e r n i n iu u e n tu e " l 4 v / in t h l a e e c t i o n .V . .

39 .4 . Y j T • r t ir-h , r r . ' , . 1. ' . 4%); for ... -I Ui :l .a 11U: , 7v.Cldiue h. d nccoe.t • n ied 1 -udlu. t ' Br i t a in i - in , t i e ".vnaicn in 4 3 a , ; ; , : c f . I . . 0 . , U . G - 7 , » • e e n d e d by l i v e r , % . . J . . "

1 >4v, c l 9 j " / Co«.rfi e t l e at a l.r% < T r a t o r i i i-_n_/ r 1 ‘ uir. W ".

a d i f f i c u l t y r ! - <v*r f t •- t r e c r d e i in I . 3 : " r r / a e f e c t r «

• u i t e t . " . ro«.t ( " * . i , n . 1 c . r t . 1 onyt. t h n t von Jo, aa*ew»ki, e

propooul 1. at. ... i.Lun 1.. i n c 1 r,,.* o i . i l l thy c a v a l ry dur ing tne

invao ion can n o t oe p roved , b u t O l i v e r (« -‘I s c ce, t: t ou*ge» t ,on .

" p e d e n . . . <-- u l t e * . u a t M n; ( n 1 , ey ) ( ' - c . " A n n . " Al . , ? /«

:1>. l a c . "Ann." XIV, j y .

X6 . Of. » u , „ . a u . nJ t o o . , , u t i n , i , , epdey , . t o . . . t o ,

. t T . , . t I t e i u l t . t . LtOi'ontu: o c to M t . u o r u , c o h o r t . . .

A * i r * but ttie Pa w a fct> too g e n e ra l to be o f use #

17. 6t . n . He

18. "Agr." 36, 1 .

19. IS . > .n o u g U T l . . n o Oichnor.d =d l o c . 1 M . t . t i . o n . to . u . p . c t

t . . t t k . • u . l l l . r l . s u . . d f o r t n . . t t r c k on Hon. b , o o . to n lu o k . u l i n u . IncJ uded i l a t s v ia r .e .

28 , and r i i v i r and Ic h a nd ad l o c . and appendix 2 . i-’o r the U slp l ,

o r , ao they a r e mere Co,;, on ly c a l l e d , th e U s lp e te a , c f . Uuten-b runner " n . ) : . " IX x, 1161, ] j 8? f f .

a ' ‘"C* ACr* ' ■56» le j , r the i*ungrl, c f . K. o c h e r l in g , V ll A,1 9 ^ , 13U3 f f .

^ ^ d* , 0 r d » " 1 -3 6 , 369, on g e a ta t h a t J la u d iu a c a l l e d upon the‘ e lL ";an6 e s ® c la i ly f o r t ro o p s to K arr i son H r l t a i n .

2 3. d . I . i , . 2 u l ; K r a f t , 6 l l .

C<*‘ '’n ‘r e ' 71; a b a t e r , "i lmeu' VI, I 96 7 , 44; d u l l "^erm ." 192 '.188 f f .

r o r e » U S ? , 79 ; e b n t e r , "i.lmen' VI, 1 »(7, 4 ; ; H .I .B . 291.26. K .I .B . 1 2 2 .

- 12* -

/ . K .J.U . 1U9; f r a f t , 612 .

. A . i . b . luL ; t r a i t , 414.

29 . vn« .nay n o te t ; ,a t tn r u a u la are nclurted auong th e a u x i l i a r i e s in

butt e o f >»ne Cruupluc ( Vac. " A y ," 32, 1 ) .

3V* 1967* 61 , n . 1 . .he dlplo-..,a .re not o f ; uch h e lp , a ince the f i r s t

B r i t i s h diploma ( ' % . ! . L ." AVI, f a l l s in 98 n.U. An a la I I'unyonun

la l i s t e d , but the vungriana numed are d e f i n i t e l y fro* co h o rts ,

however, as Neoselh uf rem.rka ad l o c . , there i s roora for a coh.

I'unyorur, anon*.; t.;e lucunae in the l i s t o f cohorts : they appear in

the second century lip lorn* a (co n v en ien t ly lintr-d in ,impaon, 1964,

1 '4 f . ) . l"he u .<» 1 f h r a c u s , co h . 1 i a tevoruK , ait i T hrac ian c o h o r ts

a re a l s o a t t e s t e d .

31. La. sdon, 1934, 9 * f f •« mnkca m reasonable atten,pt at a recon stru ction

o f .•ulus' jenran and B r i t i s h pla- f», ex p la in in g the l l t e r i r y tr a d it io n

as a e isu n d ersten d in g o f measures ta>en to r e s to r e d i s c ip l in e and

provide troop manoeuvres b rfore nctl^r. could be s ta r te d . Jav lee ,

"H U t." 1966, 124 f f . , and i c k n e l l , ib i d . 1 /C ,, 4y6 f f . (who would

place '•8 1 0 6 ' l l l t a r y a c t i v i t i e s in 4. , i . e . , those d irec ted towards

B r ita in , in i</vor -ier my - 9 V f f . > h,.ve rec e n t ly continued the d e b a te .

32. "Gal." 43 .

33. 45, 1 .

34. LIa, 22 , 2 . Ln the exn )- e ra t io n ir. thir f ipure , c f . lownend, "hermes"

1964 , 4Sa .

33. " ,a l ." 43 .36. 44.

37. inc . "ri." IV, 1>{ t a l s d n, 1*34, 7< , n . 2 . Kor the vn n n in efa tes ,

Cf. above, p. # 1 , m38. i'or Klavus a I the Gh# ruse ana, c f . mb' ve, , . 6*7 • Gf. l e e . "unn.1 a !,

16 1 "arr.la equlo juc in pntrium no tru. .que n.o'-e n e x e r c ltu s" .

39. Al, i 8 . There woo j r. bubly t m 1 n an In terva l for uai.nascue (h te in

V ll , 1' 1 , 7 ,7 f . ) to h «ve h a d any connection with the a le

Ganninefatu.V th a t operate i in the f'r iu i n i .evo it 01 1 *•> . , for which

cf . above, p. 7 3 - •

G algocus ' (" .1 I I G 224) addrosn t the B ritish a nay b e fo re the

/ 4 c .

4c . A l l , 27. U hattl ..re d e scr ib e ,4 "latr- c ln ln aKlt»,ntes" and"iOjUl&torea".

41. ipud urne. .. id l o c . f a r *t.' c ib rh e n nr ' r n t e r u a e " , c f . above, .. . 4 7

x .‘Xi£, 17 # » ‘O aa<J .<». 1 i e n , 1 K.4^ l4 y , r e t «rd th e u n i t e a*» r e g u l a r .

/o r the Nenetae, c»’. . r nke, aVI, 193i>, 2 562 f f .

42. ‘.»c. "'uui." A ild , y4 . >r thi '. arear reserved for m il i ta r y uee,c f . K ahrstedt, "*.irrn" 1 #49, 4 f " b . c . " 1 9 ^ , , T j f f .

4 ) . l a c . '-nn • . i l l , I Vo lo c a l a*., u Inc tun ae robe H i .ne Uheruoce

iuoeu AT w in ii re fere no, mox iifct-rio , Uerxanico ducibun a tip en d la

meruiaee, e t quinijunginta annorum oboequio id quoque adiungere quod

gente.a auam d ie ion 1 noatrae aubicr r e t" , t r the -uopaiv . r i i and

woioc.flua, c f . at vc , p. 5" / , 1 " . 1 . d 14 .

44 . >.lo LX, l y , 2 . : r L. urruntius . . i lue .cr iton iu nue, c f .

a 1 1 4 , J a g e n te u fe l , 1 a , 2 ' (no. 5 ) .

45* Tat*., "ftnn." A il < , w it . urneaux id lo c . (and elham. I . e . n . 41)

and Koeete -suuin. r the /annianu 1 re^nu ", c f . o . a r ia ,

" I l l A, 1%5, ;>f f f . ; far ffjxniua, k. lumalik, ib id . , > 6 f .

46 . H e . "Ar n. a1, 6 . , <r i t n r i .nteo , c f . a ave, p. f 3 t for

*hnrecuanee a- . t e i b e r i , c f . chur, lV2 j , 19' 3» i dex, « .v .

A berier; a g le , 1 9 > -, a .v v .

47. la c . "Ami." a 1, V.

4 f . A l l , 1>. The Lot. .or .n forcr , are c a l l e d "natior.es", ">«rfu, ae",

", s tr e .0 exerc 1 tu " . I r . <>rue, c f . r n Ilf , " <• ." H I , 71)7 f f .

(no. 3 - e ep . 7 < <?i; f r • It.’.r . tew, (>eyrr, 'a. .. A S t 1 1 2 ,

2 2 i6 (no. 16>; for ty a , . 1 . v 1 ^ 6 * far J . J u l io s iq u i la , 1

1 6 6 ; 1 f lo u r , 1 ,. , 1)1 f f . I n i . ?1 >*49. Tec. " vnn." A l l , 1> - 1 ' . unonet (" .1 . 113) — «t pains to

e s t a b l i s h that he hud not acted at « slibord ia te , hut h'»d o-uired

"c injr.unione 1 u i c t -rii.r 1 w t., V r *•<- « na ( 1 )* Xur the A orsi, c f .

fomaachsk, " a . 1, 2 4 , 2 ;•> f .>>. A'j"!, ",rnn." A ll , 17; . urne.tux ad lo o . ; h oestrr .mn ad 19.

J l4 v , n/i I f o r J a s p s r i u s ,i*l. A l l , 4,). Kf.r Jae I im . n l l i u , c r . .i.*>

461.

- 1<>? -

<

p r . r*c. "»vnn. ' A i i , 4 ,, c o n t r a l a In te r p r e ta t io n o f harneaux and

Koestermann. C o n t r a s t th e phrane " tu ,u l t u a r l a m " o f a new levy ly

Jo rb u lo In S y r i a , below, p . . y,„r vtip, e d o c l , n a u x i l i a r i e s , o f . below, p.

;I * 1 v*1 . . . 73 ; i r C. u u l iu s a n t io ch u aSpiphanee, c f . i 149.

For Cn. J o a lt iu o C .rb u lo , c f . ’** . . D 142; for i i r l d a t e s , I . Ueyer, " h . - . " VI A, 1>>?, 3441 f . <no. 6 ; .

55« l a c . '-inn. a I . . , / . . r »u d u l iu a -it r i p p a , c f . . 1 , . . . " ^ 1 1_52;

for - r io to b u lu a , « 1 for C. C u liu a ooh.Aeaua, 1 ^ 2 , where he io

id e n t i f ie d with tue kinj <)f eoa ti.onusV .nown fr -is Cose hue.

^6. . a c . «nn. A . .1 , 3* for - . li aiidiua Jurn.iu» xuadratuG, c f . «<, r a n a llk ,

supple Ia , 1 ’ 1, 1 n. 7 f f . In-). 4 ; . . r. ntinua ("w trat." IV, 2 , 3 :

"duabus ie g io n ib u a e t p a u c i s s ia ic a u x i l i i e " ) playe down the " au x il ia " .

37 . in c . " i n n . " a I I I , . r V olopeaee, c f . H. . a / a l i k , o u p j l . IX,

1962, 163 f f . (n o . 1 1 .

s-‘» f*c . --nn. X>V, 1 and o c e te inn ad lo c . fo r th e le&ion conce rned .

59 . X III , 3 6 . Fo r r a c c l e v r f l t u e , c f . » te ln , "x . ." xVIII, 1942, 21.63

(no. 1 4 ; .

6<J. ' 'C tr s t ." IV, 1 , 2 1 . r-.mt .ub ( i b i d . , 25) r e l a t e s the punishment of

another p r e fe c t o f en a le ? " ^ e e i l io imfo p ra e fec to equ itun , quia

hostibus c e s e e r a t e t porum in o tr c taa an.-.ia a la a habebot . . . " .

6 1. Vac. "ann. ' A l i i , 3 / . r, achi i s an emendation, accepted by rum eaux

and Koeutermonn ad in c . c th ere have pro, ued "deniochi" ( c f .

"U ll leu m ie r ad l o c . and fo,; i f , IQp , 1 4 1 3 ) . l e f t ,er A. nerrmann "d .

XVI, 19 )3 . 331 f . n o r M e w l in, , i b i d . V l l l , 1912 , 2 3 1 i f . (no . 2)

r e f e r# to the p a s s a g e .

62. Vac. ".inn." a I I J , 3 d . In a eutuequent a ttack on an « r .ninn stronghold ,

fund i to r e # l i b r i t renque ' a re m entioned ( y >; c f . above, >•

63. A l i i , 4b.64. 4 l .

XIV, 23* The t r i b e s * e n were " l a t r o c l n i i o e x e r o i t i ”.

/ 6 6 ..............

x iv , 26 s "p rae ; iB60 cum a u x i l i l e Verulano le ^ t i to a tq u e Ipoe

le c io n ib u o c l t l a

i b i d . <Jf. J i o L x l l , ? v , 2 . to r I'itpp.-uiee, c f . Ueyer, "d . . VI A,

19)6 , 98v f . (n o . 6 ) .

l a c . " A n n . " XV, ) .

aV, 4 - Cf. J i o LaII, 2C, 3.

/ o r L. v u e o e n n i u s ; u#tue> c f - " . i J 1 7 ) .

l a c . " . u i n . " V, 6 , w ith r u r r e ^ . i x md . elham ad l o c .

C f . C i o h o r i u H , 12)I>.

• . iioff. a n n , X a I , ’ < 5 2 , 1 2 v p t i. (no . ) ) .

C f . a b o v e , p . 4 ^ .

fa c . " *nn." a*, . . e i r t h i a n a t t a c k e r a j t t h i s p o in t -ire r e f e r r e d

to on "h o a t i le * . tu r - ia e " .

aV, i / . ‘ k l a r i o " , "e , u i t e a r e us e d f o r c a v a l r y i n 1 1 .

f o r C. ^ e a t i u f , . x l l u , c f . . . C 6 i l .

" / x n n . aV, 2p , a;.d urneuux and r.oeuterc .ian ad l o c . f o r p r e e f e c tu r a

i n t h e oenae d l a c u n a e d b e iow, c f . e . . a * , 2 0 .

a*.Cf . f u r n e u u x a d l o c . aiid ; a x e r , 1 9 6 7 , 1 2 .

For ( h . > C u liu a ' , . r ip p a , c f . " i . I . k . ’ I I ' ! . a» J o n e s , 1 ;5“l, 211,

n . l . , o i n t o u t , the "h ^ ro d " o f "A cta" 12 waa n o t p a r t of h io

o f f i c i a l n o m e n c la tu re ., , t . 27 , 27; k . 19, 16; J n . l o , ) ; 12 . A# c e n tu r io n s in the

e a r l i e r p a r t e o f th e co u p e lo be longed to the armed f o r c e s of the

t e t r a r c h r f , tUid were n o t a u x i l i a r i e s ( c f . a h « rw in -* h i te , 196), 1 2 4 ) .

f o r i o n t iu o , i l a tu H , c f . . f a o c n e r " « . a . " aX, 1V> , 1V 2 f .

h t . 27, 9 4 ; h k . 1 9 , 1>; I k . 2 ) , 4 7 .

Jos. "a .J ." aV111, 6 , 1 , 2)7 -«n- »ld^.an *»q lo c .

19)4, 119; c f . t a i n . " XIV, 1 9 ) - , 2 J ) ) (n o . 1 ) . I t *«y be

noted t h a t under he ro c th e r e was a s e a r a t e c o w ^ n d e r f o r the

c a v a l ry o f th e ro y a l army (J o u . u . J . i i , ) ,

11, li», 1 , l o 6 .

/&7• .•» •»

,z(

- U 4 -

c.7. A , ; n , A, Z, 767. m i . u t h . l l ^ r . . c c . y t . 1 by j eu , b> w #

.'o r . - t r o n l u o . , . lx . W 7 , m , („ . w ,

1U* ^ ' “ l > ' 6 ‘ K= r j t r a t o n m . o f . a . n . m « . r l'n . . I l l , I '1./V, I t 'y l f f , (no . 1 0 ) .

89 . m u . Uubbo. 195.;. 0 9 . ” . . 1 . 9 . . . . u y . ..c l r c a Av„ . Lruce ^ lo c -

b‘.V 5 f 4 1".90 . v o e ^ a I v, 9 * ^ * )6p .

>1 . l)y> , D t , , x t . r e : e r a t " x i . j . " n t t t 4 ^

1 2 , ; %.■ . a , - , 1 , 122 - paooaj/en dlacuuood e ith e r above

° r U i o - ’ - (>2 „ Q .#V . v o a . ' „ . v . • X ;, 1, 3 . / o r i>eudaa , Cf . Z e l d i n ad lo c .

' • • • • • ,n o , i«t ih««,!.

itr nu ..boa".9 ) . I I , 12 , 2 3 6 .

9t>. xX, 6 , 1 , 1 2 2 .

V . » , !3«?{ , 1 ; i j , *, i., 244; " . I . V J 6 -7 . j f .»h#ee an , 3 6 .

I . " 2 8 . f o r

’• • l i x ’ war a s o l e o r j o i n t o v e -n o re h ip n t the o u ta e t cannot be

d iacu aaed h e r e . i f . ", . 1 . ; i rne«ux and ro - .s te r ; aiui on .a c . Vnn. '

A i i , >4; and WMt f u l l / , o i , , l i .0 , 19 .'4, 1% ? , 81 I f . ; U a l l wood,

" h a t • '* 199 -, 36 .1 i f .

)9 . I I , 1 3 , 3 , i y* . . or the 1 t c f . .Ion i< .m n ,I I A, 1923 , 2441.

U j . J o s . " h . J . ” I I , 1 3 , 4 , ?6v .

K ' l . 5 , 262 . ^ f . ’' a c . " 2 1 , 3 8 .

1^2. j->e. " ji.J ." I i , 1 3 , 7 , 24". .iherw in-. h it e (1 •' 1 r ) notea ,

w i r n e l l u a , the c e n tu i Aon ' t the co h o ra I e l l e a , n- . e a r e to have been

« p rov inc ia l , Nurroun f*d by re a t i v e e ui i r i e n d a C"xc." l v , 2 4 ; .

163. J o n . " A . J . " XX, 8 , 7 , 176.

1 '4 , r o r o r e iu a h ee tu n , c f . J »m hert> , " . . " X\1I , 1' " ) \ f f . (no . 3 6 ) .

/ K > ................

/

- -

an

lv > . " ' 'C ." 2 1 , j l ; 2 ) , l b ; 2 4 , . 2 ; ", a . n ." 2 u # 7 .

Iu 6 . "ho . «', f ; 1 wiJ th e le x ic o n o f t i t iv e r - A rn d t -G ln ^ ic h .107. " ac . " 27, 1 .

10U J o . . H . 14 . >, 2 9 1 , “ . - . l . a .o * I , j „ CMdue k c„ u , d

1 t o r t h i l ‘ e r i m, p i le d t„ , c f . IV, 4 ,formwiu. loruo, c f . - t . l n , VII, i 9U ., f f - ^

U 9 . J o e . " B . J . " 11, 14, L, 296 , 1 32 .

Cf. above, \ . tO O,

111 . Jc . "fc .v." i n , 17 , 2 , 4 < a .

11J. 1 7 , 4 , 4 2 1 . . h . V o , ' 1» t h . o f A g rtp p . 0 , . „ ufit here ( I t , £ , 4 8 ' ) .

I - 1. V, >Ot ! . >"or #L t lc c h u t end h •• w , c f . above, p . .114. 9 , ^ 2 .

11>. 19, 9 , >J5.

l i * / , - 3>1 I d e n t l f ie* h i* w ith the vucundus uentionedabove, p . / o 3

1 1 / . J o t . " B .J . I l l , 4, 1 , C4 f f . t Cf . 1 / , l v , 3 , >9 8 . o iie to n iu a ,

h o .e v e r , ( Ve«p. 4, > Iveo t o ru n b e r o f a la e a t 8 , nd o f cohort*e« l v .

113. . i t u a had b ro u g h t th e i f t e e n t h fre . j A lexandr ia : whet c r &nj

t iu x il ih r ib to a co o ap an ieu i t i t no t mi , te d ( c f . i l l , 1 , j , j ) .

119. iloni6 l i . u A u c a l c u U t fin (1 /3 4 , 1 \ 71) oax« i t l i k e l y th a t the o l*

uet»atenoru:.', a t ]e u h t wr.3 .uin, e n a ry .

1‘ • o n r i i e r / ^ r i ; y n i s owld t h..vo « t to n a e d on V*Bjwi*i*m "w ith h ie whole

ar*y" (Joo. ." I l l , 2, 4, 2y).1^ 4 . . o r th e p h ra s e , c f . , .

r ‘“ l . < .1 v i* (1 , 3, 8 ) .

12?. H u e s , AlV, 1 28 , 8>7 f . (no . 2 ) . i o r n i , "A th en ." 19>S, 27,

r e f e r * to « p a ssa g e in th e almud wnerc i t i s au td th i t 8uv< i elmyren#

a rc h e r* were in tne s e r v i c e f une d u r in g the wars f V espasian .

lle i d e n t i f i e s th e se w ith th e fo rc e o f d a lc h u s .

* V V • • • t < V JJ ( I V<0»\i I ixf jy o *X aV P.OTV r i i v n o toO }UV fuoV,

6t p/,vT)v rv ta fc jueXet tc t^v fieouoiffiv uetcxprrs<Sfi€V0l # <nryxtvovvctfovKiC ’ ' v oX/potC wc u t - e tp fa .

, v f-*i wa.

f

- IJb -

i i woe f> > ' •eoxottvv i? \/ .rro9{r9<it,

fo r and. a o ld ie r - i ' e » rv .m t e ( " c u lo n 01,'«), o f . v . JommiMwaki,I l l , IS 7 . 1562.

I ' k . Jos. "rt.J." i J ;, 4, 1, >'>♦ '■"or 1-telduo, c f •bort.., "H. <..<19>v, 1>54 f f . Uio. I ) .

l >. « iu . 1 •«-. I l l , '» 1 2 , j r >nt a l u s , c f . n 796 .

. n12? . 6 , 2 , I V f t . , and 1 » 1 t:; -n nn 12 ' .

i u l l ^ e a , " .1 c ’ i to a v e c 1 'ct«*d hji army o f o v e r 1 ' v./ u^n

( I I , 2 , 6 , > 7 6 , .

129# i l l , 7, 5, V I - the i trite en o a lled .l ^ . 9, lb8 i IS, 211 ; c f . j , 28>.

V I . 7 , j>, 144, v , 7 , 443 , IV, 1 , >, >6 f f . f o r n e b u t lu e , c f . " P . I . 8 ." 2A l i b .

132. Joe. " . .t I l l , , 4 ; " i . „ . , 877.

V 3 . Jo,:. " l . v . I l l , 7 , 3 1 , . f , ?, 8 , 4 ‘>d; l u , 3 , 48? f o r l> u jsnue

O /cra t.: .t •a tr . i./ a l t r bo-. :**e w c tv .i lry ; K. a a u o l lk , "H. . " iluppl#

A, 1965, lu>2 f f . (n o . 1 ) .

134. Joe. " I .J ." I l l , 7 , 31 , 2 9; 1 , 1, 47v.

135. 7, 32, 31 i IV, 9 , 1 , 4 - . s im i l a r f >rce o f J- fv o t and 5U boras

If- fount und r t .« con. and f l a c id u o . -hen f i r n t a e n t lo o s d , however

(o f . n . 124 a lo e - , ; , ho wan , , n >t * le g io n a ry l e t a t e .

l a IV, 1 , 3 , 37 , he coat « icu 6 --- h o r s e .

136. I l l , o, 7 . 443 f f .

137. IV, 8 , 1 , 442 . un u I o n e r e c e l e , Veepaalan l e f t ftarriN tnet o B ’ v t 'xo'J . I . •! i n J e r i c h o

end ,.dld* (J e d l th e h y p r i o r to hio j leaned a a a s u l t on . e r u e s ie * in

6d (9, 1 , 486).138. u . ; , 2 - , 7 . K ir . J a lp v rn lu t i i s o , c f . "> . 1 . v 293; 'I’hoiUHeeen,

l % v , I I 29 f . (and i , lv f f . ) .

/ 1 3 9 . . . . . .

- 127 -

l^v« ’**• ' - ' i ^ • • 0)" * 1 Jui.i.uB . llanuB ( - Oi'quutufc/ 1 c f . " t \ I ei ' . i %y) whot C u n tr t Kuuiunr ! i , ] i') , < ' f f hnd Thomaentm, t i | 28 f .

( c i . 1* 1G f f . / , w g u e t h a t Ulo, am! n o t : * c l tu c , 1b c o r r e c t on tne nuwe o f t h e g o v e r n o r .

l.'tVe >’« r 1 tol-:njr, c f . «" t v e , l b ,

141. *. . 1 y * , t o r /^ed-u. n, c f . ", A 112.

l '*2 . J o a . " B . J . " I I , 1 , 7 , H9 ?*; ^ c h u r , 1 , 2 4 , 1 % 3 , l w .

l jO . ***c• " u . 1 1 , 7 . ; ."h. a . . , t f ,en , J 1 1 , ^ ; f ,

14% f . jC. ur, 1 2 3 , 1' , 4,. f f .

l o . v .h . . . . • 1. , - f . , ro rrtrif. to . a . M inn 4v.l 4 o . 1%4 - , v o l . I I , 5 3 .

j o o t . 1 • J O t • • -! • 1 . * / £ > • -f-t-ni u. pb t i lu r a l ,k -.A, 2-1, 21 6 'eu^a ]

J ,»0 f hu« (" i .u ." X U , 1, 15, 122)

r iA4B t id -fclnuM, *. 1 h < t c 1 g l a d i - t o r , over

U.e jiu.-rd th e d e a l o f l a lu o . i o ld -..in ad i o c . reg a rd # h i 1 an «

IhraciojR, b u t o.-y . t.. ■ t c a m o t be a t e c h n ic a l term

e q u iv a le n t to " t r ib u n u t M H t u " ,

14V. - - a t . " u e d ." 5v , 3; J o a . .i ., 1 , 15, 117 f f . | c f . Dio L1X,

3^, l o .

147. »ac. 'ana." I l l , 1 ; ,u r t . " 4, 1 .

lyO, 4 i , 2 : 'inor i] t rui ' fr i t tte* ••■llur al er ii lta H. opnreeeua

tra h i c r t n l tu o " . i’tte rev I t of I Index w i l l be d iu cn /o ed in the next

ch ap ter .

151. "21." 2;, 1; Jmilde a j loc.3 >2. ; f . o c . iF j i .n o , 1 3 1 , 1M 4, 47 f . j Uheew «m, Nt-| v m Jom, ezewakl,

I 9vv., 196/, 122 j 1291 xxxv., _ y1 a t..e> a , c f . h e ,# # , ,>. » •

. . . . . m f t , 1511 .

- o r tho C rn r tca te f t , c f . Mtaeh, • IV, I • , !■ 4- .

l y ) . - . l . L . ; Vi , 5 . 5 e l s e a r e ..,ei t iv -n e d , b u t o n ly t h e r e 5 n *aem have

t iu rv lv ed .

/ i y > ................

- 128 -

1 _ / ( } , u . 1 • L* -Ii ,f • 14 cui,.,uj .aT i«t6 1 the p irn i r c « ond t>i8

bx)vonior under *hon th e n ' g l m . r t s aervt j . f o r t h • A stu rea , c f .

fiObner, ' . •' : 1< \ , 1-< 5 f . | ledloecl. III, If y, f f . •ucent.cs, u c h u t t e n , . i l l , V)P/t 17 I (no , 1 ) ,

1 7 * C , I * L e XVI , y . - • / , ( . , o f y* - . A , . . , 1b v e r y f r i v ^ r ^ n t n r y e n d

nu , 21<"u no re& . i r n t ,!. n a n ea ,

1> . i . ,S . .8 1 ; : or o h . o ,v , r , c f . "J . 1 , C 191; for

1 Lu-uur.. *, Krai t , I . ’; j • r t. /#rcJ n i , t . t .r ia , V l l l A,

V v y , > 5 ff*

- 129 -

V II . ‘•v'vM tuiLU* . . ; . >i^«.

rh« r e v o l t o f V lnde*1. which led to the f e l l o f Nero, broke ou t

ear.ljr In CS, v In d ex , h la o e f o f 111c demount, wne #ovRrnor o f Gel l i e

U ^ d u n e n e lo . le f o r c e s a r e s a id t > h ve numl.-rcd 1. , 7>en? . The t r i b e e

who su r- wer*.* the /i#' Iu■.n o , e rv e rn ie o a nil <enuenl nt> . Vienne

(•^.esne; wee a c c . ned t y i.u. dunum ( «yona) - fcotn * oaen c o lo n le e , but o f

di f i>r»Qg o r i ji:& — o hsv ai-; o r ted V Is ex • l*hwr® rey nave been o th e r

a u - ; o r t f o r the r e v o l t , bu t i t i s n e t r e c o rd e d , .he fi< r e o f 1 /G, Aiu eeeea

excenexve, en l ia ln aw o rth ^ would e x p la in i t * u »<■ ';'<what e x e r f ra te d

e s t l J tu te o f tr.e e t r e n p t h o f the l e p io n s or.i a u x i l i a r i - c o f the a ray o f upper

end low*r ^ rm any . the e / c i . t , t i-co rd .j . t. > . l u t a r c . ^ , <av ■' tu le f e l l .

V e rg in lu s u fu a , V> . te o f t * f rc e e o f Upper -er-uny th a t cruened

7vIndex, hea e t . ,n c a V i i r y » n : . e l ne ,.p .a a u x i l i a r i e s . .wo

M illie . e-'p . e s , t e re v e r , . r ..i t * . m onee , suppo rt# J him, but whether

t h i e r-eena t n e t th ey s u p p l ie d extr.« " a u x i l l a " a no t known.

- a l i a , th e n g o v e rn o r o f l a n la urruc' r.#> « 1/., ncc* ♦el l e a d e r ­

sh ip f th e r e v o l t tuid was -oc - i«ed e ip » r o r In / r i l , #>, v - f re t e defeata

of / in d e x . / e r i n i u s ru fue* t r >p« t. »f. c » l.e the rebe e blx.nl ,

the reby im ply ing t h a t they to d more re* , a c t a b l e o, momenta t , 1a 1 w ith than

tr.e fo l lo w e rs o f a r e b e l i- i u ] . In r r « c - w asla a lb a t >d 1 l e -1 »n, ? a la s

ar J 3 c o h o r t s , a c c o rd c ■ t< ue ton i n s , and h the ~ ne t it cor. '■ r ip t .n ^

f u r t h e r l e g io n s und i , x l l i n r . e a . I f t o n ly one le g io n **a . .rsued, wtviah

/ I s a i t u a .........

- 13'-' -

T a c itu . « 1 U <r„ " . . p t l . . t - t ib l - n ." 11, norM n , l„ eonU , t . , b . „ I t could

be co..fu„ed . i t h t h e "ceptlm e d l .u d t™ ." , Mt)„e th, . „ , U l a r t e i h„„r

'%“ c °nU* 1 , c t " " uulb- b o o o r t . ." 1 .h .„ tney . . r , . . . t to Upper O o r .u a .

Otho. then u o e .ra o r o f u u . l t .m l . , jo in ed v e lb . . t the o u t s e t13, but n o tn ln .

i s k l* t#d jLuut the tro o , aoveu.eute Involved .

vtl b ie *r r *v a i lft tne uutuun ol t o*lba found trie c i t y

f u l l Ol t r v o ^ being le v ie d or Iran ,ferred lo r the e x p e d it io n , or crime, f

e r o ’a l a s t ^ .a c i tu a d e u e n b e# the non-praetorlun and non-urbwi

1 r*ce6 fo l lo w * ; induct* le ^ lo n e Hitt pen*, rerwrnente ea qu*o e c laaee

i.ero c o n e cr ip e e ra t , plena urbe e x e r c i tu i i t a o l i to ; m ulti ad hoc uumeri e

tei . ii«i ac >rttHtiniu e t x lL y r ico , quo# id#., nero e l e c t e e . . . reuocauerat"1 \

il;e vpaniWi leg io n , «o. noted above, waa tne leg io n that accompanied oalba

fru^ ^ p u i n . i t would have ecu e i t n e r tne new seventh or tho o ld u ix th .

The Legion which aero had c o n .tr ip le d fr-Jir t'ie f le e t" la te r appear a aa

'i.et io L -aaica" and '^ri . «d iu tr .ix ' , The ' nu.T#ri" were detachm ent.

dr.-wr froit the urw i^n s ta t io n e d in tne a r e a , named, vaxer i s of the opin ion

th at they co n b ia ted i.taii.iy of le p lo n a r le e . j ut when u*lba wen Mire#tened

by v th o alid ap p ea le d to the* t o r «U{ . o r t , they a r e r e f e r r e d vj a t " leg ,onee

17• • • e t a u x i l i a . . u r t h e r , v th o u en t " i u i , I c i u . H o ru a e r i t a n n i c i e

c o h o r t ib u e , n u p e r a ^albw c i u i t a t e downturn" to r.u rder the man whom (Jalba had

adopted .* h i# , . e i r " vo h o rtea on o ccaa ion can moan le g io n a ry c o h o r t . ,

but o u i l ic iu * f l o r a . (U ilb a be longed t< th e p e n . h u lp ic lm ) cou ld not have

been u l e g .o n a r y , o th e rw is e he wouxd a l r e a d y have poaee&wed c i t i z e n s h i p ,

Ih# " h r i t a n n i c a e c o h o r te # " , t h e r e f o r e , must mean a u x i l i a r y co h o r . i p r e v io u . ly

" t f i t io n e d in o n t a i n and forming p a r t if the "numeri • . . . o r i t a n n i a " . The

/ o e r i f t a n ..........

A . *

Germ m d e ta c h m e n t I k l o t e r d e s c r i b e d a s " * r „

" u e r m a n i c i r i l i t e s " an d " G e r e a n i e a U k X ll la * '1^ .

s e n a e s t h a t c o u l d 'em a p p r o p r i a t e h e r e i 4 u x l l

» 'U#*ru..Anlcl exercitu*. ra il itea" .

as w ell ixa

l l l y r i c u a l e being ua.d a n a c h r o n is t ica lljr 0, b r o a d l j , fo r 'Vannonici

•x e r c itu a « l l i t e . " are . uuted a A h " e le c to e U l y r l c i exerc itua"21 .

view cannot s tan d , and "nuueri" must be regarded a« part le x lo n a n

l e g io n a r ie s c uid be meant. The i l l y r i c a n detachment need

l l l y r i c u e io being us^d a n a c h r o n if i t ic a l ly s , broadly; for

cause no surprise

o n part leg ion ary .

part a u x i l i a r y , n u t they . e r e so art,uea lor c lo s e l in k between the two

arae, and a high degree ol pr. fe a s io n u l orKan iza t .un on the part o f the

a u x i l i a r i e s concerned. «n a c t A n ol E l b a ' s a f t e r h is entry in to home

should l e noted j he decided to disband l -e uerman " cjfp oria custodes" of

'ero, sending the aen back home without a bounty : uoetoniua22 r e fe r s to

the corps as 'Germanorum c hortea".

1 s t , 6 • m. j ., / i t * I i u s ' ai. ,'ort»»ra ' s i l i r e d tho l r force* f r an invaalon

of I t a ly , hey c - u n i t i e s i r t a re i - t i e ’’A g rip p in r u j , i r e v l r i ,

i ingones" - o f f e r e d e n t h u s i a s t i c support in the for. of "a t i l l s epuos area

s-ri p incnees were the in h a b ita n ts

^ologne^ end hence er.t t i e d t r ervc in the le*- jnn, but they may re; resent

the surroundl. | Lblsno, s t i l l a u x i l ia r y m a ter ia l . The Vreverana could ei*rve

t iu x i l i s r i e r , a lto ' - . h tl “ i r c h ie f town u i« e lan a colony (now f r i a r ) .

i i f t e r s t a g i n g h i* p r o c l a m a t i o n oa e c -p e ro r on ti e <hine on uanuury

i'ecunle I t la hurd t xn w wi etr.er tribwl a u x i l i . r le n c«n be understood

/ f h e • # S e •

/

ifle Llo meti were u t U l ' T U , ^ reg r in e ; vtho .rented Mie wtiole

was accep ted , .ind, i f s o , whether cunU n, e o U ui th ese people* were

inciuued in tne . - r p e number o f G *U io m u xilin r l## that oupporleu

v i t e i i i u s :o I t a l y , G overn>rn )i nel&hLouring p rovinces t h /e - th e ir

weight in witr. W i le : l iu e . o f the , overnor of o a l l l a -ut.daaeR.iii> are

t >ia tn a t he had tne «xa ^eur.iu.a and the ’' i t a l i c . io& lo' at huc dunu:,i s

th ese are botn s i o r t i y withdrawn ' . i t i s ,o_i h ie that the - l a forced

part ol the in v a s io n l o r e s , ia c i tu t . ' d » ;r i t> > n f th in ia aw f^ i lo - b ;

/ • l e o t i i n . e r i o r l s exerc itu a e >e c t i cu ayuila ^uint^e le^ ionIs ct

cohortibue a l l s ue, .d ,,uadr*t,inla .ullia ar-.tvro.,, d.»t a ; t r i f> itu c i l i a

osecihd e superiors -er >uis u -o e .a t , tuoruu> rcbui l e t>io an*tuicwno>ji.w»

f o i l , addlta -..er >n..,-a a u ^ lll^ , « ,>>>. 0*. • i t e l i i u a a.. .0 ^uovue C 0 p i .< »

•u p p ieu it . . . ” dnfvftun^lely toe t >. *1 o> 7*., - vv' , cann t be broxen

down in to S p e c if ic lep iorary «.id auxiliary proportions on the evidence

of th is s ta t e c u t . out ti.crr ifi . co trout io p lie d between the regular

cohort; and a i s e and the " .er norua a u x i l i o a t e r t; ere i s a reference

r n t h a u o s ' s e u t i o h c J at t o r «o, ...v.ia -er-san

" a u x il ia ” or "transrhettani e.u:.t huve been a l l i e d contingents uupplled bypQ

f r e e Lerm ans. f&euLncr w uid lu c e the 1 a t s u i Mentioned a t the . 0

1/, the ti«u-,e c a t e g o r y , b u t the o c to itouorui. c o h o r ts * , qu- r t a e Uecuuae

l e p i o n i t ■ u x . ' l ih ' '" ' on t h e i r way ire,,;, wtuly to h r i t a i n who jo in e d

" i t e i l i n , when iiih r»»voit Known « / ; -ubuLly th r . a t a v i s m r e f e r r e d

t o . .hoy would have t ven more ro le s ^ io n a l tn an 4-f i l e d a*ri..-*n c. atir*. e n t s

/ a t ..........

" c lu ita u " c i t i z e n s h ip , in v.i,y c^ se , i t i« aut c^eo r w hether th l« o f f e r

4L .^ 1

u t t h i s e t a g e . I t U n u t c l e u r w he ther t n e , &r# to be r e . ^ a e d as p a r t o f ,o r i;< av. l i t io n to , th e ? ,u n . : ed above.

3 o m detail, on th e co,, t u i t i o n th e " e u x i l i a " wiaipned to

Yalen* end d e e c in e car. be re c o v e re d «» th e n a r r a t i v e proceed*, rhuo

"G e llo ru a L u a i ta n c ru s q u e e t B ritannorum c o h o r te e e t Uermanoru. u e x i l l a cum

r e q u i r e no c o ^ j e n t , exce. t to n o te t h a t t h i s i s the f i r s t r e f e re n c e t o

o n t i a h o n e s , .ne cenae o f " u e x i l l a has caused d isag ree m e n t . S i n c e " a ia e "

. i n the p l u r a l ) i» use i i n r e l c r e n c e to th e se fo rce# in the n ex t s e n te n c e ,

uexi i ] uxi he re . enxia a l a . b u t t h in canno t be p re ssed $ o th e r unnamed

a la e such a s the a l a o i l l a n a h ive been r e a n t . However, i t i*» b e s t to

i n t e r p r e t th e p h ra se i n l.ie oi wh«t has gone b e fo re r a t h e r than in

the l i g h t f whet fo l lo w * . #ub we have o«en, ”uer..^norum a u x i l i a " were

in c lu d ed i n th e i n v a s io n f o r c e , ihe "Jeraanorum u e x i l l a " here o u s t Lean

d e ta c h u e n te o f tn e o e . ihey were p robab ly c a v a l r y , u ince they a re c lo s e ly

a s s o c i a t e d w ith th o : e t r i a n e , b u t c e r t a i n l y n o t p ro p e r ly o rg an ized horn an

a i a e , as a rg u ed ab o v e , on th e a rc h to I t a l y Valcne had to d i v e r t p a r t

o f h ie f o r c e s to p r o t e c t . a l l i a h a rbonenaj* Irom an a t t a c k by U th o 'e f l e e t ,

fhe a u x i l i a r i e s in v o lv e d com prised "dues iXiogrorua c o n o r t io , q u a t tu o r

equitum tu r in es , u n iue rt- t'n i reu iro ru if i alai* cun: l u l i o - iui»i> .co p ru e fe c to •

a qu ingenary a l a a p p e a rs to have been d iv id e d i n t o 16 turnine $ hence the

^ " tu m a e " o f c a v a l r y rep resen ted ti q u a r t e r o f a r e g im e n t , in d e o c r ib in g

the f i g h t i n g between the V i te l lA jr .s w.a th e v thon i.m e a t . l a c e n t i a

a l a i e t r i a n a " ^ w ere s e n t i n t o I t a l y ahead o f the main f o r c e s . The c o h o r t s

and on ly one a l a , th e , e t r i a n a , i s named, i t h a s been th o u ^ h t^1 t h a t

/ ( * i a c e n z a ) ,

- 134 -

( T a c i t* , . i n 1. . o u t th e " o h o r t l . c an t* t r u c l , t

c o re j w t r l o , * 4 1 , c o r .m r ib u * u u , , r u c . r o . . c u t . q u . t i e n t l u . " " .

, u . . t i o n a r i a . . . w h . tn c r I n . . . U . r . m . .c o h o r t ." can b . r a , a r d . d . . r g u la r

r e p e a t , l i k e tno i'u»t , i a n c o n o r t . j u a t w n l i o n .d . $ h . . t r o n 6 . . pM 6ia

p laced on t h e i r t r . l " c o d . o f e n t e r s , i n t o b a t t l e . . . . . t n l s

u n l i k e l y . I’ney . . . r wl e r to be c l a w e d a»oDt the " d . r . ^ o r u . a u x i n . . .

ro i r r - d t i n th e o r i t n a i d e . c r i p t . u o f the invud .ng f o r c e V*. "Cohort"

U.u . t be uaed h e r . in a t a c t i c a l , n o t a p r o m o t io n a l n i a l i x . l y

t a t l e a n t 2 o f t: 4 c o h o r t . .. n y l g /a>eua - r e u u l l i c , to judge

u> xonnrf t h a t E a c i tu a .

u» c r x b c . in c o n n e c t io n w ith a f e ^ u t which r f i t e l l i u e gnve fo r V ergin iuc

. u f u r Li N orth i t ly a f t e r t h t U t t , o f m d r .acu m . i t iu t r u e t h a t the

11 i c a u x : l i a r y ouy h..ve Mccowjwn ,ed » i t e l l i u a r a t h e r thun the o r i g i n a l

in v a e io n Jo rc e t i I t a l y . h u t ti.o d .u p u te <*roae w ith a e o l d i e r o f the

i i f t h »eg-ton, w i s h woe i u r t oi Vkler ' I r c e . A ccordingly i t s e e n .

p r e f e r a b l e t» c o n . i d e r t» e >iaul ao one o f i /a ien e* a u x i l i n r i # e . To avenge

the d e f e a t o f t h e i r comrade by th e u a u l , the le jo ix t r ie e then c u t 2

co h o rtc t o l u c e . . lY obably both were iaI I I c ^ , . ve «ro to ld th .« t, a f t e r

the d e f e a t o f v th o , V ito 1 lue dec led t eend t o (- i l l ic a u x i l i u r l e e

home * " r e d d i t a c i u i t u t i b u . <>u I lo rn ' a u x i ! i* , in one nu rierue e t p r ia a

e tu tire d e f e r t l o n e I n t e r in an l a b e l l i udau-jptua '’ . trom th l e i t would

appear t h a t he had e n l i o t e d a ve ry l a r g e numler o f Oeule a t the very

o u ta c t o f h i e r e v o l t . (The phri^ne " I n t e r ina.nia b e l l i " im p lie s t h a t they

were o f l i t t l e v a l u e . 1 w hether th e men in c luded thoee o f f e r e d by the

/ n p r i p p in e n e e i , . . . . .

,z4L

(

. * , 1*, ! « = » . . . - r . v . r ^ .nd i . t h . d l „cuo„ . d

ddudct t . d . « d « d . I t 1. t d t . r . „ t d „ 6 t d d t t , , . , . , r . , . l u r „ . a t0 t „e J

t r i t e " ' ’C lU U " U L " - ’' - ^ - U . . d i „ c . . , g. , r „ t n l r t , , n

t l n u ^ o . d . - u d l d W J . . . * „ i t t . i n . t r d . t i , .

t n . d . r . n n " « u x U i . " o f t n . i n . ^ i n n ih „ , . r

J i i i t w y , n l u » , « l t h d d ,n t . e l m i c . i , . l i i . d tn u , h M t i l y c r . t t . d

y r j » l ; i e . . : . . o r t i l . . . t o t . c j r j i r o i . . . l o n « l " « u » l U ." • l „ „ „ t r a i n i n g

huu* necei*«»«iry •

l r # « u * i ' v . ' o f the tnv- il^n | r e t m\y now 1 * «*id to In c lu d e ,

fror th e ertBy o i 1 ,o. # r j*»r. *.ny

a Ir» v sn t Iw,

2 ruzigrlna c o h o r t s ,

- ^ » H ic c c h c r t * / / (jx* .11 11 d l f ,od/,

' f 'L : j .v i in c l o r t u , i l l i w»l ?i » *r t h i f . » l l wed Volen# t.i l u i y ^ ;

ami frof- th e tncy o t Uj-ver w or1 u^y

an aim 1 e t r l t t n a ,

B r i t i s h ,

l* a l l l c , and

L ua itun ifm c o h o r t a ,4 ,0

a l i ir a c l jn cohort ( lit »•] 1 . r 'I M l i t y , ' •

2he a l l i e d Gormon cc>nt. e r t e .nd the 'raw 1 e ' •

i h e a l l i e d ve rn iun c o n t i n g e n t ! r e 6ien Ix o n e d w i t h tr>e ) H t t r r b r a n c r e.t t n #

/ V i t a l l i e n .........

■I

- 1 56 -

h a l f a . w e ] 1 .

I f th e "rew” G a u l , d id n o t »cconv an / V l t e l l i u a on h lu , .V oh i n t o I t l y ,

they were j rob, b ly f xr.d in t -th . I v - s of - o invr.nion 'o r c e .

i^roceeain , t . t h e a ^ j o r i . ; North I t a l y , i t w i l l

e i n c i d e n t . r o u te in more d . t . L .

w a e c ln o ' j ^ e t j * ta l j r - a s b locked by th e e l v e t i a n o , . t i l l unaware

of ^ I L a ' u d e u th . cauue o l t . i e i r r e s i s t a n c e waa the we in u re of aoney

in t . n u e d fo r l o c a l delenew by .o r e nearby L+plu n a r .e e : " ra p u e ran t

pecuaiaid xn . t i p e n d i u a c t e l i l quod o l i n l . e l u e t i i e u ia a i l i t i b u a

k'uz a t i anu -Ld tueo.otur" . ihe Helvetian ' a ll l te e " must hnee been

e n t ir e ly under lo c a l contro l* iney are commonly regarded a . a lo c a l

m il i t ia * ..e^vet i na )b il ize ' r *. &dly, but were caw ht between

oaecina aji>i the d u x i l t^ r ie . in i . t i wnou he had ordered 11 attack the

■1. v e t ia u . in th f re ir. »;.e * a , " r as ■ e t icae alae cohort*.que et

ifx»urum oaetorure iuurr tu», auetii armiz et more .ai 11 t ir e exerc lta" . Thr

defeat o f t i e Ivetiann i« t en d e s c r ib e d in the words "ac atatlm

imeinwt. c t orte IhraecWw d*. u l b i e t cx.neectantibu. -lerauini. xaetl.que . . .

tru ci .a ti" ‘ . ".uaetic .e ' h e re -aunt "#n ' atutioned ir, naetiy", whether

conuiutiriK o f i jetiunii ar not. in# Cohort ihraecum" nay huve bee. pert

of tne uemHii or the . .u e t .u n t r y . be ixr.etian you!/, who were i l l J -

taraly prepared co-operated with the ; r ^ n . ("cor,sect-.nttbua v*r an i.

keetiaque" - preeueib ly lro» tne "Jermanorum auAllia" o f v^ecinaJ in

eiaugh ier in i tne f l e e i n g tie lee t l ana. i t would be I n t e r n e t in* to anow

whether these . .aetians wore h nf.adin loca l mi l i t i a , o ^ n t i o g with

/ i i O l L O n • e e e e

VJL. J* .

<

m

- 1 .7 -

"0" " “ •” r -6 l w l e ” - “ i ' - t v M W ” r g„ r U o „ und. r d l „ .

. u ^ n . , . , r , h , r V . . , „ r . . , u „ . , o r ( , n l „ t l o „ .

a l t e m u t iv# , tn o , „ r „ „ „ t o r . l t . n. d fcy ^

prvcurbh>r o f N orlcun who o r . , b l , . u , U l „ r l „ t o r . t b r r to o ^ . . b u

Co.,In, i n t o b i s b r o . , b . . . t r o o p , .u c i tu o l o o s . , , . U j u

but . b . , U U .lb , o f • ' . U . U i . b o r l c s " . s u i U l a r i M . t s t i o n . o

.« n t . s r i o u j o u x l l l r j f r . . t l c n , .h .s H l b , . H . l , to . t r . o t b . . t b . . u

«r4 . t . b i i .

th e . ^ I r e t l a B * . a h e i r c o n n ec t io n w ith V i t t l l l u e in Afr ca hi,.

tiJne0djr b<?er note<1 * a t p r e s e n t they were s t i l l in n o r th U u ly , where

t r e y had keen marooned n V o i r -ay to Jo in the e x p e d i t io n . ^ i n e t Vindex.

i t wan p a r t i c u i r i y t h e i r d e c L r i .a n who I n a l . , .t*d t r l r chan,,;, o f t i d e . .

Cstun ; u r t h v r t e i i o ua t h a t t w y won o v e r k l» p o r t« n t irnnaymdan#

' a u n ic ip ia " t i n c i u d i r ^ c i io i a n u a , now " I ja n ; fu r V l t e l l i u * . i t i e t ru e

th a t t h e i r I n f lu e n c e wua h e ig h te n e d Incause th»y happened to h r tn e only

m i l i t a r y fo r c e in i " 1 .i t i .a i i .u a I t . luc . h u t evou a ,., tne inc? ,»nt

16 ti • t r l k i n f comt.rnt on the I n c r r tu i n g im portance o f th e prx, ec r , icn a ll| 1a

•ux l i a r i r a .

f e a n w h i le th e pr> c u r a t o r of the ^ r i t l a e x lp a wtis t ry in g to

'•old h i t p ro v in c e i,. s t ui. t t c k by the t. n i a n r . tie » <1 to uae lo c a l

water i a l o n ly , c».' > d .r.teuii’' by , a c i t v . < ' luue tut," o f tn e t r i b * ,(,1s

however, proved u f qu, t , wui ; r e < , .Int the n i d l e r i i tho * The

A* iun^rian . . . . .

4 _ a*.

Vewa° t0 " r,>0"“ e “•* - — ^ U c ltu . , . „ . rr . a r . tv t » . 2 = ^ r t „ „ th . ,h , " _ , r . r u . M l0

• d > # U ’ * ’‘ ' ro " '' i- f t * d . t « h » nt f r - W m . ' - r - j r . . .

,U ' V 3 r tM ^ 10bal - " - ‘ - t . . I t ™ , M t M l o e i „u x lU u , |

. t ■ iuL -.cn tt ■ . n n o n l l , -vndum o u t . l cn 1» - ‘ y . r r o . t n . run t b . - w t . n n . .

I t would c o o , n u t u r . l to U k . t n . 5 . , im n = ,u „ „ . . r . r t o f t h , l o o . l

" ....... ' o o M r t . hu t t n . r , . . . eo u t t l . r . « o n f o r

. t . t l o n i b t tu n n o o l na In t .u u n „ ununr nor .u l e l r e u a e t . n , . . , . . . 1 , 1,

. o r . r o b . t t o r . . r d th , tm o n l n . . . r e c r u i t , f o r . ouln.mr ,ry c o h o r t ,

p ro .u r- .b ljr r o u t , to . f r o n t i e r r r y . U 1„ uould b . on . o r I f I n . t . n c . of

o . . l i i o r l c be in k “< n t f r e e t b - j . r h o c . . r o . b e fo re t h e i r « r l o d o f t r u l n l n j .

1“ h c tu o l b o t t l e which f o l l o w .* , t i e V I t e m inn were . h i e to use

" ;p ln 0 6 • Pretoiw^.bl/ l o c a l l e v i e s frc.fi the , , r i t l a e Alpe e :u*rtin^ under

t ' : e i r e a r l i e r d e l e f t L, the ^ t h o n l m n . un t h e i r e ld* on t h i s o cca s io n the

p r i e to r i u t i s were au/ i o r t c i by *' rr. r too leo rua w lx t la pep an I t / ' i c f .

' a. ta <d lu c ie n d u s . . . . a* .n run .nv«iM who n u r le d r ^ K a d* v& on the

« i t e H l n " i r e u i r ru.r tu r iae"< 4 In t h e r word* marine# from the f l e e t were

«6- it» ted by th e 1 )c e l ho , w.lst< n wain a r t u r o l te c h n l ue in a h i l l y a re a .

1 r‘e f o r c e s o f th o p r w e d t r 1 1, th< v i c t o i . *a u r e u u l t o f th i t . d o ra lc a

remained t r u e to v th . i , t u t l i t .u v e rn r t r i e d to win i t over fo r V i t e l l i n e .

c a l l e d he "p r in c l , ,em in e u la e " tr .f / tl v r , and , a f t e r cowlnir o p p o a l t lo n ,

‘cceea* i t . h o ld e l e v y . Put th e " i n o o n d l t l ho .ijieo" ro enl lu te d r e b e l l e d

& ? ln a t th e d . u c i l i n e ot r l l i t o r y t r n i n i n . , and e r ued t h a t even where

/ J o r e i c i i .........

he

pr

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' 0" lc a ,- d L“ n l , r J t , c t « d ^ o c l ie r tu ,„U u l „ I t huj w . n r « » ^ .a u ,

.

. p i c t u r e .»,■,■ 01 u t t 'o u u lu u , ! e . , re . u , p ; , . . , „ t . d b , .o u ^ . ln

as emergency.

.deference hum a ir e „ 4 , been ^ d e to the a u x i l i a r i e s @ent on

ahead to I t a ly to jo in the aim . l l l e n e . Pheee f o r c e , cu ,tu red a

"iannoalorua c o h o . ." anc cut o f f "cento , eq u lteo »c m i l l , c l a o a l c l " ^ .

neubner' r eg a rd , t o . , annonlan c h e r t w part o f the detachment o f the

uerc.an army th a t hero hod planned t send > Alexandria but had la t e r

reoaU ed to - t . ’.y -o r ha u»r. •«. o i . index, l i x e the a la o l l l - m a . The

mi-rioes from tne f l e e t are s e l f - e x Ian , tor) i i t U however not c l« a r

whether the l w c . v a l • were a u x l l : rv r n o t . . hen ^aecina attacked

. 1 cent la ( . la c e n z a ) , r.lii l e r U itarici, a,*re accompanied Ly a spare#

auxi L oru. Banua * -Vrrv« j r< n**u* ^ . / the neupooe urea In the oseaul t ,

but tucre lo no In i I ; t ion t» at u • *« w.-a * "cohora aaglttK rla" in vo lved ,

iieruun co h o rts n cc »ve 0 , -e c ia l mention ; #0 noted above, "cohorts" nere

at.jjld o tu. e,. i.. « t a c t i c a l a e iu e . although worsted laeeina was Joined

bjf s e v e r a l " c l a o l c i" ta . ' lu l iu a a r lg a n t ie u s cum paunla e tultuin . . .

praefectu e a l s o in a ta u ia genitua" . wuliua nri# anticu a w^a a aitavii n,

but i t ix net at tteu tl. t the troops whom he commanded a t th in Juncture

were la t a v la n y . an i.eubnrr rtmur. a , the "lew cavalry" with whom he

defected wwre , ir t f the vthon^wn g a rr ia n of 5 praetor ian cohorts , iv tvr I

l e g i o n a r i e s and c a v a l r y u o o t im i i in an e a r l i e r c h a p te r . what t h e i r

/ n a t i o n a l i t y • • • • •

* #w

n a t i o n a l i t y wa* c ,-mot he d e e d e d . . f t e r Lein* - o r a te d « t * l . o e n t i e ,

C a e c ^ e withdrew to w e o n . . In th e v i c i n i t y h i . s u x i l l e r i e e were d e fe a te d

by K la d .a tw o whom an v th o n ia n c l e n d e r bad t r a n s p o r te d a c r e , the o in

b o a U > - in tr,e ° a e a r e “ ( e t a 1"G" c a l l e d ad , a . t o r e „ uaec ina p laced

h ie • ' f e r o c i e . i a o e a u x l l i a r i u n 1' in a. buoh s the 2 u tnon ian Commander*

d iv ided th e i n f a n t r y and t i e c a r « : r y between them eelvee . behind th ese caa.e,

on the l e f t , a d e ta c h -ort o f th e t h i r t e e n t h U g lo n , 4 a u x i l i a r y co ho rt* and

c a v a l ry ; in t •? ce r e j / m e t r i a n c. n o r t s ; on the r i t h t tne v i r a t

*. i or. vi f : r. al. «j 11 .try Cf h f t 6 i d , /. .r s e . In the re s e rv e were "ex

p r a e tu r io aux i l l i e ^ u e . - i n • e Ltee'' . h** eujih i» io on the c a v a lry 1.

r - f l e . Cher* ' ' : < u r-r - < t the comma .dere , lo o t on the

1* J tn e r» . . t t t... .«a.. c - y , ... . - in r^ a e rv e . he f a c t th a t the

retierve ur< j i c n; . t " . < . . ry i r r r n e t o r i a n buoru arid frow the

a u x i l i a r i e s l a a l» n u t i : t;*- I r «u t. tJ t« a p w t o f the

y the ai x i l l w y c .v . v v w vt. .y .<• ohverve th a t -lie r e the number

of l*»£ionaries d . ; fo r u d * .« t w in ,a , a u x i l i a r y t r o o p . (4 co h o r t* to 2)

were used t b ,n Cr tr<« two p r r t i i i *. .» r. 1 a r* r c l t i e c a v a l ry , mo

the i a f u a t r y o u x i l i . i r i e c a. ; in, r e ' ngl> L e in - u eu n tic- i .a r trrron tt#

the l e g i o n e r i e t , . In peet,i: . i . c i t u n rec ro s the . undin t f " re x tp ip h sn e * ,

ift'i’i l j r e pi’ > v thone o cxeon 1 . 1 hnnes tt ■ r was 1 a .an t King o f

■loeitrtn^ene : we do n o t kno - e t h e r hu wxo cc ummnd: i ^ a c o r f agen t of

-o « « .K.n i a n * o r . which a pe«ra ^o re l i k e l y , f l g h t i n , in the < th o n ian fo rce*

*n in d i v i d u a l c* ^ c l t y .

A l t . , . l i o n t u r n , v 1 .1 . ' . . . . . r l e d . t - u t t h . p c i U o n o f

/ .w rboneoe . . . . .

- #1 md t!w " " " " « t h . , . . u , u » C h a r t . o l e t . e

r i t h t h . ‘- r t e n t h t h , t w .ro n o . . U h h U In North I t u l v , „

h n e W .h V .lo n n d . c l d . d to e n d " p . r t r n h n f u o r u . " to t e U t t h . t r o o p .

, . h .d l o f t b n lnd in N . r b o n . e i o . , h . n t h t . v e onnouno.d • W r . r . „ , o U ,

frw-ore Ir f lo D .." . 1. . r .o „ . r I r t . f 1lor:;,rl.o' d. content - , i

" o r b e t . . / o r t i e U o r u . u l r o r u . . u n t U o " . " u . t e r o o 111. . . t t o t t . l t o r u .

u i c t o r . . ' ' - . r . b . t r r e v . d . I t . . . I l k . r o t t i n , ; t h , . t r o n f r c t I to b r

oft o body i to t , . 0 . 0 In,- r i o t . . I n - . f re. 1 t. d l .g u ln . h in t , ,I f ,

o . l . v . Md t<Jc, r . f w f , w i f , . o o r l o r , . q u i t * " '" ' . Ih« . t r o t , th ond

tn p o r tto c . o f t h , u u x il io r l - .I . rr rent not n ly to t o CL-, .loro , but

•Iso to th e co&moo l e ^ l o n e r y .

i a c l t ,u u ti ic r lb tf i lit toU,.ie letetiJ. « c 1 "»e/i uround »n in la n d in the

to between v t b o ' e

involvi ! o r e C a l le d ' -.- r. w, t e l r e f f e c t i v e ctwimmin^ io n o te d , ihey

•huwed w re 1 «•.•»» t .1 -ii , ta.i i a t o r e imd a re then honoured with the

•drincue itself,

•citi.b re >rt^ t. e o, f o r tu n e «z/ . /e i i ' r e c e w a u x i l I un '* f o r the V i te l l inns

o n ta u l s , f u s s , 1 -« ,

>5n lUibuo t r - u iuectr i oh v . i l e Cv tec in ij>so flum ine t ru c ld w u e ra n t" .

^hess t h r e e e le.uento • ,e r m i , - - t a u i , co ho rt#*" - »ope*»r in l l u t e r c h ' e

Mo&rspliy o f u th o us i’Fpii vot an<J Tof< W (.iuv< ’ oi<

e k t y p ,. x, uBv ix «t< < tb .-et ............... ... ” f t#*

e l t id iu to ro * ,1 1 i n to 1 ... r v.»r, i n t » « h r 4s oi co h o r t* s t a t i o n e d th e r e t

- ] 4 r -

.

*ii h i t tiui-aent on v i irw t nwruy la e n t l f le e the I ' ; .

WAtn imoitua* uiitav w« e v« r^n; -jr iv> with # luterch'u < ' ovc )»

. n .v r d y ti i / u t i * * t " T e o i f c v s • • •

u l r > | i * .1 - u v . . m e .d . t e & t r o ^ e o t e e h * e U i e t n r » - ‘* b u t

L« Ignore* tt.v m i e t i t r # cleun# "quern *. truoidaueruat .

'he lUitevieji c i. r fe .<y ti». c. «u- be eu >,e*»tb-, but <Joee

i P

,*#d w ith t r e t - r . n .. * T e :.t x t . •<» th re e e lem ent# **y

have been td e v . t ic ■ , u t t ir j n eeeaa t l i e in the d iu tv n c t io n

between th e ou t » t .n c h u r t , t « w r ^ . l i e u / i t e l i i u # t h e t A'*

been . . I n t e l , . 1 t h r o u g h o u t . n , u r tv t i e r the - t u u o . t r u m rt .n m w * ,u ."

«h.n . «•, ri -d ' - < - ' « « «“* I* 'U * ‘ W , *“ “ “ "

i e d t t e l y t e l r« th re on i t u ^ y .

lh . ao iill Lmry t o r e *,h « = » « " b* tC '

» , to „ . . » l . h U . , - , . . r - d , > » . , d i « u « . d . . « »

no „ . , . r . l o n . r , ( . . „ r,„r. — - ' « » . « — ^ b «‘ “ '

„ , . U . W n , W , „ - . L .. " * f t *4 * l ' b ‘“ W 1 M "

..

. ^ U d , , ^ . C U ^ .......... . — -------------- ---

/* V i l l lu » » » . .» -

I

- 14) -

a u xIlium , duo m i l i a g l a d i a t rum” . ~ h r th e r the "c laea ico ru m ingena

nuflwrua"0** w hich h« h.*d in h iu own e n to u ra g e id to be d ie t in g u id h e d f ro e

the " l e t io n " J iu it ie t in n e d i e n o t c l e a r . Ihe low# o f If - r a l r y a rd

lJUo " c U e a i c l Iteur I t c e n t i a naa a l r e a d y been n o te d , aa w ell aa the f a t e

Of tlie g l a d i a t o r * . /he nu;abera of a u x i l i a r y regimen invo lved a t

the b u t t l e o f "nd v a a to r e e " have el;>o been aeen : they do no t form a baa la

f o r c a l c u l a t . n , the whole a u x i l i a r y f o r c e . »us f a r a* the a c tu a l nai.ieo of

r e , im e n t s a r e c o n ce rn e d , th e r e iu n o th in eac e y t f o r two » o f very

d u b t t u l v a l u e , "ivex h p lp h u a es" haa lev d acuaaed alre< ly , and we o leo

have a u«ent .o n f v t h o ’d uu* of a " c i t u a equo .'•ua.idu"^', bu t t h i s humidian

i s mere 1 i x e l y t li^ve beer, a p r i v a t e c - i r ie r than an a u x i l i a r y . *hen two

a lu e from t • e uenubian a r ioi wrr*’ e re i i t e d w ith « uii n i f l e a n t r o l e in the

b a t t l e , b u t t i , e i r names a re n o t known . b e fo re le a v in g the c o n f l i c t

between v th o ,.nd U t e l l i u * , i t w i l l be in te r e s t .n « to no te v a r io u s

r h e t o r i c a l r e i <.ren ceo to tz.e " a u x i l i a in v o lv e d . Dieie occur .-«In iy j.n the

a^eechee whic . a c i t u a put in th e n.outh» of tne p ro ta g n i u t u . v i t e l l i u e

i e juueured t h a t "vermunorufi. a u x i l i a " z w i l l fo llow him Vi I t a l y l no o th e r s

a re m en tioned in the passage c o n ce rn e d . A h o in made to e t ik m a t ix e h ia

tro o p e ea "Uericani in o u en ten c e tn&t im p lie s t h a t he n» l un .mifed

" u e r urn" a t h i . d i . , c » . l . T h is l a 1%,e d ia e ly q u s l i f i e d , o r c o n t r a d i c t e d ,

b , " . . t l o n . . . U q u » - - » f . . t r i b . . I I t 1 . « , « T t h . t t h . l * , l o n » r i »6

a r . t o b . t a r r e d w i th t h . b rush i fo r u th o oypoo .s t h .

" I U I U . s l u m i l . t h o * . . . . . i v u . . t W M . t h . ' t r u . . o n . o f U . X , - " d « « • "

to f i t . U l u s ' . . . u t h o ' . t r o o r . a r r * d , to c . U V l t . I M u . ' a r o f

/ " l e r c g r i n u i r , ..........

- 144 -

j fN rirui - t e x t e r u u r \ -hen dibi ar^^ed, tuo v.eruiune, udmlttod to be

e u tro n te ft element in V i t e - l l u o ' force* ("quod t*uua militum *pud ho*tie

trucifla isus a i t " ) , are e*id not t o heve been able to withstand the

• laxin , c lim ate o f l t . 1, % *Neutrai terra*, however, appear in a fav o u rab le

^aaae*. V l t e l l i u . 1* in v ited t admire the ; art ,-layea by hib aoldierm

it tbe t . t t l e of bedriacum in the phrase : "hinc inrupi.ee l.gionum « ^ en ,

llnc , qu i t . a c o o r tu . , i . d . c l , c u . r u . » .u . t l l o r u c “ U c l ‘ "

lh. t . . t . n , b . f c r e i g o n . , , or ••C.r o f 1 . b .ing .

, l lo « . i> 0. » u c t b . o - .d . f o r p r . j u d i c . ,o d r b . t o r i c

m , p r .r . .« o f t h . n . r l — b« c o n .id .r .d » x t . f « i ' - u .

t b . t m io iw iu . « d b .d 7 U K io n . b . t . « = x s n l»

and " a u x i l i e u t r i q u e c o h o r t lu ® a lu ru a q u e e t c l f s a e . rn .*««^

•cc.BBion of - . P . i n c r « » , . d t o . i . f i o n o to » , t b . . o x U i o r , . t r . , t b

re sa in e d u n s p e c i f i e d : " c l - a e i u n a l ^ r u . cohortiu... rcb o ra e t ^

b . . u p p o , .d t b . t e o n e U 4 id > u h _ n U . nd , r t b i . t o ^

b lp io .K t lo - r . n g . , ^ h„d heard o t t b . o u t -

P..o. on t b . o . . t . r o r r o o t W . ^ o I ( . r o ( . . . , t , o .

come o f th e b a t t l e ° 1' * -y i i t would beThl. . . . ““ ion, . r

from V ologeees o f i «*r been i f th e o f f e r

i b t . , . . u n 6 t o t n o . - t . t v , . p . . i - b - . r . o = U - ‘h , * r t a a # * *

j L.

- 1*0 -

1 c rv f c e r l i e r . i i C i t u a r e o r t c tzie in c ia e i i t a t fu lluw e : ' ‘adwnuit

h a t l refcis Volot u e o i quf*dra.;tn ta r i l i u i a r t h o r v a equituni o f f e r e n t e e .

,U . i i icu ta laetua-que t t n t l a e o e io r u a a u x i l i i a e o b l r i neque in d ig e r# " * In

i ..e toniu0 , h o . e v e r , th e 4 t oCv V u rth lan a appcur an "quaUrafcinta R illU

^aL ittario ruffi”7 7 . w ere , t h e r e f o r e , mounted e rch e ro o f the u su a l

i u r th i s n ty p e , b u t T a c i iu t end u e to n iu t r e f e r to only one of t h e i r m i l i t a r y

ch»p*ct*rl* tic*»« $« t b . t h . I o r c » o f tu« . . r . bnrd ly li>»ol».d

to t h . c i . l l - r , v r t f r o , t n . oo :f u r o t l , . ! , n » l l f o r t i o n t h a t • = = " -

.ani.d K uctonu . t o I t a l y . Both r « l t u a ana d . « > »

w c n l r , 7 8 . m b . n . r .1 b o . . . . . I t , b . t n . , . - * t b . . . . t .

« to tb . t b . n u n i l l w l . . . . . — C i . t . d ,1 th tb. Ibaton n ri.. on .

e o . p l . t . 1 / p r o . .n . l o n . l b o . t o . fh . e r - . t o brou. nt . . . . K b for « t r . fo

• t . r . V l t . l U u . tu rn e d to t , i r e . — - t o . . . V . e ^ t o n . . K . n b . d tb .

r . .n d . . . . l - r t b t o . I f b to — to t b . . - - r u o t . d

own .coord to tn . account, o f t , . " ”

. . . . . . . . . - . . . . "

- ' ™ ” “ " * r . . 2 ‘ . L . . . . “ -cohortibun . t t - r t . n .d u ltu o ^ tb . n . . l - •

t e f .r r .d o ^ c t o t l y t o t b . ' „ (to. . lcM . t o . . r r u p o r .

tunc" (nt t n . b . u : . Of d e ' r v ^ SU|, . r fu .d .n t o b l l t o .

boat.a] , nunc o .d . c l n on i - " t d . n t . tb .

p ro e l io ru a e q u i to p equo. qu** 4 i / i t e l l i u e had tu rn edi iii i t • fu r th e r#

n.avian strength ii- uai'l t/ t o ..........

- 146 —

, ^ f r e e , r Liaru« unci Vetivuelan to th e c l i e n t k l n be o f the ^ u u t , t i e

l Rvi..n l e a d e r s in : uunon lu tu rn e d to the people* acrooa the Jaim be. The34

cl.le fe of th e . u r ^ t l a n la e y ^ e t were " in c o u u n il i t iu e a d s c i t l " . u iuce

t h e i r o f f e r o f "p le lem . . . e t u U eitu itu a ,,q u u s o l a u a le n t ' waa r e j e c te d

fo r s e c u r i t y r e a u ,n», th e I m p l i c a t io n of th e p h rase la no t c l e a r , ."he

C h iefs cou ld h a r d ly have been e x p ec te d t o f i g h t w ithou t t h e i r fo l lo w e rs ,

ao t h a t they s u o t be regarded n o n - p a r t i c i p a t i n g a l l i e s . However uido

and I t e l i c u s , ' r e g e . au.borww" who were a l s o induced to su p p o rt the

H a v i s a f a c t i o n , l a t e r a p p e a r f i g h t i n g in I t a l y " c u . d . l . c t i . popu-

l a r i u a " ^ . th e g o v e rn o r o f a * e t i . remained t r u e to V i t . l l i u s ,

- . . . 111 . " were d . t . e h . d to o p p o . . h U . T h . . . - . u x l l l . " d . t l n . d «

« u r l - n « . t 0 0 ,0 c o h o r t . . N o r lc o ru , lu - ien t-*" * ----

• U l t l . . u p p o r t .llg . p r - i f o .o l o n . l . u x l l i T - f o r c e . » h . t p .

t o r e . , . c e o e p e n l . d t o t o n l u s o .n n o t b . d e t e n r l - e d .

. h . . d e t a i l l o e t h . t r o o p , t h . , o . , e t o t h . .u p p o r t o f - n to n l u .

from t h . com surde o f . - n b o n l . -nd W . . 1. . r . = l t u . c o o c n t r . t . . o . the

l . , l o h . % a t t h . h . t „ . o f d r . . o n . U M l f . th e h o . l t l o . o f the

: : : z r : z z — - - : : :

- 147 -

paraadarua c o p la ru t c i u i m il## . , ______

aaen c ia t io n wit!, caw I r j s h o u ld be a n t , 4 z th e number. Involved a re U rg e

ia a t r i t in . ^ r , n o t h e re th e obv ious r i tr-ae t between xoenn c i t i z e n s

and a u x i l i a r y t ro o p a o f n o n - ' an o r l -in , r th e rw ih e "berbarua" or " ex tem u a ’

a ight have been ur-ed. H e :, in i t s '1 ce &me?a to imply th a t T ac itu s i s

av o id in ' th e o b v io u s so e n t to a a s i a i l o t e th e a u x i l i a r y and the leg io n a ry

s o ld ie r . I t was m i l i t a r y i n d i s c i i l in e in the l a s t r e s o r t th a t had led to

tna d e p lo ra b le i n c i d e n t : hence " i l e n f r a u x i l i a r y . 111, foray wna

In te r ru p te d by th e u n ex p ec te d mj , ' nr nee of the enemy. This led to a n u n tr r

of cava lry a k l r n i s h e a Two of t ^ r v i t e l l i m le g io n s " l a e to i n t e r i n i t i e

equitus suoruiu . ro e H o ” z th e i J e c t . re ' ‘gunr jn " im p lie s th a t the cavalry

involved w«s s e t o c l a t e d w ith t; e l e g io n s , hut Cannot be g e n e ra l is e d to oesn

that le g io n s a lw ays h i c a v a l r y a ttach ed tr th >x. t*he VI t e l H an leg ions

f i l l e d to ta a e th e i n i t i a t i v e , a u - t i e r uvia.in a t ta c k e d i "nutante.i. aciew

(of the V i t e l l i a n a / u l c t o r e q u l t a t -a ( <>f the l e v ia n o ; i n c u r e a t ; e t

vipetanuc f-ee&»H t r i t anus c u r . . .e a ic lo a u x il ia r ib tw a le e q u l tu r , c,uoa a u l t i

• le g io n a r i tu a quamquam r , p t i ■ duct »s '»# jat :''t » I t , «l-xti* ]>#.!es • j

rupere le^ionu.» agwen*. It,* i n i t i t ry an 1 d e c i s iv e t 1* ■ t 11 1 * '

s i l i b u . e q u i tu n sd octuuum a h a d r i . c o p r o , r e M. u . quo l i c e n t i u . popular.,i t u r

e x p lo rx to re s , u t r o e e i t . Ion lun c u r .b i n t " . .m e . . . . 4. . .nee .g a i n , Antonios '

But on the human s i d e , i a c i t u a * use o f the " c l u l U p raeds i , i i . e i „ b u , r e tu r "

r , f ' r r . a t , l r t ,e e t y l t u t l c « r l e n t " u lc l - ,< u l t , l e * r - r . f l .

• ‘ e t . a u . . u x i l l u r i . . t - r . t . r w l «- ^ t h . W f r o . * l = h th .y

Cs 1‘e f a t h e r than by t h e i r regi icfital n‘ " 1 •In the att.CK on the i t e l l i a n

A . ab,

- 148 -

coop -a f te r th e actu<<. t . t t i o o l n e , - u i to n iu e 1h found a c t in g "cua

d e le c t i i ; a u x i l i a r l b u m " which in Joaei huw a re c e l i e d c a v a l r y ^ ' , xntoniue

p reoen te th e i a t e r e s t i n , e p e c t a c i e o f a Woman le g io n a ry commander con­

s i s t e n t l y chooa to l e a d th e a u x i l i a r y c a v a l ry in b a t t l e .

i e 6 ion*uriee a r e m e n tio n e d , enen v i t e ^ l i u a reached I t a l y and jo in e d up

witn w aecina and *«j.enfa, ne w ent V a r io u s truope bacK . I’hese inc luded

94uaule anu the 6 c o h o r t* o t d a ta v um e a l r e a u y m entioned . now th a t n ie

p o s i t io n wua s e c u r e , he u t t e . t e d to reduce the a i t * o l h ie fo rce* t

Na a p u t a r i l e t,ionuti a u x i l io r u n q u e n u i . r r o i iu b e t u e t i t i a e u p p l e r e n t i a $ e t

p ru e iecae n l a s t o n e s o t 1 e r e b a n t u r ' 1 . eno le re^ im entu were no t c a s h ie red .

i t was t n e i r e l f e c t i v e s t r e n g t h c n iy t h h t was a f f e c t e d . »* a re next

informed t h a t ov. vxa, " a r , u . t i ' fa l lo w ed V l t e l i i u a i n to Korn* : the d iv i s io n

between l e g io n a r y and a u x i l i a r y i s not g iv e n , on even l a r g e r number ol

"ca lo n e s" and ’l i x a e " fo l lo w e d the army i t s e i l " . the formal e n t ry in to

tiooe i s d e s c r ib e d as f o l lo w s . " q u „ t tu o r l*Kionum a q u i la # per frontem

to t id .m q u e c i r c a e l e g i o n i b u s s i l l " u e x i l l a . »ox d u o d e c i . s iarum • !* » •

k h i l e ^aec .nu and Valene were engageu in i t s i y , v i t e i i i u e wasox

levy ing t r o o p s i n w-.ul an u r e c e r in g re in fo rc e m e n t* I r o a o r i t a i n . uniy

• t p o s t peditum o r d in e a eq u ea j• a ; d e in q u a t tu o r e t t r i g i n t a o o h o r te s . u t

u r a o r u . f o r . n t , d l . c r . t . . " ' I h i . p . « . f

th a t th e s t r e n g t h o f th e s e le g io n # whh rwan g r e a t l y d e p le t e d , i t " V e a fe ly

/

4L m.

- 149 -

be aafiiioed t h a t t h e d e t a c h ' .tu t i . t i t hwd b e e n drawn froa them were o f the

l&rg#r k i n d , ! • • • « ? r < T t r ^xi IvVv otroiif in « u c h cuue• :.ence a to t a l

of 8uvv i s a r r i v e d a t . But tnere s t i l l reuaina t h e problem o f the dOvO

sen who* V i t e l l i n e h u d b r o u g h t from - r i t u i n $ th ese «re l i s t e d among the

i’heforcee who.,. ^ o c i n a t ok t o J re m o n a , b u t a p p e r t o be 1, n o re d h e r e .

luOto ta l* 8CVV, c l u t e i i i f f i c u l t y i n i t e l f . j a x e r e x p l a i n s t h e f i g u r e aa

6uC0 l * £ i c ; i a r i e t i a n d c xa a u x i l i a r i e s , e l n c e t h e r e w ere 5 l e L Io n a in B r i t a i n

*t t h i s e t a e . . u t V i t e . l i u a ^ e n t t h e u t c e n t h bacx t o B r i t a i n . Xhie

i n c l i n e e one t a u . g e e t t h a t he cu y ha* . r e a r d e d t h e p a p e r s t r e n g t h of th e

. timh arsay sue 4 l e ^ . o a c , sod o ’> ~r * o® sills .

This l e n o t t o ten y t h a t tn -re may . -ve b e e n d e t a c h m e n t s c f a u x i l i a r i e s from

the L r i t i a h a j r a y , t u t . o c i t u e i o p ro ! l ly i i c r ng t h e - i n t h e s e two

c o n tex ts , f a k i n g t h e 4 u e x i l l a " a., l e ^ i a r y , t h e f o l l o w , n f b reak -dow n o f

the u r i y a t t h e l i v i ^ n r . ,;e c a n ' « g i v e n :

4 leg io n s to ^

4 leg ionary " u e x i l l a " u ‘ tv> / 1 , __

Total l e g i o n a r i e s ' ' _

. 6, v w1« a l a e ( i f q u i n c e n u ry )

19 (AtJ4 cohort# ( i f fjuinjenary^

u t r . n h th . 1,10 . u . , U - r l . 0 , o . . v . r r o r . 1. . . t„™ — —

/ob<>ve

alove by >Oui " . H i i a l l y i t it interest ini. to note th at the a u x il ia r ie s

are c l a s s i f i e d un e r L» i.t io : t r ib a l t i f i l i a t i o n or weapons borne.

nee t b f , were in .(c .e , th< t r o o p s d e t e r i o r a t e d r a p i d l y , t a c i tu a s in g le s

out the d e c l i n e i-. h e a l t h )f t n e "venaanorunt U aliorum ^ue"1 1 : th ese a re

probably b la n k e t terms r e f e r r i ,, t > bevm h! o f th e p ro f e s s io n a l a u x i l i a r y

r e p ie e n te . i"here »'u a l s o a s h o l e u a l e in te r c h a n g e between newly created

urban t r o o p s , le i n» and au .11 l a r i as •

wn th e announce e n t o f th e d e f e c t io n o f V espasian , V i t e l l i u a

ordered f r e e , h , . -n a

speech r e f e r r i n g to t . , l » A n to n lu . . r i . u . i« a-'de to « .y t . f t r r o e n t to n l : .

oerMny u t l - n t . l n t n . t U .u l and . ,pa tn .u u ld p r o r i a « » h=raa»

t r l b . a " 1<* to t h . V i t e l l l a e o a u o e . p r o x i n o . . p r o , i d .d r e c r u i t , f '

the l . , ; i o e . , b u t i t l a . a i r t< a u r a l . , t h a t . o i h c . h o ra .c a r . » h t i o h . d .

e u l l l a r l M » . r . a l a o In u u a a t i o n , . . p . c i - l l y ' • ' ' '

tu n e ta ly In d . a c r i b l n t h . a ra y t h a t . . . -u , u n d . r O - c i n . i r o a aoo . to

t h . a . , t a n . , r a o l t u . c o n c . n t r . t . a on t h . U . i o h .

« . t l o n l n K t h . c o i r y . . d " . l a o t a a u a U U ^ . « - ^ " ~

they a re r e f e r r e d t o s o r e l y in tne worde ’ e ue/ * Lu7the b a t t l e " i r i s V i t e U i a o a . o o b o r te n * t

were w orsted by the H u v lm m o t icrux. A llen i

r un a i . ) d . f . c t .d to V . . p . . l a n . h . . . . t . k . n a . t . r h o l d . , t h . p r a f . o t u r o ^ „ ho . . . ^ r U o n l n s

to A tr ia (A d r la ) t o r d e t e n t i o n by - .

- I t l

i r e o u a w L i j f o t i . e r • u » i l W y r e g i m e n t * w e r e p e r f o r m i n g * 1 * 1 1 . r

f u n c t i c n r e l s e w h e r e i . . t n e * o n e o f i . o r t t i I t a l y . * f t e r v r e r a o n a , t u e

Flavians d e c i d e d t s e n d t w o d e f e a t e d V l t e l l l s n e u p . o r t e r * t o a n n o u n c e

their v i c t o r y i n i a u l . o n e wa-j L i p i n i u * X o n t w n u a , a Areveran who was a

of , iorj* b y t h e l u v i . « n a , a n u f c e n a i o n >f t r o o p m o v e v e n t a a n d m i n o r e n g a g e -

aeote o c c u r r e d w. i h o r i t » c -c a t t e n t i o n . . n b lu . V a l e n a , who w a s n o t

present a t t h e b « t t i e o f d r e s o n a , r e q u e s t e d a a a i ^ t a n c e f r o * «.o»e o n h e a r i n g

o f the d e f e a t o f t i e ^ i t e . l i a n a . V i t e l l i u e s e n t h i t s " t r e e c o h o r t e c cum a l e

Alienl. To j u d / e b y i t , n a m e , t n e u l a a r l t a n n i c a a u a t h o v e b e e n a t a t i o n e d

In kritain a t e me s t a g e , b u t ■ . . .o tn e r i t c a <* d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e r e o r f r o m

a p e r i o d o f s e r v i c e o n t h e b i n e c a n n >t be e a t a b l i u n e d . U»e n e x t r e p o r t

concern* t h e a r r i v a l o f * 1 * . i o n f r o * u a l e a t i e w i t h new r e c r u i t * t ' o e x

• U i « U a l m a t a r u u , r e c e n e d i l e c t u a " 111. i t i e p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e s e w e r e

intended f o r a u x U i a r y s e r v i c e , s i n c e t h e y a c c e p t e d e n r o l m e n t i n t o t h e

r e f e c t o f * c o h o r t v n f o r t m u t e l y t h e n a t i o n a l i t y o f h i * c o h o r t i s

not s t a t e d .

I n t h e p e r io d b e t w e e n t h e b a t t l e o f ^ r e a o n a a n d t h e o c c u p a t i o n

Britannic." ' , a f o r c e e x a c t l y p a r a l l e l I n alze t o t h a t w o r s t e d at F o r u s

t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e . m to a iu c r i m u u e v e n t u a l

t i i e l e g i o n * i n i o r t h u t a l y , w'*■'

i n f a n t r y # m .1 c a v a l r y ui» 1 de * e c h o 1 •11 L’h o fv, i-c r which V i t e l l i u e

/sen t

6oi,t froe to nolki l K leniiinee tK.;aiimt the . la v i .n u. ipr >dcn c n « l u t e d

vf 1' cohort® yi t\* » e t v r u e^uitu® „lae ' ur.d "e c l ^ e i c i #

th* d e fe c t io n u* x vet - 1 . >enu. t v veo no; n was announced, t h e fo rce s

which he vieo, utct.**.. v ! *■“**'» -» v o it.: - u >f out urban cohort una t ituiator®"1^^,

a f a r i u r i t e r e c r u i t o e t , r o u n d f o r tut u r b a n b a n e d , . .hen t n i e f o r c e d e f e c t e d

a s v e il , Vite liu^ uent ..la brother, L. V lteiliuti, to ..au-pania with ''6

ccnorto and >vA. c a v d iy ‘ . iheoe were jrobulljr praetorian, since V itelllus

117had recalled part of hi® force* f r n t * x annlneo , and is more likely

to have aeai.ned t rae t nia brother than col .»tea u i r . i l u or urban

connrts. i'r.e cavalry «y k .we een *,tner ruetorian or <m l l iu ry •

Vitelliu then t r .coeued t > e n l i s t mat) Irer t *• c m plehs' and from1 Q

elivee'LJ i he wut, faced wi t - i i ht int on t - fr nte ai ..ult-oie -usly,

a g a i n # t the r e b e l f l » e t w i . i e u fi >ii e s t a b l i m n e d i t s e l f a t . * j r r , c i n a v , e r r a c i n a ) ,

end epeinst t n a i i v i a n t r c * *dvane n c r o e s tfte « / er. i t n •* townrdn )<o,,e.

The eucceea o f L. V i t e l l i u # at tarrecin*, e n d tie e u r r e n d e r . f t r r the: dea th

o f n i e brother i n home, need n o t d e t a i n u s , e x c e p t to n. t • >t ' i h v ,an®

but Vitel^iuto1 ren t-zceu • i,eur have bean drying up i when

wnt c . . . l r , « . . .d ttfc» l « , lo n .ion.: th . r mU Which h . W,.uld t« k . to , o «

« • ) r . c « h t l o n . L . t . r t h . , went L u c i l le . " 1 " " " " U ht

/ . 1 U 6 t

uat b efore '1« wat, V -U le i. ,ta tr o phr i»e t .0 s o ld ie r could have

b-en a le - io n try >r ur o u . : i l ; try fr o tlie .eru.in army u iiito th t haul iccoa-

d e f . in i te ly su j lo r a e<

inen ."ucImiiuh i r r i v e i in .. , i t t e 4, ted to curb thu power of ^ut >nlue

iTinuH. wnn o f hit, eodurea » t:;- r;on r >u» r>rauti/ , o f m il itary

trlbunuteo vutd au 111 try r e f e c t u r e a to hit. cloue supporter*, amother wwa

to despatch the event;. L . n, t h a t wort., ipped .oitoniue, ewuy iron houw.

Other leg io n a ry move vntn are re, r te d , but in no Instance du the auxllie.

receive r e a t l o n

•h l le v i t a l ; i u * was in uu tuuu or. h ia wey to I ta ly , • r ev o lt broke out a-jong

• e e i U w t l e . 1 th e . " :

• u « . . a . l l e g e th e r l .«, . fo rce of I:v ' e to n U < o eer e d je e ee t " w l o f

t te Aedeoae. I h . w j o r l t y o f t.ie ede » h o -e .e r , o y ^ e e d m i r e c . le .d

pen led V i t e l l i u c t- uoa*. Jio h , . e v e r c a . l a him ? Xt?c "ic,

Local Inc; e n U an pr w in c i i l a;attcrm j -y now be c nai larad.

•aeiatunce fro * v i t e l i u * in cr~ h i o ( t h e u p r lc in t « r . 0 L*a in i »»

e l e c t , l u u e e t u t e , e d l e e t l e . V l t e . l t e o o h n r t l b u , , f« - .« tio o e • ^ U t o O . „ .

d U i e c l t " . e .„ ,.r t

le the e .e e wttl; which -■*. e c u . c ul i. , ,re*'

prcl.lt, „ . . t r o n , , 0 , , , . o r / . W t h . . > p - , u , W d .„ h d ., .t . c t lo n o fproxim ity o f a o t i >r . ■ j * *' 1the eduans. ih r l r Mluu« n t .«> <tu t ti^vf

bean under tre ln ii- . to have been

80 r ea d ily 4tv<«i3 u b le .

The ilutttViun ivWOlt *** 0(1 "cuiflpiately d if fe r e n t s c a l e , in h ia

/ I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . .

4 L n*.

- V t -

I n t r .» u » t io u t t h i o a u b J u o t i l a c i t u v t i v a w a L r lw i ucc-iutit e f tae

j * t a v l* n o and t i i e i v r o l * t i . o a to . o . - e . .h t iy 4*d n o t ]>w<y u x e a , U *ia*

r « ^ u i r t i onljf t> du^ . 1/ .. ^ r u u . x r * r t # a t aw ^*D iag , t a e y could even

cro*»o r lv u ro u n u o r u a . k u d y h v ia o i v n e lr ho rse* . "u iro *

ur > a us* i - . ; r i d - . i n i a t r K a - , i a u o^n -ax iic ia Luiliw • a e r c * t i , mo*, uucta yer

Brit uial^o g l o r i a , tr«u.. . i i*o i« 1 1 . co.. • r l ib u a , qu*y u e te re Juidtatuto

nofcllisdL»l yOyUikriu.u r e g e L * U it . e r s t e d o c l d e le c tu e e ^ u cs , y raecipuo

caadi s tu d io , anti a eyuus^un r o t j j i tn o i n t e 6x iu tu n a l* .uivnuoi p e rn w p e re

Vbeir b t r v ic e it •e-Tuuny an Jriti- in Lta beta n: ed in e a r l i e r

chap ter# . I t woula * pear tt a t tney Kept a ic rce of cavalry at hex**,

preeuaably for o o r ie r d e ic ic e • « « l r tr -ops abrc «d, and th erefore cbviouoly

those a t rtooe, were un .ei n a t iv e c o ^ rr. ’ idere.

Severa l o f t h e c a u s e s a lleg ed fur the r e v o lt Uirow lifcht on the

auxiliary ayatw,.. , l v i l k 4i , » i c - x J e r o f t a e r e v o l t , bad twice teen in

d i f f i c u l t i e s w ith t h n i n a t h n *

tha t the f i r s t o cca s io n w»t« lue to i n t n ^ i n t a ith v ^'.dex . *a t .e e ienIPC

W w t w r , . ' L'"lex. . , 0 „ d O.U.. . . . , ,r l . ' . u t i U -u t l tu t . d b , V U . H U . ~ P - r t o f » »

t i t - e J i t lias te en p la u a ib iy ou,gee ted

* * 1 « ♦ i ok a a* Art

- ' Iumsu v i t e l l i i Detauorue

euap te » i tu r a praue-i n e ra b e a t

thl. e a r i c e -ad uot o f the re c ru i t in * ,

i centurioneetiue ' » presumably

,r y c e n t u r i o n # were r e s p o n s ib le ,

r f t h e A.tsvluni* ' "J . r o c l a i s i n ^ th a t

/ t h e • • • • •

the s e r r a t i o n o f the r e c r u i t* froa, th e ir l a s i l i e e Wjulu be for ever ( ' uelut

e u p r e i u c . -‘he i-u, l i c a t l o n wm; th a t the> wculd not he berv^,fc e t Louie, but

abroad, t h i r d l y , Ahtvniud .ri-aua .d ^ot in to contact with v i v i l i a ,

inatructin« him to e t a he an ipn^in*, eo aa to prevent force* leaving, Uencany

to a ae iet V ite i l iU B in I t a l y : ’W s a i a wane ad eu-, <fiaii .d itonii l i t t e r i o ,

quibus auertere a c c i t u k i t e l l i o a u x i i i a e t tuMultuu uei uahlcl a h*cie

!15vretentare l e . tones iubebatur" . ih i* w&a c le a r ly an attempt on the part

of the >'tavidne tv detach v iv i la ir^ % the " c l i e n t e le of • i te l l lu t> .

The atren, th f t. ;e f inn in lower er- «ny waa aeriouely

depleted, bhat in i c a t i t r v i / e c~ ie r i t 1 i x i l i a r i e e a v a ila b le to

tr.e ftoenna ? An a t ta c k w» r de n ? c^norte in w in ter q iw ter a clone to

the ;ooat near t * " itf f f t h r - i n r . Un ■ " to su s ta in th.» atcac^* the

prefect* o f the coh ortg burnt the "reetellm " c ncerned, and joined tne other

troope lit the v . . i n i t j . : r » e t n t e y L described a* fo llow s ; 'a ic.na

uexillaque e t tujd . H i t in »un i r r i inoulae in tern con .re , antur, due*

Aquiiio p r i a i p l l a r i , nomen * ,1 e i e r c i t u e qua- mbur « quippe u i r i i - a

M k w tiM . b d a c t l . / I t - Hum. ,.r cl Is - n j lo r u t ^ r r moru.. u . p.RU . . . . . . .u s e r o . ar:.U r « r . „ r . t l? th . , " r . , . "St, «• u . - - U . , u . ”

1. be ■ poriphroiiii* I >r , , , , -arjr UeL.,cc. ' - n 1

In. . .

eohurtlw ," ) M d . . u b - t . t u f d - . » . c l t u n c p r . c l . i t . n u . . . . » r * d ‘ “.=* "

locnl « ,

found on u . ..o. ,n . I d . 1 - t . r . w t who .r . t h . % - » " ' " '

Of » u - l o u . l o c u . p . o P: . » h«v« h e . , » u , t i . t . d ' « / '•• ' ' n • •

/ th# # a * * #

tii* d e l e c t*00 uf u i’une>ruru.., cohort. ' to s,ivlll<» it, uvQtioued iii th*

account o f th e e n s u in g t a t t l e . .e iu^n ' t ie re , however, auy t e u g en er ic

for e s p e c i f i c n m * , o r a r e -u p p w ^ r w c e o f the o io C i^rh tnan* uerL-.uno :

152aoet of th e peop, m 111 L.> n , cluin.*». 0 -eiojiOiic o r it. In . »L«

pbraM " lu n g r ia n c ^ n o r t ' tihouid u he uu » »ry ol i n t e r p n Lint, ’t>et .nlc

numerus" above zu, a r e i e r e u c e to t- d i l l , r e n t c a t* t ,c r j ol t o ld i e r . ihe

derobe to ry tone U in te n d e d to r e f l e c t on z i t e l l i u o , end ut moat aeons th a t

the nervlunn an- v e r uuie were re c e i t l ; r e c r u i t e d imd b*»dly t r incd . - u t

taey were fo rm al ii c h o r t , ; b e fo re J L v l l iu Jo ined l a b a t t l e with thei.

he o ffe red t i e # ... 11 au e c d u c t to r e t u r n to t n e i r ' h i t m e " . ih* naa*

of the o r i& In a l 2 o o h o r t r h -e n e t ^ u rv .v e d . C iv il im e l lo » e d p r e l e c t s whom

he had c a p tu red to r e t u r n t th* i r c «awnlti m -n z*ul • 1 ‘•►e -'1, 11 ■1*>

Hontanua, they must h-.ve been *11 t c 1 ^he c o h o r ts were allowed to

return home o r to J o in t ,e r e t e l l i o n . They too may have been v l l l c ,

although any p eo p le in th, v . i n i t y would s e r v e . We have at. t n i e Ju n c tu re

« e u a l l lo r y f o r c e n o r . l l y e ^ t l o n . d in a , » l l ^ r t . o f t h e i r own f o r t h .

winter. They a re drawn toi e t h r r in *n eier»'*< '>•

coma^nd o f a c o a p o r e t iv e ly h l Kh-rankin* leg io n ry 01 f i e r i . r —

, lfl ltl „ i l p ro b a b i l i ty * and poooib lyinvolved a re h e rv la r . md Win r n« ^

^ U i c .

In f o rm a t io n n e x t a p p es r^ when the c ' i’VP*n 'l r r U< ^ ***

.• p raeeen tib u u , Vblo e . : <i -1 */wd e l i t e .........

/

•d d iU Beteuoruifl . .h e y **r« r e 1 e r r e d to fag«in as " i t , i one a

Cc&cTteb^ue . . . al*»"» and t., c e n t r e e eeient in the ^hruae 'N b io ru a

Treuiroru quo ' . v b ian c o h o r to e re n ex t i.t .*rd o f du rin J i v i l i e '

siege of C e te ra ( k ^ n te n ) t + iey f e l l p ro / to v i v i l l e ’ ueruian *11 le a who

surr r iu ed them in u ic rc d^ ro ' CaJ «n ; . in e, i t e of t i e , however,

"Vbii'1 co n t in u e : t i u ■; u- n: , r ; the in e , u n t i l com pletely

crushed tjr th e r e h e lo . '• u - 1 V < t e r a " c o h o r ts " in two d i f f e r e n t

references, and th e * rd M* u x i lV i" c r e a t e s the im pression th a t the Ubluns

ecccspanying Munium u i j e r c u s f ■•o r e g u l a r tux 13 - ry u n i t s . Ihe Ubiaue,

hceever, who r a i l e d avr < # t. e iim» t v "i».i l i k e a l o c a l f rce a c t in g on i t s

own i n i t i a t i v e . .>> /revet < - r e o ls o i t t i c k ty l i v i l i e 1 fo r c e s .

" . r e u i r i " '1" ' a r e s I to 1 tve t * :t defence works a, -ii.net the a t t a c k , bu t

to have s u f f e r e d heavy lo< s e e . f.ore must have been invo lved than a p ro fe s ­

sional a u x i l i a r y u n i t , u ic h a u n i t - an a l a - appears when ’’d . a s s i c u s

praefectua a l e e i r e u l r o r u r * dec ird t > change a id e s and Jo in J i v i l i * a f t e r

the » . . t b o f l o r d e o n l u . r t . o e u . 1^ . « . . . l c . * ) t h . I W o r u . .X . . r . l o o t

r .«o rd .d lo t h . f o r e , t r . t r . , - u l . r d t h . v t h c U h . to t h . l r . t t . . , t

™ - 1 1 1 . , < . r b o n .n » l . . T h . t o r t J i k . l / . x p l . n . t l = . to t h . t C 1 ...1C U . «n.l

XI. r e . l m . o t had . I n c . r » tu r n e d to t h . h l ne i

• « 0 . P» « , t o e h u n lu s U p ercu o - e r . to fa c t t h to . t o . » " " =*“ X. no doubt

•bout t h . p r o f . a e l o n . l o h . r . c t . r o f t h . o a t . e l . n . 1 . r e f . r r .d to to th .

P « . . e. under d t o c u n . l o n . „ e r . to fo rn .d that I t . o o - . h d . r • X at.v lun.

ulaudlu. .......... W . . ' toe . » d . . n t to t h . . ' r l a l .n . f o r

=u.todTU » . , . h . „ . t h . . . . Ubtou cohort (or c o h o r t . 1. . l r . . . r . n and a

^ t a v la n a im ./ A t .........

- 1.-1 -

At the a ™ , time « hord .on lua r i A e c u n d e e e t c h e d l u c l u . I i p e r c u .

»i’ll In a t C i v i l l«» ordPra c™.~ frr-.i V l t r l l i u o th at "He t quorum « t :ann<»

not o f f i c i a l l y p a r t o f t l * .,*r,run s r r . / : e a r l i e r tney are i e r c r ib e d as

" B r i t m n l c , a u x ll I t , Hata>ionir c o h o r t l a i a s a s in miam . . . ac turn

to b r i t a i n , tem p orar ily c« in i t 1 o^untlacua (,<alne/, but then r e c a l le d

to I t a l y by / i t e l i u a . i'hla i s the . i l y referen ce to a cohort (or co h o r ts )

of C an n ln efa tea a s s o c ia te d with them. At what a ta . e they had jo ined the*

la not c l e . t r . Thebe c . i w r< iy b* ei, t a u , n rr J » i th by C i v i l i s t

f# i n s t r u c t i v e .

"‘•Tetiu* i t in e r L * . >n • iuu I, j 1 1/ n 1. in, a u ^ e r i e ^ u i tu a nueerue,ut

prowlue« a&ne « V i t e l l i o , .u o t a l -1 n t , non, edar ^uerentur, bed caueuw

8ed ition l"J‘ * !. .’h e ir Je. u i w o r e n o t 1 tended to be texen s e r io u s ly , a*

tney were a lread y d e te r i . ..e i t r e v o l t , he donative for tne Journey atid

tne doub ling o f t h e ir v uy -»re e-mis„v understandable. *ne increase in the

dumber of c a v a l r y ' i s loma cie*u '. ‘ he o l iv e i s c l e a r $ c a v a lry rece iv e d

higher pay th a n in fer ,t r y V' \ ‘ .e c o h o r t s .oust have been "e . u l t s t s e " fo r

•n in c re a se in c a v . i r y (ra th er than t -r the c r e a t io n o f c . v a l r y / to have

fa t iu o c o h o r t i r were to p roceed to Rome. These IntaviHn co h o rts

MopruntJaci a gen t i e They w*-e t ie fern-' ih 8 c o h o r ts on t h e i r way been

b " n dewinded, out wnsther the m utinous troops ii,tended the normal p roper

/ l lxa ruu ique

lixarueque ig n ^ u a aed p r o c .x «ntm pe ricu lum sa n u e"1 /he country aen

and the caiM p-followera ( " p a ^ a n i l lx a e q u e " ) were o b v io u s ly preaaed in to

serv ice fo r th e ewei e n c y . d o d ley compvo-eo the " u # lkaruo c o h o r te o ” to

the Nervjw is and r u n g r ia n e (d it^cu taed ab o v e / o f th e f i r s t c la s h with

C iv i l ie i th ey were p a r t o f th e p ro v in ce o f o e l b ic* a t t h i s d a t e . This

would i n c l i n e no to u n d e r s ta n d "co h o r t# * " here in i t s p ro le o s io n a l sense ;145

and, in f a c t , " t u i - u l t u a r i « e " d ee no' p r e v e n t . ! y the time o f T sc itu a

" tu n u ltu s" had lonf, l o s t i t s eztrijr sence o f a sudden in c u r s io n in I t a l y ,

e sp e c ia l ly in v i s a l p i a e U su i , , e r e " tm r u i t u a r i a e " must mean h a s t i l y or

re cen tly l e v i e d . In e f f e c t th e t e l g i ^ n co h o r tu were u n t ra in e d and u s e le s s ,

but in i n t e n t i o n they were r e g u l a r c o h o r t s , no t a lo c a l m i l i t i a .

Here:iniua o a l l u a ' f >rcr, th eref ore , ct m is te d o f l e bio r a r ie » , im properly

tra ined o r em bryonic c o h o r t s , an 1 on armed mob.

d o rd e o n iu s r'lac.cuo nad weanwhil# s e n t amenta to c o l l e c t a u x i l i a

from the p r o v in c e s o f ^ u u l1 '* J he moved up h i a w e l f and e s t a b l i s h e d hio

h eadquarte rs n o r th o f donna in U olonla A g r lp p in e n e ls v ->ol n r , : tin re147

considerab le numbers o f u a l l i c a u x i l i a r i e s reached h i s . a u x i l i a

Uellorue" must have b„en in te n d e d fo r r e g u l a r a u x i l i a r y s e r v i c e , but

vere o b v io u s ly u n a b le to be t r a i n e d b e fo re be ing put t >‘ue.

The n e x t l a r g e - s c a l e engagement between the womans and C i v i l i s

took p lace a t , . l d u b a ( K r . f . l d - u e l l e p > , n o r th o f f lo lon is n g r ip p in e n s ie .

00 the way th e r e b e l s overwhelmed the w intenpiM rti m of an

- « U u , Elu. n o r th o f . . U n b . ; 1- 8 . ^ U . o o n c . r n . f - in

- Ibv -

149»11 p r o b a b i l i t y th e e lu i rD ntoi.i-na . A fter th e ir v ic tory at

n iiciburgiuo, th e tiatavituio b o re down upon .eldubu w ith auch a peed th a t

D ilH ua Vocula, « le g io n a r y l e g a t e to who* uordeoniu* flwccuo had j u r r e n -

dered the e f f e c t i v e c >e.,.and o f the troopa, wue unable to draw up h ia fo rce s

in * i - e . i'.e a u x i l i a r i e s 1 volved comprised unnamed covalry and

" .itr u io r u a c o h o r t* * " and "Vaac nur. . . . c o h o r t* * " ( th e l a t t e r being au-mnoned

a f te r the s t a r t o f th e b a t t l e )i y o

.he to e v. fo r tu n e s reached th e ir low est ebb a f te r the surrender

of t o . I .g-O M the d w t r u c t l o n o f V . t . r . b , th . b - t . v i s n . . fu r t A r

o u tv o te . . r . o . a t r , . i :"o o h o r t iu . l e t ■ tlborno o u b u .r . .

. r . M t . , 0 . , 11 . t a n t u . r . u = t u , q o « IO K U .tl.e l M V l n l o n l . . . . I t . . u . f

b o p . t l . e u . « d V l . d o . l M . ( o L e d l .c . ) . . . 1.6 loo o r , 0 , . ,d ,u u r t .r . I th .

however 1 . o f l n t = r .« t for uhowln, t h . t t h . r . -«■ »

Ih t.f iraC .d . , . t « o f W l n o e r , M d . u x l l i o r / f o r t . «« t h is dot ............... th .

•urr .od .r . t K o , M . l u . (h.UM> o eeu rr .d . t „ < reru UvolVW, « . d .o c r . le d

ae " 1 ..1 0 . . . t . d . , l M cum . u . l U l . . I m I " d l t l . ' ' " '

b . W - M o o U U d with t h . l e s i o n . - « ' " "

l i e . . t i n e , which, h o w .v .r , r . t u r n . d to i t . ' «»"

lM .d U t .1 , . of t e r t h . .u r r .u d .r o f «„ . l . « l - . ^ "

d lv u io n . M m , t h . M U , . , ^ - d r u . U b M . th . p r o -o M h

e o l l .e t s d „ . m „ U f o r e . . d . . e r l b . d . . — — "

to h u ltu w r l. M . u . o ^ . M d . t u . p t . d t , . I t U t M d 01, 111. . l h . -u n e r lM .

. d , r v l u M h . d i o , . d C l v i l l . b f t h l . d . t . , t h . "

4L «u

- 161 -

vn the u i d l i c t i ld e , t(,e . equi.nlitns oppoemd the ^ ro - .i*.viun ^luyonee1- ^ .

The re b e ls f a i i e d to t tk e ad v an ta g e of th e ir eu cceae , which enabled the

Homan# to send f o r c e s i > a t h e oouth up to the scene o f the r e b e l l i o n $

" u n ae tu lc e n a i jB a le & lc »ind n ij jo a , ^ .ex t i l lu a f e l l a cum a u x ll la r lb u '"

c o h o r t Ibua p e r . \ a e i i a a I n r u j x r e f accesw lt a l a In g u la r lu a e x c l t# o l io a

V l t e l l l o d e inde in p a r t i s / e a p a o ia n i t r a n o y r e e e a , p ru e e ra t l u l l u a

B r ig a n t l c u s e o r o r r C i u i l l e , e n ltu e . . . In u lsu e auunculo"1 The a la

o in g u la r lu m l a o f i n t e r e s t h e r e , r l e b l f s r has defined "M ingul«res" as

" m ll l ta r le c h e t i i n r e l p e r s o r e n , d ie nBberen V f f ig ie r e n a n g e t e l l t warea und

▼on Ihnen a l a r ) m nanzen verwendet vurden”. i’h is d e f i n i t i o n does co t f i t

th is p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , e x c e p t f o r tne element o f in d iv id u a l s e l e c t i o n o r

choice, u t e i u ’ o s u g g e s t i o n " d a s * i h r e n t e r n r i le ' e q u i t e s e i n g u l a r e e ' e i n e s

t tee rescoanaandun ten , v e r m u t l i c h von L n t e r f e r a s n i e n , e t i l d e t h a t t e n 1 may t e

t ru e , h u t p r o b a b l y V i t e l l i u s s e l e c t e d s u f f i c i e n t c a v a l ry m e n from e x i s t i n g

l* e or from e l s e t h a t h a d b e e n r e d u c e d in num ber i n tn e f . g h t i n g 1 t o r

Civil wars axid fo rm e d a new r e g i m e n t t r o u tram .

eeelgned t h e cow . a n d t , o o a tu v lw i, e v e n i l r" , “ '64U1 L ‘ e

appears t o be t h e f i r s t d e f i n i t e in t s n c e oi * protect

t , a s . U i s n o te w o r th y t h a t he

i l he had Roman c i t i s e n a h l u . i h i s

n f h o re f e e t o f ' n a t i v e 1 o r i t i n

command,n& t n a l a o f a d i f f e r e n t t r i b a l o rn a t i o n a l o r i g i n t o h i m s e l f .

The a u x , l i a r i e u on t h e “ hi.

a r r i v a l o f t h e r e i m o r c e i e n t s frow

t h . K b ln . o f w h ich w. h . » . r . c o r J I w f o r . t h .

f r o . .< « . t * mod u . - r = y o ‘

■ upe rlo r may now bo l i n t e d .

/ * u a

* 1* isatavnrum •

cohort. Bat*vt>rum, under the coBotind i f J i v l l l u h in o e l f 1 ^ .

(The I at vifaj; co! ortu a t oyuntlecuM, e;>eclf I c a l ly

c a l l e d ub rA u n n iv a u u x ll la " , can obvlousljr not be

I n c l u d e d ) .

cohort#* belfc:u*us;.

cohere daxn ir .e fa tluM , a t tn . h ecue doubt a t ta c h e * h e re ,

su x ll ia u a l l o r u e .

German!, though d i f f i c u l t to c e f i n e .

cohortea A e rv io ru * .

ml# rreverorum .

cvhors ru n g rv ru a .

cohortea Ublorua.

cohortea Veecvnum.

ala M c e n t ln a .

unnaaed r e ^ le e n ta in c lu d e

•n #1# (^reeusably tae - r n to n la n a )*

alee .

II cohort** (po?tilb ly u a l l l o ) *

cohortee1 y \

^*ong the l r r e g u l a r f o r c e * were

Uxee.

« • b M U e i e n s , cerium." d i - r r l . n . o l U b . o .

^•Muani (? )

- 1(- 3 -

At t h i s J u n c tu r e U t l l l u a J e r i a l i s a r r iv e d w ith f u r th e r f o r c e ,

t r pu t dcvn t t e r e b e l l i o n . He went t r o o p , t h a t hud r e c e n t ly been le v ie d

in Gaul b&ck home, w ith th e t o .m t t h a t th e le g io n s would be B u f f i c i e o t156.

But th i e c l a l * o u s t n n t ee a llo w ed to k l s l e u d : from re fe re n c e s to

"eq u l tee" , " p r e e f e c t i " , " c o h c r t e o " *n 1 " u l ; e " 1 ’ ' i t ie p e r f e c t ly c l e a r th a t

Cerle .ll* ' le g io n o were au , . o r t e d by a u x i l i a r i e s in th e n o rs s l fa sh io n . Hia

a t t i tu d e to th e r e c e n t r 1 ic e v ie a did not extend to what were proved and

tr ied a u x i l i a r y r e y l a e n t s , none f wt ich i s named by i 'a c l tu e . Froa the

account o f one o f C iv i l ir.* l u e t o f f e n c iv e o we le a rn t h a t e r l u l l * had been

able to r e s t >re th e , re v io i o ■.yoter f , o u t i n , re^lucents in permanent

quarters $ C iv i l 1# a t t a c h e I r t»et.id ia c o h o r t iu o alarum leg io n m ", «> e c i a l

mention be ing zade o f " u r in n e e ue, c hor< iua nlaruaque c a e t r a 1 •

The p lu ra l p r o b /b ly i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e re was more than one auxj>i<-ry re , i -

aent in each o f th e u e f o r t s .

Th . » « ; in which J l . i l i l ' f o r e iT . " now b« “e t •’. . i d . tn r

loeen . o l d l . r . f o r c c p . r i . c h . u, n o t .d . I c . d i r l l U ou t u i t h .

• In g l . cohort of d u t a r i a n a . dr uon t h . aupj-ort o f t r , . . a j o r U y cl h ia o .a

t r ib e , and t h . n o f t h . n . iK h b c u r in , ; d . m t n e f o t . o .n d K r l o l . n . 1' '1 . t h .

c - m l a . f a t . a w . r . c u r r e n t l y .up, to do.. . t h . I> la i« ™

W doc. . under u ^ a t o c , h u t no IV in i .n r . , l a . a t in r r c o r d .d « nuch '

t h r , . p . o p l . o f o m e d t h . = n , , f m l i - ' r . . i n t . . u = . - o r . . » „ t .

tb . f i r a t . . ^ c n t a f t e r t h . - t tn c K on t h . 2 c o h o r t , a t a t i o n . d n r a , t h .

- t . d i r n u . . . . t r . n . t l , n . d by t h . d . f « t i o „ f r o . t h . h o ^ f • =ohor.

^ roru m . In the cl**', Ath ihmius Lupercue ............ - ' v r '‘" ^

/ t h e . . . . .

f

tne reb e l* , -text the j i.tn -mu the ^nnir.r-ratien cohorts It f t

ii0(iuntlacux to jv lu them. lheo< ^ere * Te^t «mti, «o 'fecltue esyb,

turned C iv il 1* in t o a t.eneri»l L ct . -and o f a proper a r s j - "Ciull 1»

euueutu uettr^norur- c L r t i i l i b t i iu.n e x e r c itu e ductor"^^^. After the

victor? vf the . . tt . t » otm^ ov r 1 rettnlue Galium and the refu sa l o f

ti.c leg io .tu r ie# - t Veteru I uwet r a ’ l t - j i nee to Veepmti&n, tre whole

uatavUui tr ib e i s c o .d t h-i./e rui te i t ; annc, the Bructeraaa and

Zentitera/.tt, who l i v e d w itho t the aocan Lm, ir e across the <hin#, joined

v iv i l la and "Oeroaniu - preeu. ..«uly o ther t r ib e s in ' ree Germany - was

c o n u c t .d 164. la , . tn -r .or-li- i . l l ' - s h . l a c t i» « and , t v # u . = U t . fr a .

u«ra«n a l l i a a fr c a t h i s ^ o lr t on. m s . roa i i a l t u . ' account of t h e

f igh ting a t oa ldubn . . Inara that tt-« UnCrnlana, . U.ru.n iwopln on In .

1.11 tank of t h . a t l n . north o f t h . U t ln n . , bad joined j t v l U e l w . m ,

'A lan , t h . a a . l v .o m o r u o h . d , .n d had to t . c o a . u n . l l i m g . 1 1 1 . . of t n .

» b . l a lG6. at th e b a t t l e o f oe ld u b . H o . 11 t h . N .r .-nn co h o r t , d .n n r t .d

to t h . lnourg . n t n 1< 7 . l w t h . r » u t h , d h . t t .n a , . . I p l - a . « '* h a t t l a c ^

• t tackad r o ^ n t l a c m ,168 , t o . , . . . . . ' f r . . ' - r ^ n n free, . c m - n th . b l n . .

It in not a t a f d u t . t a . r t n . , - r . a o t ln * in co n c .r t .1 t h G 1 .1 U . - u . m g

the womfua.ed a i t u a t io n to t e ■ r 1 w., > 1 < <•

r t . n . k t . t n , . a . - « - u . - c e r t a i n - 111c t r i b . . j o l n .d

.1 ,111 ..

tonann, ho o ,« n n o . , . a n a o , u n t i l t n . a u r d . r o f B ordconlu .

n a c c u . , t h . 1* 0, . ] . -ho “ C t . d f l r a t . . r . t l .

/ h i d s e e #

h„d s u p p o r t e d v e r t - n i u o . u f u s s g . l n . t v i n d e , e u r l . I n 66 . . . p . „ n(J vho hed

been p u r i s n e d by o s l b s f , r s o d o l n p 1 '“ . t h e i r s m p s t n t . . would n . t u r . l l .

H e . 1 t h t r o o p s l o j u l t o V U e l l l u s , t „ , 'V .e m a n " . „ „ r o r . t h e i n e t i t . t o r e

were " C l a t i e i c u a . . . u r a e f e e turn a l a e V r e u i r o r u a " . who o b v l o u a l y t h a t

h i e j o e i t i o n i n h i e t r i t e s h o u l d r e o e c b l e t h e t o f C i v i l U amony th e

B a t a v i a n r , a n d " ^ u l i u a f u t o r e t i u l i u . u a b i i m e , h i e i r e u i r , h i e L in g o n u e ,

T u to r r i p e e h e n i a r f i t e l l i , p r a e i e c t u s " 1 " ; . a f t - r t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f

*e t e r n , t h e s u r r e n d e r f th e io m l e lo.ne and t h e o c c u p a t io n o f C o lo n ia

A g r ip p in a no i n , C i v l l i . i won o v e r the- . unu en n a - " o c c u . a t i e o u n u c ie e t

i u u e n t u t e e o r u o p e r c o h o r t e u c o - p o e i t a " • The Cunucans l i v e d be tw een t h e

U tiaa o and t h e l u n g r u »nt> : t h e y wure u e r » a n i c o r seo ii- 'C er u i ic and a u c t n o t

be r e c k o n e d w i t h C l v i l i c * i j i l l l c aup . • r t e r a . *hey were d r a f t e d by him i n t o

c o h o r t s , i'he word h e r e u o t r e f e r t t a c t i c a l u n i t e , and t h e p h r a . e

c r e a t e s t n e i n n r e n - i o o f , i r 11 i e u s in , ~o m m eth o d s o f o r g a n i s a t i o n . *hc

b a e ta s a n n , i 'u i i ^ r I a n s o * S e r v i a n * I t h e pro-bOman w le u d ju s Labeo have

already b e e n n o t e d t . i v ' . i o s u c c e e d e d in w in n in g t h e s e peop le* o v e r , .rid

173lh p w t ic u ls r gajj.ed OODtr>l o l th . .h o ls tr ibe o f tn . .ungri n . Ih .

« . « dsvslopm sut o c o u r r s . I t . r the " t . r t . d t u . l r o a . h . 1 . .

th . r s b . l s When th., le g io n from /I n d o n lw . and t h . .u s i l l . .r y lo r o s , of

B e x t ll iu . r . lU c udvuiicsu tow ard, th . . c r . r o f t h . f lg h t ia * . l ' r . . . r .n ,

M l u , t u t o r . o p ,o „ .d IV flx with a fv r o . d . .o , t b .d . . f o l i o . . , " IW u lroru .

« o p l« . r a o e n tl ,o„u n . C . . r . c . t l u . , fr lb o co ru . d t l . o t u a u o t . . . u . t . r . o c ^

w d l t . . t , u. lq u U . , > w u l t , oorru p tlo o p . aat - t u .u h o o t u l .g lo o w r iu " .

^ =o.M ,l te u r . c a l l e d f o r . U -

- l(-6 -

the other* ia# unknown ^aor ' a te a , had claima to a -en m lc or ig in i they

cannot be c lu a e if^ e * w ith th# ^ - l l i c element in the r e b e l l io n , secondly,

futor'e force n«d a ax. lji ;; > 11 e rn ♦ i t c , r i t e<t a c tu a l no . wn le g io n a r ie s ,

, rotestiiorel *reverwn V iu x il ia " newly -n fted tr vopa o f leaa value.

Tutor was d e fe a te d , lo o t hit. l i f> o iiu r iea , ai.U the Vunfiones, JaeraccteH and

Iribocann returned to t .* e ir oa «*n . l l e t i - : i c e . ^nr of ti e f i r s t engnt® ents

in which i e t i l i u s J e r l a l u w-.u involved was aga inst the i r e veran* under

Valentinus a t kl&odulum J e r i u l i s Cul tured "nob iliee ii .oe -zel^oruc.,

in quin uucea Valentinus . la r e i t i« c i* a r thnt ty e . ^anu ireverans

axibt be waln.y &eont « . acitut. in using a larj or for a aore s p e c i f i c tori...

In a speech d e l iv e r e d n .on a l t e r t i s , ^ i v i i i e referred to ^.elg arn on h is-

sine, c a l l i n g t h e a "quou r b u r in s i t ' o: the --aJ. 1 ic fo rce s . •*er*-

Treversus must be m ain ly s c a n t , .he ig rippinensw e took the e a r l i e s t oppor­

tunity to r e j o i n tn < r .a . iv I in Iva ce1 tn e 11 rv an

inceuped a t Toibiucur, i i l p i c U « »• lo o t * ° ^ o r t aa a r , , 'm U ° f *

Wr t t . ^ r t w lw M W . a l» u . 1 e c M . 1 ’0 la ...lY « l I t . .r « t v .r .to »

.shortlua Buuru-i q-»» • M u c t . W .tU q u . B o .p o .'t . Tolbl.01 in

..........finiOutt ,,t r . i i . ln rt .s . ... a „ n b .t ' • ' 1 '

•wpported the xnaue. " V "*r" ,luW 110Wv r

the Chsucana a p p e a r once * " w , v *

f isa l s ta g e s of th e r e v o l t ju < t be .

no’ un lor Romnn exi t m l .

i u x i l i « " 0 tu a id v l v l l i o in thel7b

m th« . t t « 0K on T in nn 1 v,lde

y e v e r . l l i s t i n c t »rou « . Hie muinJ i i l l s ' force® f e l l ^ to

•uPPorterfc were th e .U v ia i i* enJ <-

SOae. but not under d i r e c t p r o v in c i a l -

t e a , two p eop les connected to

Me . r i i«n® be long here too ,

/e v e n

- 1*7 -

even i f tuch * ' r<';* ’ “•n reetored a fte r th e ir r ev o lt under

T iter iu o . I’he next *;rovp c .air,ted o f coo, d a t i v e l y unimportant people o f

,er aMu -r :» in , ruimm#, >unucan»,

Duet aslant., U bixne. h< Xic r .n n c 4 even the Nervianc may be included

here, although they xrre auc *ore powerful, ouch peoples e uld he

179described su-- 1 »er r i c rt.- n< n i ’ . k1?o o f ^errunic o r ig in , but further

ecvth, were .r ihocuns. The u n t i le element

•-c represented ' y t ie n t,e ,d reve.-tv i, a t t .mes c la e e i f ied M

bel;,;iand. ih e . «o. !*:. on t r i . :t bank f the Phlre, the ’’free Uermar.e",

were the Lructer.. >, t :• .c t • * ; tne dnaucers. * rtn*r south the

whuttfcns, , s i p»(tes . h t -t t l c ne fo 1 in to tLi.. t»r ’ ‘3 d is t in c t io n

between the d i f f e r e n t r>u. i f l i v l l l s ’ supporters i s r e f le c te d in

fao itus* uue o f g e n e r i c t e r . a s e l l o in the a c tu a l t r i b a l n-mes d ia -

cusaed above . i n occ *’. m th e th r e e m in « " r e n t e a re iu> ano »e 1 .n (ieui,

Viewed f r c a i -m other a n ^ le , e sp ec lw 1 ly »"* c

groups e re s u b s a ie d unuer tu e nuww

of th e c o n f l i c t a l t e r ti .e a

t j .n t e d with the Komane, both

/uatuvian*

BetavUM alone (or th# latavians nnrt th e ir c loee«t a l l i e n , the krwlm.fetea

e sp e c ia l ly In » d a r o a t ry e e r s a , to 11- c r e d i t C l v i l l a . m Roman a u x i l i a r y

who doee n o t rem ain l o y a l t a k e * c n t* e w o r s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c f one o f

itoee’ e f l e e t e s t e m e r ie s , t ,e r l c e r m e .

C e r ta i n a l l l t a r y ectt- o f th e o a tav ian Kevolt should be n o t ic e d .

The he tar 1-ms and t h e i r r '.oa- M- f ;h t Li "cu n e i" , t i t i s , in v a t iv e -

ety le f c r e a t i o n s 1" \ . h r f i s ' M r , ‘ ' h o f th e G e r ^ n t proved unequal

to en e se a u lt on the wr I I n r f t h e < rtr* > I /e t er-<. but pei fugae

ciptiulnue" f r o r t r e o "1 : ' n, t r ; t . th- so t t t l i ry were ahle to

Will) r u d i M c t o r y w«r »i • i Z ' \ w ' c - ', o u l “ * " " " 1 ,d t o t h *

.dopttoo o f noB'in w t h o d o to il f , . 11, to t , . l* p r v., - n t of n - t l v . oo thod .

end a r a i s i n g o f th e r t a r . ’• r c f a u > V ’ r y r e c r u i t s .

and Frisians,) appear s W r l y an " ier o il" . ometimen the name i s used in185

a neutral e th n o g ra p h ic a l se n s e , but mt o th ers i t I s d i s t i n c t l y p e jo ra -« oz -t u7

tire 1 e 1 approxim ate* t "barbarl" ' . Imcltus uses "Vermanus",

the d e sc r i .

Th . to n u o c r lp t o f t r . " M - t o r i . . - u. f. r - m - t . l j , b « t o . o f f W fo r .

«r of t -- retavioBA ano eep eatan 's

cperationr in Oer i*ny l i t e r in h iu I '

during t h i s p e r io d we re redi

f i r s t d ip lom a, duted t o • *»

vbn were "in Germunla eub . n . I n - r i o

p r r e f e r e : cea to a u x i l i a r i e s

i i r : p t i '•Me ‘I1*

e and 12 c o h o r ts

. 2he a l« e were

the

1 * isv ia Uemlna

1 ^*nn#nefmt ium ( * l c )/ix i la v ia

- 1G) -

l i F lav ia Gemina

l ic e n t ia n a Usic

Scubulorua

Claudiu nova,

the vouurte were th e

I I’hracua

1 Aaturun

1 Aquitanorun v e te r a n #

I Aqultanorua u i tu r i^ .u a

II Hugueta v y re n a lc a

III G a llo ru£3 111 Aquitanorun

1111 Aquitanorun

1111 V in d e l ic o ru a

V uiapan run

V UalBatarur

VII Kaetoruic.

inuriue ClemenB had conduct '

M lien t between th e hh ine «n

the "Agri Lecumaten" ( i n the

t* known o f th e a c a1 e of the

cwpaue f o r Ulemena to have

rea in Oerm a/nia p ro p e re t/"

i7v -

m ite o f the diploma muat have been Involved In the f iR h tln y . 2 alee

>ear the t i t l e " t l a v ia emlna". "uemi a" toe fine formed f ’-om the remains

191>f e a r l i e r a ia e . reouz .b ly tr.e e a r l i e r a lae had been decimated in

the batavian L r i a l / , , . . :'he a d d i t i o n f /ea p a e la n 'e "gentiliciUTi" to

th eir t i t l e tanj uoj ’.jr th a t the oen had d ie t in g n ieh ed theuoelvec e a r l i e r ,

or that a aenee if priae was to be fo s te re d In the u n it . The 1 uannene-

f a t i u s r e c a l l s t e a la Jnnnine mentioned in the t r i e l an Revolt of

23 A.a. and the m in e fa t e s a a ,e la t e d v l tn the Batavian cohorts192

sta tion ed a t > 0 .M ua «t. t . .e ou tu et o f the batavian '-prising • -lie

danniaefat.es played 1 p ro - in en t r o le in the Uprising, as d e ta iled above,

n lm out p o e . l t l . t< . , .o u l i . t » .h .t h .r tne e - L d l . r . diechurti.il f r o . i t

In 7 4 A.LI. „ l t h « t n . e t Lj yeuro u « r » lc . i n c l j o .d «eo who hud pM -tlci-

p . t . d in t h . r r t . U i o n end b . .u pardoned, i t U . t r u t . c lrx r that

t h . r . t i i ~ n t . l nauiu did n o t n u f f . r b .c n u . . o f th . r e . o l t . .h . » « t J 1 . .

ur, nnnuobur.d. i h . - l o . n t i n . r . c . l « . d h o n o u r .h i . « n t l o n for r . t r . c t i n 8

i t s .u r r en d .r to . 1 , 1 1 1 . nt N o v ..« iu » ' -h« coho: t . -hr.cut. r « c » n .

t h . ••cohor. fhr.ncum" un.d by ^ . i n n t t h . U . l « t i . n n on h i . » r c h

to I t a ly 2 ''4. Th. I l l d sd lo n in .O fK «»t. t h . . . l l l c o . cut. r t .n

( o m « l c n . . t t o . b e t t l . Of I d i o t . y l s o in 16 t n . "

that C o i n . e .n t e h . .d to i t . l y O th . -nd t h . 'd a io ru n . n x l l l . "

« d " .0 , 1 1 1 . . 0 . 1 1 1 ." r . c o r d . d during t h . h . t . r iu n ■

f iu d . l lc o r u n M d t h . ,1 1 . u , , . t t h . V l n d . l l c o r u . q.............

c o h o r t . ." under , r n io u . o t t , b . t t l . o f I d l . t . . i « - - • W o r n .

luu.ntun" t h . t a n o ln t .d C . c .n . . g . i n . t t o . ............. ”

- 171 -

in re»ul&r c o h o r tc • i t l a c l ^ a r t h a t In a t v e r a l cusca l in k s can be

e s ta b l ish e d b e t wee.« r e im entn l i s t e d in t n i a i»erman diploma and those

opera ting e a r l i e r in th e a r e u . The c l e a r e s t case i s th a t of the aim

I 'icen tiaaa*

The n e x t d ip lo m a names £ a la e and a co h o rt " in uermunia sub «<.

lu l io Jo rd in o X u t l l l o la m ll ic o " ' '7 in ?8 h .D . h u t i l i u a U a llicuo was

ce leb ra ted f o r the c a p tu r e o f < e leda , the r u c te r a n prophet#oa who hid

■erred aa a f x, u rehead in th e t t a v ia n L p r ic in g almost a decade b.»fore.

The reg im en ts from v ti ich th e s o l a i e r f l were d isch a rg e d were tne a la e

Horicorua

•intrularium

hoeslea

afrorue r e t e r e r e

S I l ian s

h u lp ic is1 ^

and the c o h o r t

I Htvria liiepftDoru: ■.

I ju c n tu A " h . . b . . n r . o o r d . d , « .« b* " " " "

. u n . f- U:;or t b . in 69 h . " b . « 9. . — ' . - . . . r .

/ o u t • e• • e

172 -

►,ut 'xn Moeoica in r e c o rd e d a t ^ec lburg lum , most probably r e p la c in g the

aln Frontoni&nn tl o r e . Ilie “ It* ^11 *na hm# appeared on a e v e re l p rev ious

occenions^ ‘ . 1* '• a re n i l w ithou t m number, b u t the cohort in the

d ip lo sa ha» o n e . »he t e r i t a t l » l e " i l a v i . ' p o in ts to a new form ation

by Vec.iaaian o r h o n o u r . a n "Ct o f b rave ry cannot be e e ta b i iu h e d . ihe

r e c i i e a t of t r e d i p l o s a , u i r e v e r a n , belonged to th e a l e < o e s ic a "cu i

p raeet T . u t a b e r l u a i . f . tu i . uecundue” . This commander o f the a l s i s

known fro* si i n o c r i i t .ou l io c r ve red in i«*,e, where h ie c a r e e r i s t.ivea

p ra e f . Coh. - h a l o i d , i n f r ca t r i b u n e militur* l e g . VII -eminee f e l i c i s2v2

in u e roan ia , r a e f . e q u i t . u la e -o e e ic a e f e l i c i e t o n u a t a e .

This i s the s o l e p i ce where th e a lu has the t . t i e f e l i x to ro u a ts . *he

r u t t k r t t M t n . c r i , . t l o n - a . . r a c t . d t , T. . t . b a r i u s . . c u a d u a ' . o t h . r a t

Her o« , (no f u r t h e r p o e t , a r e n ~ u d ) - J I n d i c t , t h a t a h . took a

.P .C U 1 l a t e r . , > In a d . c o r . U o u . . . r d . d to t b . . 1 . d u r la b h . r . o n ' ,

cornand. Win , r . r l o „ , p n . t . the t r i b u n e . , in the - . . n t h ™ “ “

m , b . b l , be d a te d to 7o - 74 . .h e n th a t L fA™ . ^ “ ““

durln r t h i . P. r i o d t h e . I t e c . u i r e d the t i t l . ^ — -

to a p e o u i . t . t h a t th e . 1. - . ! » -7 b a .e b . . n d e o o r . t . d . 1t h I t . . i . l l . r

t l t l . f o r an o p er a t io n la conjunction . ! « « . l . 6io n .

ih e t . „ in n c r lp t lo n o r . , , W - the • W l l a - o f u . c e a , . r .

th o u re c o rd lo g th e c a r e e r , o f th e b ro th er . O c l t i u . — ^

r — r r : r : r = - : » u

I

v f

- 173 -

v i, . that th le ccu rred during the *n t-evo lt , anu acce>>t» tne

eL t ttot io n th at I t —a during Uie e x p ed it io n of . in ,r lw a vlemenn. Groag

j.refera the e x p e d it io n c l u t i l i u e - .a ii ic u c , and hue the aupport o f

Tbcaaeaon. von D oeaeiew aki doee not iia cu a e the m atter, but rem«*rKa th a t

euch poata were n e id a f t e r a l e g i o n *ry le g a te a n lp . *1(816?, however, him

announced Ui»t la -u* -a y e t uOpUbliahed work he w il l ar&ue for the oluer

eiew of the b a ta v iw i me v o l t . !»« b roth ers served am x i l l t . , r y tribunes in

tue l e Cio V Alaudae which was s ta t io n e d a t we term u n t i l 6? * .D . HiU would

have been duri. . the l i t t e r part o f Nero’s p r io c lp a te . i'he sp e c ia l

eu x llisr y comaand have fo llow ed c on a fter* rda. vn the other h nd,

the coaaaad ic a s s : c l , t e d wi t t var iou s m pecU l le g e t .a h lp . and honour.

•ecord td to t b . b r o th .™ . » d to 1 . » • • * “ «» *» th ‘ h ,a d o t *h '

t i o . in 0 . 0 . f t >™ t b . r i . t o r . Ip . n . ju n ior p . . U p rior to t n .t

M ntton .d in d . . « n d t n g o r d .r . a . honour. o o n n l . t .d o t d .c o r . t lo n .

nor..1 1 / g l . t r . t o to o n , o f p r . e t o r l .n r . n . »r ' . J U - t l o n in to

p . t r i c l . t . . Th. i . t t . r i t . , u u . u u l l , o . t . d to t h . oM i.or.h lp of

ar.i i l t u . U 7 3 - h — “ “ r - r< ^ ° U l M r T l W 10Afrien . . n . . t h . . u x i l l o r , p r o f . c t u r . « . i ™ t , n . h u t . .

thU p a r t o f t h . in u c r ip t io n . L not in c n ro n o lo . lo .X o r d . r .nd t b .

troth .™ did not bold t b . „ u ~ " r*C* 1" ld ,n tlC "'

honour., i t p . n o t po.« h i . to d . t . - n , . i n . l . H - - U i t p o . . ^

to « . = 0 l . t . t h . . .0 1 .1 l . S. t . . h l P - " toM Ur‘ ' " , 6

of th . ,u ,n u n n o n o ru ,. th a t ^ ^ ^ " „U . . , b r a n . . n „ . . . t i o n , t b . dn to .n o t t b . r . l o r . r .™ ln o , n .

- 1 / 4 -

i f f i c u l t * to o , to c.»t*fcorl£.« toe >04 ,1 >1 "*'t*elwctue Otttilu... auxillorua

idu*r»u» uer«*no»‘ i tu o i .1 . u i M l i n Uea cuwparwJ tbe coefcanu of Adiuti

a I iu * ol the cuTuiry ifi the eA.^eUitloi. f „l*iudluo. -uv th l* in

LtMli ra iM b d i f f i c u l t i e s , f i r s t a ig n t i t would a^^eur taut tbe

-rotnera, e i t h - r . o i n t l y or in suoceouiun to each o tn er , -ere yluced Lu

eowaand of a l l Lae a u x i l i u r i a o , presw»-bljf o f tbe aower or l ^ r oerean

ursy. in an e - e r ft«ucy caused by - wera.ua wur. -hether t b i . im plies ti.e

teaporury a e r a t i o n v f the " a u x i l ia - troe th e ir le^ iotu for a Joint

auxiliary o f f e n s iv e la not o le u r . f h i s question «uat a lso rem-in c e n .

lu m in K f r o * ^erouny to B r i t a i n , w. b , v . a few b r i e f general

. 0, 1, . . c o r . c r a l n t " . u x i U . " . - - o t . d . b o . . , U r l t l U . « U 1 « , c o h o r t .

„ r . l o r . . . which '1 .1b. fo u r . In . . . . on h i . . r r i . . l t h . r . l . t .

i . 66 o .D .ZU^ „ p r o c l — t i o n o f v i t . U l . . - ^ tM

« l . . , t r o u b l . b rok . o u t i n t o , b r i t l . h . r . , b . t o - . i t j o lo .d

V i t . l l i u o , A . i n p u t , . r u n . b . t - . n t h . 6— . T r - b . U i u . h . , l » . . -

a c i u . C o . H u . , l . B. t . Of t h . r u . n t l . t h u n i o n . . I t u . t l o n . . g» . r . U . ,

" » U . t l . . x . r . i t u . c o r r u p t . — — “ * „

, . Su . . l U t u . c o n u i o l i . „ m t u r h . , u . . 1 - « r . e^ t l b u , on C e l l o cohort u ., i t ic i tu s re garde

tii^u. dc.rtu. Tr.b.lllu. -. , . i Fn o f even g r e a t e r d i s g r a c e .

- in .o lv .M .n t o . t h . . u . ! ' - - ^ ^ ^ U t h . . . i d . n e .

<uiotitr i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t h a t way . H

“ " - z r z z z r , « . . .« o „ r n o r I . . . c b . l o u u ly t o r . «» -uch

I l k . . . t „ . „ . l „ . w i th t n . l - 6io n u ry f b * ' -

rt r tne qu arre l '■ thv lo ^ io n o . I t i s probable that by the s u j t i i i s r ie e

Tacitus .a.aiia u l l t i o « x i l i< «r l«o c f I t would be iu terest ijaL

. ■ vU p o r t - >■} o r sa a is e d by one of t.«e leglowurj - - 1‘ r *»

n l i n g u i s t i c y o in t sh o u ld be noted i the te c h n ic a l phrase cohorts*

alaque'* i s used s s t..« e tu .v s - - ’tit o,f tne more l i t e r a r y 'a u A ilW e e a . i l i t# s" .■

The a u x U lu r ie e in r i t a iw n tio n ^ u f o r th s th ird tim e In the . t a r

of the .our siperurs in cc L ection with trouble* in the b r ig s n t is n area.

lb , quMn o f t r « k r i * M .e , : » r t U u n d . . . .h e h .u lc o t b e .o .u p p o r t .d b ,

to . , . . . . t t a c h e i by b . r e . - h u .b ^ d . 0 r i . s l f o r t o . th r o n . ,

Vtnutiu*. 5 h . . u tb t - . r u o o i . l . ' .ro o o . . . " w h o r t .o . l « q u . n o . t r . .

t w w W t . , t h .

l .fc ien. «r« ^ T ,ta l ly not i n .o l v e J o . o n . . . t s .y « .r» b»-°“ “‘ r a .r th a

r c a . l t o f hn .-n o h c t . o t n . n t . « , V l f . U n n . » . n « t l t . n o f

M o t i o n . . . '

ion. c f o r . ban nr t o . bin " *

cnrnlry r . ^ . , . t , ' d w i In f . - t h u n o . m n c » t . . " . U "‘

that th . n la . . . o ,« r o t ln „ .p o r t f r o . th . U . lo n n » d o t n .r — '

c lc t .i .r I t . nt«y in o rO o r .co n t . r r l t o r y ^. . . no t t h . f . c t t h . t , on h i . a r n . n l *

be d e te ra i i .ed irvui th e p h ra se qt* '•*. a u x il ia ry u n it s , s c a t t e r .

^ 1001. foonu . i l l t o r , O .tnoU *. ....... ^ t h . t t h .

th r o a ^ o u t t h , p r o , i n c . — ' ' ^ „ „ r o . i p r o c t l o . . t t o t .

• t c t lo R ln . o f u n i t . I n t h . ! ^ ^ ^ . o l . d .o lU rd to . n . . h

,U e - ^ , P l t * ° f lh e L r h U f o r . . . f . d . . o r l t , d in th .the Vrdovices. Uio. ^wttieri-r-»

If -

wcrofc • ' o o i * t r » C w i « i w t - nu., u e x i l l l . e t . l u l l v i » . x l l i r l i - . n u " . J e n »

e h , „ t..e c o - o , 4 r r * *• i« u t *.i a j * , <.r. ,n 1 ’ ... x i l ; , * " , b u t >{ u * t a c h a * ) t #

o! i * t . .wA* •*«' - . i i i r r i c * w e r e c r u e / . e d «ui a g r i c o l e i . -feeuiced

02 gp f » t e / , , » • f o r c e ( -v.. e n t h e id t i m l u r J i i i * . o n t h e l a l u n d

e . r . o i s t e d o f ,l e c t i « . i > l u : . J O * U i i . i - t i r . 2: , u i b u a not a u«.K* e t > ^ i t r l u 8 n s n d i

uuue, ,uo * * . - « t .u ... e t e-;vo6 rebuilt . I h i w .»scri>it lor»f as

a l r e e d ^ a c t e d ^ ■ j r o b a b . y r e f i r e t o . t . e i a a a , w h o a * o i l r e l a t i o n s h i p

• i t t i cce a ^ a r s t b , e to e n r e i n s t a t e d a f t e r V.e eu .p re aa lo o o f the

210Botavljia . . e r o l t .

th e u tn u b la o a r e - e a r io tu t r i b e , uaed the o p p o r tu n i ty of the

e l t U . a r . o f 68 - G a . ! ) , t o Invade th e o w n prr .v inoee . fbe nhoxo) i n l . u e ,

"S a raa tica genu” , b ro k e I n t i K oeala c u t t i n g aux ll i v y eo,,ort#

B o « » r t h . f o r c . u In t h . . » • * of " U r t l . l . * l o . d i u o o t l . . u x w l i . ,

M « ^ . d to d . - t r o y t h . . - h . n c . t e h lh K th . . . o f f t h . t r e u . r d . f . o l t o . - 1. . . . the I n c id e n t to o . n o r t h , t o . . o r M t t i n c . a l r y ->•> U s ° f

f ig h t In c tn . o n . d . U t l . c . r . l r y . . . — U , t r r . . t . t t h t . on .co o n n t

Of t h . . . t c h t o f I t . . . t l . o . r o o n r , t h . ' • C . f r . c t . o . _ . t t . „ . .

S .1 . « n o t . . . h o . . Z M . t h . . f . t - h " thought t t . 1 . . «o

. t a l - . f . i n u t the V i te U l - / i» . c o n c i l ia te th en b e l o r e t.Jranc* w i - '

r . y o r t o « , , . . . . 1 0 0 v , t h . - . U . . . 1» 7 , - - —

. „ . . . k„ n . r . t . r . to V . e A y u . . of01 ^toealo, l o n t e i u * t ^ r l p p a , i«-*»

. , W * * *

thlo lu v a u lo n . i r f uu mt b l y the

- 177 -

of P’o n t e i u a *>:ripp« r e s t o r e d the s i t u a t i o n w ith more andfhe euccoaa u

tronf*r " , s r r l e o n » " . ■»•<>. ‘ awst lu.v. b..en .w in l j «u*11U t j

(o rU . . n c t h . r i> .r .«4« n u b l ro p .* , ) . , th e D ecleas‘'1\ e l s o c ro ssed th e hoeen

f ro o t ie r in t b l . n r e e . T h e , c h o e . th e t i e . » b .r th e " l . o e . l « -rngr" bed been

I..e»ed to f i g h t th e V l t . U i e n u in Italy and storm ed " c o b o r t l u . I s r u m q u .

hibems" b e fo re p ro c e e d in g s g s l n . t t b . " c e n t r a l e g l o u u . " . b o . . * . r H u c i« u s

_ . 01. to check them on b ln j o u r . . , f r o . the a n t to I t s l y . TbU aes a t

t M end of 69. b e f o r e -on t e l on n g r i p p . * P h ln t .d governor of r o e e i e .

„ C. t b . , h l n . a n t , t h o u * t e n . c i e s r l y . In b r i t s l n . . p i o t u r . .m e r e . , of

auxiliary u n i , , e t a t i n n e d on th e - n o b . in permanent h e a d q u a r te r , of t h e i r

ex .. 1 m i l i t a r y d i p l n r . . ^ o f 75 * . b . r e c o r d . d U C h arg e . f r o . « h o r t .

s t . t lo q ed in M o e . i . u n d e r S e x . V e t t u l . n o . C . r l . 1 1 . . t b . r e g x . . n t . concerned

were t h e

i Centabr^run

I Thracuffl ^ y r i a e a

I uu^oebrorun tlronuir

II Lucenaium

III Gallomm

VIII Ue1 lorum

^111cum

^•ttiac^rum ,

, . atrebo r e c o r d e d that they - e r .

fhe -Iontabri/me were l-»Bt ' n t 4 ” ,-»]>, avibra cohora1' who♦ u ’ hpd»til*h

l igh ting f o r Kome a f t e r tuy ui>t/ r e c o rd e d •• • • •

Z

mm m

217recorded f ig h t in in ihroc« under i lb e r lu a . a cohora I II Oallorum la

a t t e s t e d in Uermuny in 7^ h .U , , which -.a» lu t e r i t a e l f transferred to

Hoeaia* but t h i n i o p ro b a b ly n o t the aaz-e re^^ment' " , C i l ic e * supported

219i i e o a g e in a t ( ie ra a n ic u a under i l b e r l u a .

i r o e tne anube, a t t e n t io n goes to the y*t where, as unde.* Hero,

j, roved to be the l o - a l po in t in the i n i t i a l period o f V espasian '#

priDClpate. There wje, however, ecue minor in c id en t# o u ts id e Judaea th a t

c a l l fo r coflur-ent. un.i«r vtho a f a lc e .«ero appeared in ^ re e ce . He won

over d e s t i t u t e d e n e r te r s ,v i -v, ,, . ol'l*»rn who were returning from t h e i r

leave. Hi* next acceen ion of e t r e n { th c ,,Misted o f o tr o l iv e s whom he

had s to le n fro* t h e i r own r s . I t i c in t e r e s t in g to note th it he was

u n iM . to g . l n t h . s u , pert of t « lo o r l p o p u la t io n In t h l . p o rt ol t h .

t a p i r . . V .apan l in ~ f - i .d . 1 t h t r - u b l . th o n tu . . f t . r , ,uol.oun h .d

„ „ to I t . I f . Ph. o f th e la a u r r .c t lo n t h n r . . . . . . lo o tu o , .

foroor . 1 . . . o f k ln 0 . o l . - «W co .:vu ,d .r o f t o . r o , . l « . » / » . f o r . .ontu..

. p ro v i n e . In 63 o r 64 L ik . a v l l i . In

to b. . . t i n , on b . h . 1 , ' . t u <0 0 . 0 . . p . r o r , V i t .U l u n . .In n in g t h . .upport

of t . . . ( r i b . , . d j u o . n l to i n n tu o , he ottu ok .d “

t r . b . o n , , . W ln p t h . t r o o p , t n . r . . T . c l t u . d . n e r i b . . t h . , on t o l l o . . .

W i b l c o h o rn . . . g i n . . u t i U - o i l . , -ox d o n . t l c l u l t u t . —

in » 0. t r - .o d u .1 d . . l d l u n H e . n t l - . u . d r ^ c o r u . r . t l n . b » t .

" ..ux illa" n . x t appour in the e ~ t in t h . . , P . d l . i o n o f

W.n , „ o r o f t - » — ' — ^

- 179 -

i • v 1 * ' . .te wtui a a o ie te d b / king A rletobulue o f J h e lc id lce

tod k in , ^ohuefaut* o f a e e a . In o th er worde, . eetua* force co n sisted of

the usual e ie a e n to i a le g io n , profeaolonu] cohort* a;id a le e , and royal

aaeiatan ce. s h o r t ly a ftw r th in the ih rth ian u were troubled by an

Invasion o f the ^lan an a . Volo. nes appealed to hoew for h e lp . J o e itia n

ie sa id 225 t o have been keen to lead Homan fo r c es to the a ss is ta n ce of the

Parthian*, but Veepaeian r e f u n d , .he inc uent r e c a l ls V o lo isee* 1

e a r lie r o f f e r o f a s e U ta n c e to Vee;>aaian durin, the fear of the .our

Loperore, and i s in the tr a d it io n o f no.an aupport for fr ien d ly p o -ers .

UD h w i e * -It t l . d w th o< - .r o V .S P .S U . euap.nd.d

o p e ra t io n s in ............. a , » r o n i t r a . v , - d u n t i l he out tor — to

anparor n i - e . f . U t t h i . eon to ounoluo, t l i . - r .

uenerally a p a ^ i n , . ^ p h u - u i r . l , n t . r u t a u .iU r i „ or c . ' - r , a ith o u t

Citlni- d a , a i l . , o n ,. w -L . - o u n t ot t .a e ^ U - .

howeaer, rapay .t u d y . - d .a c r ih a . .I tu u ' - r . , » - - —

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Taeitua l i a t . t h . l a . i ^ a m d t. an a - , -

cohort an, onto .„ u l t u , . . . . — . r i p , — ^ " * f

ragla h n tio c h i .............................................................................................^tr .h u . annua ^ u a t h a . d - l h a u T l t u ,

« 6 . . M .ot «*t . '■^ 0 t ° . ,l iM , datachnanta, audh ar th .

- - - — —/ < ..........

( , $ t ' .-TOC 2 ix 5 v )• A f te r the en^ inoa were

fo l lo w ed , t.ter t „ I ^ uj t r a in , t .en t l -'><

Isoriow 'YlitttOC . L aa t o f a l l were 01 n ^ c v to i fc-t tav v

o*?x-iX)< . J<u>e.ihttV f i r e t n ta te . . e n t 1l too b r i e f to

b* of such a s s i s t n e e . h f a c t t h t th e ^ u x l l l a r i e e were "from ->riw"

probLhl/ means t h a t th ey . f r r t r f th e u y r-a n army r a t h e r t .an :ha t

they were a l l yr n . a Itur n « t v kin*,o, known in any cune f ro a

the campalKno < f Vee - i -n under e r a . i u t he adds the f a c t t h a t : .„>re

. %»„«; o f rh b e " , u o . f u l l o c - u o . t t h e i r h e l th b - .o r l , h a t r e d f o r the

they w o t heee f o r . - d . d i f f e r e n t e . t e t o r f to toe p r o ic c o lo a r i

0. . . . 4H . " t t i th e r o y a l r e i e . t o t o " " t i n n e d . e y o r e t . S j under the w o .

of . U

pMoth, W 1 U ol ..ft ■ to t v . trouoht up t h . r- nr .1 the w r o n u t

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prefects o f t . .» cohort? m » t o . e t t . t r It- the c . i . r e

ie foroed t y c t Mfc to t , r . , t r d . d w P ^ d . u u U l n r i . . In

V w p w i w . . . r o y w < h o , t l y to t o e , w « d u t t h t h . —

nentloned b , T n o l t u . . f n c l t u n . u p p l W . c e r t a i n f i d u r e . f o r the '

I f I t can be nnnumed t h a t he 1 . d e .c r lb lh ,? . the um y - l “

Joeephua, and i f th . fldureo f- r » r lo u . u n it . V - t 'r- n”tf o c c e s can f . ot •.

I t io p o u e ib le t o m u t e s t f i g u r e s ; o r •ltuM ^ ^/Le<fione ’•

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Lj^lon^ :

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fo rc . o t t » . k i n g . t o . t o . , pu t . t 9.vUV • « M

M, to s u r l i e r s u , P l l - d - < ^ .• l v . I - . — ^ ^

„ „ t t o , , t o . , t t o t o t o to H t o c t o . ’ e r s t o u n to r - -

, U , . t o . t t o , . , - r . OC « - t o to - . . P U t o t o . t t o o.

e: If- * > • - - ^ W * u" „ t t o — M l -

m i l i a r le e ( i n th* b m ^ r #ven BO, i t anould( r r f i# p lo n * r l» * '

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be noted t& st V i tu e hr»d 1 la^ rr ~ i f i vs» J

had e a t o u t w i th t h e e^ u lv

0 , a t w . . r „ i " I " I t " •

.n o n t h . t o . r o . n - , . . p p . t o » * to

recovered . The few o o c a a i • ...............

l i f l t td . .o lduLu*e/«i l e a d e r f e l l when s t r u c k by en arrow sh o t by an

228 v e v i l l h r f e a e r t e r e an d r e f u g e e s were < i t open by " the ..rob «ob e n d

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Author Saddington D Name of thesis Problems in the development of the auxiliary system in the Roman Army of the late Repulbican and early

Imperial period 1970

PUBLISHER: University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

©2013

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