:: BAPATLA ENGINEERING COLLEGE::

Department of CIVIL ENGINERING

SCHEME OF EVALUATION

Class: IV/IV b.Tech Civil Engineering

SUB: Estimation and Quantity Surveying Code: CE413

1. Answer all one mark questions:

(a) What are the normal lead and lift values considered in a site?

The value of normal lead is 30m and normal lift is 1.5m.And these values are generally

considered in a site.

(b) What is a muster roll?

The attendance of labourers is kept in muster roll. It is form no.21 and it consists of two parts.

In the first part the general details of labourer like designation, father’s name, and dates of

attendance are noted. In the second part details of quantity of work done by labourer and

progress of work are noted.

(c) Under what circumstances a revised estimate is prepared?

Revised estimate is prepared under the following circumstances:

When the original sanctioned estimate is exceeded or likely to exceed by more

than 5%.

When the expenditure on work exceeds or likely to exceed the amount of

administrative sanction by 10%.

When there is material deviation from the original proposal, even though the cost

may be met from the sanctioned amount.

(d) Define ‘Earnest Money’.

While submitting a tender the contractor has to deposit a certain amount, about 2%of

estimated cost, with the department as guarantee of the tender. This amount is called earnest

money.

(e) List the out goings.

The list of out goings is given below:

Taxes

Repairs

Management and collection charges

Sinking fund

Loss of rent

Miscellaneous

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(f) What do you understand by book value?

The amount shown in the account book after allowing necessary depreciations is called book

value. The book value of a property at a particular year is the original cost minus amount of

depreciation up to previous year.

(g) What is Obsolescence?

The value of property or structures become less by its becoming out of date in style, in

structure design, etc is called obsolescence.

(h) Distinguish between freehold property and leasehold property?

Freehold property: - A freehold property means that the owner is in absolute possession of

property and he can utilize the same in any manner he likes, subject to the rules and

regulations of government and other local authorities.

Leasehold property: - It means the physical possessions of the property and the use of it may

be allowed by the original owner as per lease document. The owner of freehold property can

give it to the person who takes the property for lease. This is called lease document.

(i)What do you mean by years purchase?

It is defined as the capital sum required to be invested in order to receive an annuity of

Rs.1.00 at certain rate of interest. Its value is given as,

Years purchase=100/rate of interest.

(j) Define depreciation.

Depreciation is the gradual exhaustion of usefulness of property. It may also be defined as

decrease or loss in the value of property due to structural deterioration like wear and tear,

decay and obsolescence.

(k) Write the detailed specification of half brick wall.

The bricks shall be laid in stretcher bond. When the half brick work is, to be reinforced.

2 Nos. M.S bars of 6mm dia., shall be embedded in every third course as given in the item

(the dia. of bars shall riot exceed 8mm).

These shall, be securely anchored at their end where the partitions end. The free ends of the

reinforcement shall be keyed into the mortar of the main brick work to which the half brick

work is joined.

The mortar used for reinforced brick work shall be rich dense cement mortar of mix 1:4.

Lime mortar shall not be used. Over laps in reinforcement if any shall not be less than 30cm.

(l) What is the importance of borrow pits in earth work excavation?

A borrow pit is a land, involving the excavation or digging of material for use of filling

purpose for Embankment of Highways or canals.

By Choosing the borrow pits at nearest places to the site can reduce transportation charges

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Unit - I

2. Prepare detailed estimate for following items of work shown in figure. (i) Earthwork in

excavation (ii) PCC (1:5:10) for foundation bed and (iii) First class Brickwork in foundation and

plinth in cement mortar.

Sol:

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3. a) Differentiate between long wall, short wall method and center-line method for

building estimate With clear illustration.

Ans :

Long wall, short wall method is simple and accurate and there is no chance of any

mistake.

Center line method is quick but requires special attention and consideration at the

junctions, meeting points of portion or cross walls, etc.

By centerline method, estimate for earthwork, concrete work or brick work for all walls

of the building can be done at a time. If there are junctions, it needs to be carefully

calculated deducting the widths.

By long wall and short wall method, each wall is estimated separately.

In centerline method, it can be prepared quickly eliminating lengthy mathematical

calculations.

In Centerline method, estimate can’t be physically measured at site where as it can be

done for Long wall short wall method.

Centerline method is preferred for preparing estimates and long wall short wall method is

preferred for entering measurements in measurement book.

3.b) Explain the deductions to be applied for i) Lintels of doors ii) Semi-circular arch of

radius ‘ r .

Ans :

i) Lintels of doors: Lintels are either of R.C.C. or of R.B., quantities are calculated in cu m.

Length of the lintel is equal to the clear span plus two bearings. If dimensions of bearings is

not given the bearings may be taken as same as the thickness of lintel with a minimum of

12 cm (4½” ).

Thus the length of the lintel, l= s+2t, i.e., clear span plus two bearings.

Quantity of lintel = l × t × thickness of wall.

Deduction = l × t × thickness of wall.

ii) Semi-circular arch of radius ‘r’ :

The area of the semi circular portion = ½ π .

But for the deduction, the area of the semi-circular portion is obtained approximately by

¼ of span × rise, ( ¾ × l × r ).

The total deduction will be = [ ( l × h)+( ¾ × l × r ) ] × thickness of wall.

Elliptical arches may be considered as semi-circular arches and may be dealt in the same

manner.

For large arches the actual area of opening should be calculated correctly by

mensuration formulae, and deduction should be made for actual area.

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Unit – II

4. Prepare a detail estimate of RCC square column with foundation footing from the

following information

(i) Size of the footing 3 x 3 x 0.9 m

(ii) Steel reinforcement in the footing (HYSD bars of Fe-415 grade)

16mm dia bars @ 150mm center to center in both ways at bottom.

12mm dia bars @ 250mm center to center in both ways at top.

Size of the column: 300mm x 300mm.

Longitudinal Reinforcement in the column: 8 nos. 25mm dia bars.

Transverse rft. In the column (ties) : 8mm dia @ 150mm center to center.

Height of the column from footing top: 3m

Assume suitable cover to reinforcement.

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5. Estimate the cost of earthwork for a portion of road for 500 meter length from the

following data: formation width of the road is 8 metre; side slopes are 1.5: 1 in banking and

2:1 in cutting.

Station Distance (m) RL of Ground RL of Formation

10 1000 31.00 32.00

11 1050 30.90 |

12 1100 30.50 |

13 1150 30.80 |

14 1200 30.60 |

15 1250 30.70 Downward gradient of 1 in 200

16 1300 31.20 |

17 1350 31.40 |

18 1400 31.30 |

19 1450 31.00 |

20 1500 30.60 |

Sol:

The road passes from banking to cutting in between the stations 15(1250 m) and 16 (1300 m).

The distance where it passes through zero or change point is calculated as below.

The two triangles on either side of zero point are symmetrical.

x/0.05 = (50-x)/0.7

x = 3.33 m

The length of change point from station 15 is = 3.33 m

The length of change point from station 16 is = 46.67 m

Proposed Road width (B)(m)= 8

side slope in cutting = 2

side slope in banking = 1.5

2m

S.NO Chainage Distance

(m)

RL of

GL

RL of

FL

Height or

Depth

(FL-GL)

Mean

Depth

d (m)

Central

Area

Bd

(Sq.m)

Area of

sides Sd2

(Sq.m)

Total

Sectional

Area

(Bd+Sd2)

(Sq.m)

Distance

between

Chainages

L (m)

Quantity (Bd+Sd2)xL

Banking

(Cu.m)

cutting

(Cu.m)

1 10 1000 31.00 32.00 1.00 - -

2 11 1050 30.90 31.75 0.85 0.925 7.4 1.283 8.683 50.00 434.172 -

3 12 1100 30.50 31.50 1.00 0.925 7.4 1.283 8.683 50.00 434.172 -

4 13 1150 30.80 31.25 0.45 0.725 5.8 0.788 6.588 50.00 329.422 -

5 14 1200 30.60 31.00 0.40 0.425 3.4 0.271 3.671 50.00 183.547 -

6 15 1250 30.70 30.75 0.05 0.225 1.8 0.076 1.876 50.00 93.797 -

1253.33 0.00 0.025 0.2 0.001 0.201 3.33 0.669

7 16 1300 31.20 30.50 -0.70 -0.35 2.8 0.245 3.045 46.67 - 142.110

8 17 1350 31.40 30.25 -1.15 -0.925 7.4 1.711 9.111 50.00 - 455.562

9 18 1400 31.30 30.00 -1.30 -1.225 9.8 3.001 12.801 50.00 - 640.063

10 19 1450 31.00 29.75 -1.25 -1.275 10.2 3.251 13.451 50.00 - 672.563

11 20 1500 30.60 29.50 -1.10 -1.175 9.4 2.761 12.161 50.00 608.063

Total 1475.778 1910.298

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Unit - III

6. a) Prepare detail specifications for brick masonry in CM 1:8

Sol:

Bricks:

All bricks shall be of first class of standard specifications made of good brick earth

thoroughly burnt, and shall be of deep cherry red or copper colour. Bricks shall be regular in

shape and their edges should be sharp and shall emit clear ringing sound on being struck and

shall be free from cracks, chips, flaws and lumps of any kind. Bricks shall not absorb water

more than one-sixth of their weight after one hour of soaking by immersing in water. Bricks

shall have a minimum crushing strength of 105 kg per sq cm (1500 lbs per sq in).

Mortar:

Mortar shall be specified and materials of mortar shall be of standard specifications.

For cement mortar cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard specifications. Sand

shall be sharp, clean and free from organic and foreign matters. For rich mortar coarse or

medium sand shall be used and for weak mortar local fine sand may be used. Proportion of

cement sand mortar should be of 1:8 as specified. Materials of mortar shall be measured to

have the required proportion with measuring box and first mixed dry to have a uniform

colour in a clean masonry platform and then mixed by adding clean water slowly and

gradually to have workable consistency and mixed thoroughly by turning at least three times.

Fresh mixed mortar shall be used, old and stale mortar shall not be used and mortar for one

hours work only shall be mixed with water so that the mortar may be used before setting

starts.

Lime surkhi mortar if specified shall be mixed in the specified proportion by grinding in

mortar mill for at least three hours on the same day of use. Lime shall be fresh and slaked and

screened at site of work. Fresh mixed mortar within 24 hours shall be used, old and stale

mortar should be used. For small work hand mixing may be allowed in the same manners as

for cement mortar described above.

Soaking of brick:

Bricks shall be fully soaked in clean water by submerging in a tank for a period of 12

hours immediately before use. Soaking shall be continued till air bubbling is ceased.

Laying:

Bricks shall be well bonded and laid in English bond unless otherwise specified.

Every course shall be truly horizontal and wall shall be truly in plumb. Vertical joints of

consecutive course shall not come directly over one another, vertical joints in alternate course

shall come directly over one another. No damaged or broken bricks shall be used. Closers

shall be of clean cut bricks and shall be placed near the ends of walls but not at the other

edge. Selected best shaped bricks shall be used for face work. Mortar joints shall not exceed 6

mm (1/4”) in thickness and joints shall be fully filled with mortar. Bricks shall be laid with

frogs upward except in the top course where frogs shall be placed downward. Brick work

shall be carried out not more than 1 m (3ft) height at a time. When one part of the wall has to

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be delayed, stepping shall be left at an angle of 45˚. Corbelling or projections were made

should not be more than ¼ brick projections in one course. All joints should be raked and

faces of wall cleaned at the ends of each day’s work.

Curing:

The brickwork shall be kept wet for a period of at least 10 days after laying. At the

end of day’s work the tops of walls shall be flooded with water by making small weak mortar

edging to contain at least 2.5 cm (1”) deep water.

Protection:

The brickwork shall be protected from the effect sun, rain, frost, etc., during the

constructions and until such time it is green and likely to be damaged.

Scaffolding:

Necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be provided to facilitate the construction of

brick wall. Scaffolding should be sound and strong and supports and members sufficiently

strong so as to withstand all loads likely to come upon them.

Measurement:

Brickwork shall be measured in cu m (cu ft). Different kinds of brickwork with

different mortar shall be taken under separate items. The thickness of wall shall be taken as

multiple of half brick as half brick 10 cm, 1 brick 20 cm, and 1½ brick 30 cm and so on. The

rate shall be for the complete work including scaffolding and all tools and plants.

6. b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Open specifications?

An open or open proprietary specification describes a single product or system but allows the

bidder to suggest an alternate or substitute product. An alternate is a product acceptable to

the engineer or specification writer for which the bidder submits alternative pricing

Advantages:

They allow for close control of product selection.

The drawings can be more complete and more detailed because they can be prepared

based on precise information from the selected manufacturer.

The specification can be shorter.

They simplify the bidding by narrowing competition and eliminating product pricing

as a major variable.

Disadvantages:

They reduce the competition.

They may specify products the Contractor is not familiar with or has had little

experience with.

Care should be taken to assure no error is made when specifying model numbers or

product designations.

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7. a Analyse the rates for First class Brick work in super structure in Cm 1:6.

Sol:

Rates:

Sand – Rs. 500 per cum, Aggregate – Rs. 700 per cum, cement – Rs. 240 per bag, Mixing

mortar – Rs. 50 per cum, Standard bricks – Rs. 5000 per 1000 nos.,

First class Mason – Rs. 500 per day,Man Mazdoor – Rs. 300 per day, Women Mazdoor – Rs.

250 per day.

Take - 10 cum

S.No Particulars Quantity or Nos Rate Per Cost

1 Materials

Brick I-Class (500 bricks

per cum) 5000 5000 1000 25000

Cement (13.5 bags) 0.45 240 bag 3176.28

Sand 2.7 500 cum 1350

Sub-Total 29526.28

2 Labour

Mason 10 500 day 5000

Mazdoor (Beldar) 7 300 day 2100

Boy or Woman coolie 10 250 day 2500

Bhishti 2 250 day 500

Scaffolding Lumpsum 1000 Lumpsum 1000

Sundries, T&P..etc Lumpsum 200 Lumpsum 200

Sub-Total 11300

Total of Labour & Material 40826.28

Add1.5% water charges 612.3942

Add 10% contractor's Profit 4082.628

Grand

Total 45521.3

Rate per Cu.m = Rs. 4552.13

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7.b. Analyse the rates for 1:1.5:3 RCC required for a slab f 10cm thick excluding steel.

Sol:

Rates:

Sand – Rs. 500 per cum, Aggregate – Rs. 700 per cum, cement – Rs. 240 per bag, Mixing

mortar – Rs. 50 per cum, Standard bricks – Rs. 5000 per 1000 nos.,

First class Mason – Rs. 500 per day,Man Mazdoor – Rs. 300 per day, Women Mazdoor – Rs.

250 per day.

Take 10 Cu.m

S.No Particulars

Quantity

or Nos Units

Rate Cost

Rs

P Rs P

1 Materials:-

stone Ballast 20mm gauge 8.4 cu.m 700.00 5880.00

Sand 4.2 cu.m 500.00 2100.00

Cement (84 bags) 2.8 cum 240.00 19763.52

sub -

total 27743.52

2 Labour:-

mason 3 no 500.00 1500.00

mazdoor 12 nos 300.00 3600.00

boy or woman coolie 20 nos 250.00 5000.00

bhishti 6 nos 250.00 1500.00

sundries T & P etc Lumpsum 200.00 200.00

sub -

total 11800.00

Total 39543.52

Add 1.5% water charges ………… 593.15

Add 10% Contractor's profit……….. 3954.35

Grand

Total…… 44091.02

for 10

Cu.m

Rate Per Cu.m is …………….. (Rs) 4409.10

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Unit- IV

8. a. i) factors affecting validity of a contract. ii) Salvage value. iii) Methods of estimating

cost depreciation.

Sol:

Factors affecting validity of a contract:

Terms and conditions should not be violated

Work should be completed in the given schedule or time

Cost of construction should not exceed the estimated cost

The plan and work should be done as per the specifications mentioned

Note: Any relevant points can be considered valid.

Salvage value:

It is the value at the end of the utility period without being dismantled.

(Or)

It is the value at the end of utility period without being dismantled. A machine after the

completion of its usual span of life, may be sold and one may purchase the same for use for some

other purpose, the sale value of the machine is the salvage value

Methods of estimating cost-depreciation

1. Straight line method:

In this method it is assumed that the property losses its value by the same amount every

year. A fixed amount of the original cost is deducted every year.

D= {original cost- scrap value}/n

2. constant percentage method:

In this method it is assumed that the property will lose its value by a constant percentage

of its value at the beginning of every year.

D=1-{S/C} 1/n

3. Sinking fund method:

In this method depreciation of property is assumed to be equal to the annual sinking fund

plus the interest on the fund for that year, which is supposed to be invested on interest

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bearing investment. If A is the annual sinking fund and b, c, d .. represent the interest on

the sinking fund for subsequent years and C is the total original cost.

At the end of Depreciation for the

year

Total depreciation Book value

1st

year A A C-A

2rd

year A+b 2A+b C-(2A+b)

3rd

year A+c 3A+b+c C-(3A+b+c)

4rth

year A+d 4A+b+c+d C-(4A+b+c+d)

4. Quantity survey method :

In this method the property loss in value due to life, wear and tear, decay obsolescence,

worked out. Each and every step is based on some logical ground without any fixed

percentage of the cost of the property. Only experienced valuer can work out amount of

depreciation and present value of a property by this method.

8. b. i) Capitalized value ii) Tender notice iii) advantages and disadvantages of cost-plus

contracts.

(i) Capitalized value:

The Capitalized value of a property is the amount of money whose annual interest at the highest

prevailing rate of interest will be equal to the net income from the property.

To determine the capitalized value of a property it is required to know that net income from the

property and the highest prevailing rate of interest.

(ii) Tender notice:

Tender for work or supply are invited by issuing tender notice in prescribed form.

In the tender notice the following particulars are given

(i)Name of the authorities inviting tender;

(ii)Name of the work, and its location;

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(iii)Estimated cost

(iv)Time of completion

(v)Cost of complete set of tender forms and conditions

(vi) Date, time and place of tender

(vii)Amount of earnest money and security money.

(viii)Validity of tender, Etc

Tender notice is posted in the notice board of the department and for major work the tender

notice in brief is also given in news paper.

(iii) Advantages and disadvantages of cost-plus contract:

Advantages to the Contractor:

There is no risk of loss arising from changing prices, wrong estimates and underestimated

quotation. All agreed costs are recovered;

It provides an automatic or ready escalation clause, so that increase in cost is automatically

adjusted and recovered;

There is no bargaining problem. The work of offering quotation is simplified.

Advantages to Contractee:

The contract is settled at reasonable price;

There is no problem of bargaining. Time is saved;

Contractee is also benefitted by the fall in prices of material and labour.

Disadvantages to the Contractor:

Advantage on account of favorable market price is denied;

The profit earned is usually low;

The books and records are confidentially maintained;

Profit usually based as a percentage of cost, an efficient working which reduces cost shall not

accrue any benefit.

Disadvantages to the Contractee:

The final contract price is uncertain, with the result; the budget of cost cannot be set;

Contractor may deliberately incur higher prime cost in order to increase profit.

Moreover in cost-plus contract, no clear-cut line can be laid down regarding the items of cost to b

included or excluded from the cost-plus calculations. The other difficulty is to decide the rate of

reasonable profit to be added in the cost.

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9.a. A residential building of RCC framed construction exixts on a plot of 500 sq.m. Plinth area of

building is 400 sq.m. Life of the building may be taken as 65 years. At preent the building fetches a

monthly rent of Rs.30,000/-. Cost of land may be taken as 7500/- per sq.m. Taking following

parameters, determine the capital value of the premises. Net yield rate = 10%, Repairs=10% on the

gross rent, Property tax = 6%, Municipal taxes = 12% on gross rent, Insurance premium = 2% on

gross rent. Rate of interest on sinking fud = 8%, Plinth area rate = Rs. 2000/- sq.m Miscellaneous

charges on gross rent = 2%.

Sol:

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9. b. Difference between (i) Scrap value and Salvage value (ii) Sinking fund and Capital value

(i) Scrap value:-

Scrap value is the value of dismantled materials.

The scrap value of a building may be about 10 percent of its total cost of construction.

The cost of dismantling and removal of the rubbish material is deducted from the total receipt of

the sale.

Salvage value:-

It is the value at the end of the utility period without being dismantled.

It does not include the cost of removal, sale, etc.

(ii) Sinking fund;-

It is the value of the building is given as the total cost of construction when the life of the

building is over.

The annual sinking fund is also taken as outgoings.

Capital value:-

It is the annual interest at the highest prevailing rate of interest will be equal to the net income

from the property.

It does not include any outgoings.

Dr.CH.N.SATISH KUMAR K.RAVI KUMAR

HOD OF CIVIL ENGG. DEPT SUBJECT CO-ORDINATOR

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