By 1900 majority of immigrants were from eastern and southern Europe

Push – Pull factors The Atlantic voyage -

steerage

Ellis Island - New York

Ethnic Cities• Neighborhoods• Language• Churches /

Synagogues• Clubs• Newspapers

Asian Immigration• Taiping Rebellion• 1849 California Gold

Rush• Transcontinental

Railroad• Angel Island

Resurgence of Nativism• Nativism – preference for

native-born people and desire to limit immigration

• Immigration opposed by unions

• Nativist Organizations American Protective

Association – anti-Catholic Workingman’s Party of

California – anti-Chinese

Immigration Laws• Laws banned convicts,

paupers, and mentally disabled

• The Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 – barred Chinese immigration

Migration to cities from rural areas

Immigrants tied to cities – social mobility

New Urban Environment• Skyscrapers – growth

upward• Louis Sullivan• Mass Transit – horsecars,

electric trolleys• Elevated rail / subways

High Society• Lived in fashionable

districts in heart of cities Middle-Class Gentility

• Grew due to industrialization

• Growth of “streetcar suburbs”

The Working Class• ¾ of working class

squeezed into tenements• All family members worked

Urban Problems• Crime – murder rate almost 100% higher than

today• Violence• Disease – cholera and typhoid fever due to

contaminated water• Pollution – animal and human waste, smoke,

garbage

Urban Politics• Political Machine – informal

political group designed to gain and keep power

• Party Boss – ran political machine

• Graft / Fraud – getting money through dishonest or questionable means

• Tammany Hall – New York Democratic political machine

• Boss Tweed – notorious party boss of Tammany Hall

Mark Twain Horatio Alger – “rags-

to-riches” Social Darwinism –

Herbert Spencer The Gospel of Wealth

- philanthropy

Popular Culture• Rise in standard of

living due to industrialization

• The Saloon• Amusement Parks –

Coney Island• Sports• Vaudeville and

Ragtime

Henry George – Progress and Poverty• Raised questions about American society• Challenged laissez-faire and Social-

Darwinism

Reform Darwinism • Lester Frank Ward • People succeeded not because of competition

but because of cooperation

Edward Bellamy • Looking Backward• Shaped thinking towards socialism

Naturalism in Literature – Some people in life fail due to circumstances beyond their control

Social Gospel• William Gladden – applying

“Christian Law” to social problems

• Walter Rauschenbusch – competition was the cause of social problems

• The Salvation Army – Soup, Soap, and Salvation

• Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA)

The Settlement House Movement• Jane Addams• Hull House

Public Education• Process of Americanization• African-American schools • Land-grant colleges• Women’s colleges• Public Libraries - Carnegie

Quiz

• By 1900 most immigrants were from here

• List two reasons why an immigrant would want to leave their home for America

• Where did most Europeans enter the US?

• Where did most Asians enter the US?

• How did many Americans respond to immigrants?

Quiz

• What race or ethnic group was prohibited from entering the US?

• What process allowed the cheap mass production of steel?

• What did steel allow to occur in the cities?

• What changed mass transit in cities?

• What class grew due to industrilization?

Quiz

• Where did most poor workers live in cities?

• List two problems with urbanization

• A political group that gains and maintains power is called a…

• The leader of the political machine is called the…

Quiz

• The New York democratic political machine was called…

• The most notorious Tammany political boss was named…

• The idea that elements of societies that were strong survived was called…

• A popular form of entertainment that consisted of short variety acts was called…

Quiz

• The idea in literature that a person could fail in life due to no fault of their own was called…

• William Gladden was a leader in what movement?

• What two Christian organizations were established to help the urban poor?

• Places where the urban poor could get childcare, take classes, etc were called…