بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. cancer origin and terminology malignant transformation of...
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بسم الله الرحمن بسم الله الرحمن الرحيمالرحيم
بسم الله الرحمن بسم الله الرحمن الرحيمالرحيم
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Oncogenic Transformation ofOncogenic Transformation ofNormal CellsNormal Cells
Spontaneously arising transformants resulting from random mutations or Spontaneously arising transformants resulting from random mutations or gene rearrangements during the normal processes of cell growthgene rearrangements during the normal processes of cell growthThe action of carcinogens which may be chemical physical or viral in The action of carcinogens which may be chemical physical or viral in naturenature
The transformation of normal cells into malignant The transformation of normal cells into malignant cellscells
Chemical CarcinogensChemical Carcinogens
Physical CarcinogensPhysical Carcinogens
Viral OncogenesViral Oncogenes
Cellular OncogenesCellular Oncogenes
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Oncogenes in Tumor DevelopmentOncogenes in Tumor Development
Cancer-associated GenesCancer-associated Genes
Process of Oncogenic TransformationProcess of Oncogenic Transformation
Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the determination of the sequence of genetic alterationsdetermination of the sequence of genetic alterations
ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Tumor Antigens1) Mutated Proteinsbull oncogenic- abnormal function p53 p21Ras β-
catenin CDK-4- translocation BCR-Abl (CML)bull secondary to genomic instability2) Viral Proteinsbull oncogenic- EBV EBNA1 LMP1 LMP2
(Hodgkinrsquos disease nasopharyngeal cancer)
- HPV E6 E7 (cervical cancer)3) Cancer-testes (germ cell
antigens)bull expressed only in germ cells and
tumorsbull unknown function- MAGE family MAGE1 MAGE3
NY-ESO (melanoma breast glioma)
4) Differentiation Antigensbull overexpressed in tumor but
also found in tissue of origin- melanosomal proteins
tyrosinase gp100 Mart 1 (melanoma)
bull unique to tumor- rearranged Ig and TCR genes (B
and T cell lymphoma)5) Overexpressed Oncogenic
Proteinsbull may reflect critical step in
oncogenesis- WT1 -- regulates transcription- MDM-2 -- blocks p53 function- survivin -- inhibits apoptosis- HER2neu -- growth factor
receptor- Telomerase-- prevents
senescence
Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Oncogenic Transformation ofOncogenic Transformation ofNormal CellsNormal Cells
Spontaneously arising transformants resulting from random mutations or Spontaneously arising transformants resulting from random mutations or gene rearrangements during the normal processes of cell growthgene rearrangements during the normal processes of cell growthThe action of carcinogens which may be chemical physical or viral in The action of carcinogens which may be chemical physical or viral in naturenature
The transformation of normal cells into malignant The transformation of normal cells into malignant cellscells
Chemical CarcinogensChemical Carcinogens
Physical CarcinogensPhysical Carcinogens
Viral OncogenesViral Oncogenes
Cellular OncogenesCellular Oncogenes
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Oncogenes in Tumor DevelopmentOncogenes in Tumor Development
Cancer-associated GenesCancer-associated Genes
Process of Oncogenic TransformationProcess of Oncogenic Transformation
Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the determination of the sequence of genetic alterationsdetermination of the sequence of genetic alterations
ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Tumor Antigens1) Mutated Proteinsbull oncogenic- abnormal function p53 p21Ras β-
catenin CDK-4- translocation BCR-Abl (CML)bull secondary to genomic instability2) Viral Proteinsbull oncogenic- EBV EBNA1 LMP1 LMP2
(Hodgkinrsquos disease nasopharyngeal cancer)
- HPV E6 E7 (cervical cancer)3) Cancer-testes (germ cell
antigens)bull expressed only in germ cells and
tumorsbull unknown function- MAGE family MAGE1 MAGE3
NY-ESO (melanoma breast glioma)
4) Differentiation Antigensbull overexpressed in tumor but
also found in tissue of origin- melanosomal proteins
tyrosinase gp100 Mart 1 (melanoma)
bull unique to tumor- rearranged Ig and TCR genes (B
and T cell lymphoma)5) Overexpressed Oncogenic
Proteinsbull may reflect critical step in
oncogenesis- WT1 -- regulates transcription- MDM-2 -- blocks p53 function- survivin -- inhibits apoptosis- HER2neu -- growth factor
receptor- Telomerase-- prevents
senescence
Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Oncogenic Transformation ofOncogenic Transformation ofNormal CellsNormal Cells
Spontaneously arising transformants resulting from random mutations or Spontaneously arising transformants resulting from random mutations or gene rearrangements during the normal processes of cell growthgene rearrangements during the normal processes of cell growthThe action of carcinogens which may be chemical physical or viral in The action of carcinogens which may be chemical physical or viral in naturenature
The transformation of normal cells into malignant The transformation of normal cells into malignant cellscells
Chemical CarcinogensChemical Carcinogens
Physical CarcinogensPhysical Carcinogens
Viral OncogenesViral Oncogenes
Cellular OncogenesCellular Oncogenes
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Oncogenes in Tumor DevelopmentOncogenes in Tumor Development
Cancer-associated GenesCancer-associated Genes
Process of Oncogenic TransformationProcess of Oncogenic Transformation
Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the determination of the sequence of genetic alterationsdetermination of the sequence of genetic alterations
ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Tumor Antigens1) Mutated Proteinsbull oncogenic- abnormal function p53 p21Ras β-
catenin CDK-4- translocation BCR-Abl (CML)bull secondary to genomic instability2) Viral Proteinsbull oncogenic- EBV EBNA1 LMP1 LMP2
(Hodgkinrsquos disease nasopharyngeal cancer)
- HPV E6 E7 (cervical cancer)3) Cancer-testes (germ cell
antigens)bull expressed only in germ cells and
tumorsbull unknown function- MAGE family MAGE1 MAGE3
NY-ESO (melanoma breast glioma)
4) Differentiation Antigensbull overexpressed in tumor but
also found in tissue of origin- melanosomal proteins
tyrosinase gp100 Mart 1 (melanoma)
bull unique to tumor- rearranged Ig and TCR genes (B
and T cell lymphoma)5) Overexpressed Oncogenic
Proteinsbull may reflect critical step in
oncogenesis- WT1 -- regulates transcription- MDM-2 -- blocks p53 function- survivin -- inhibits apoptosis- HER2neu -- growth factor
receptor- Telomerase-- prevents
senescence
Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Oncogenic Transformation ofOncogenic Transformation ofNormal CellsNormal Cells
Spontaneously arising transformants resulting from random mutations or Spontaneously arising transformants resulting from random mutations or gene rearrangements during the normal processes of cell growthgene rearrangements during the normal processes of cell growthThe action of carcinogens which may be chemical physical or viral in The action of carcinogens which may be chemical physical or viral in naturenature
The transformation of normal cells into malignant The transformation of normal cells into malignant cellscells
Chemical CarcinogensChemical Carcinogens
Physical CarcinogensPhysical Carcinogens
Viral OncogenesViral Oncogenes
Cellular OncogenesCellular Oncogenes
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Oncogenes in Tumor DevelopmentOncogenes in Tumor Development
Cancer-associated GenesCancer-associated Genes
Process of Oncogenic TransformationProcess of Oncogenic Transformation
Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the determination of the sequence of genetic alterationsdetermination of the sequence of genetic alterations
ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Tumor Antigens1) Mutated Proteinsbull oncogenic- abnormal function p53 p21Ras β-
catenin CDK-4- translocation BCR-Abl (CML)bull secondary to genomic instability2) Viral Proteinsbull oncogenic- EBV EBNA1 LMP1 LMP2
(Hodgkinrsquos disease nasopharyngeal cancer)
- HPV E6 E7 (cervical cancer)3) Cancer-testes (germ cell
antigens)bull expressed only in germ cells and
tumorsbull unknown function- MAGE family MAGE1 MAGE3
NY-ESO (melanoma breast glioma)
4) Differentiation Antigensbull overexpressed in tumor but
also found in tissue of origin- melanosomal proteins
tyrosinase gp100 Mart 1 (melanoma)
bull unique to tumor- rearranged Ig and TCR genes (B
and T cell lymphoma)5) Overexpressed Oncogenic
Proteinsbull may reflect critical step in
oncogenesis- WT1 -- regulates transcription- MDM-2 -- blocks p53 function- survivin -- inhibits apoptosis- HER2neu -- growth factor
receptor- Telomerase-- prevents
senescence
Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Oncogenic Transformation ofOncogenic Transformation ofNormal CellsNormal Cells
Spontaneously arising transformants resulting from random mutations or Spontaneously arising transformants resulting from random mutations or gene rearrangements during the normal processes of cell growthgene rearrangements during the normal processes of cell growthThe action of carcinogens which may be chemical physical or viral in The action of carcinogens which may be chemical physical or viral in naturenature
The transformation of normal cells into malignant The transformation of normal cells into malignant cellscells
Chemical CarcinogensChemical Carcinogens
Physical CarcinogensPhysical Carcinogens
Viral OncogenesViral Oncogenes
Cellular OncogenesCellular Oncogenes
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Oncogenes in Tumor DevelopmentOncogenes in Tumor Development
Cancer-associated GenesCancer-associated Genes
Process of Oncogenic TransformationProcess of Oncogenic Transformation
Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the determination of the sequence of genetic alterationsdetermination of the sequence of genetic alterations
ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Tumor Antigens1) Mutated Proteinsbull oncogenic- abnormal function p53 p21Ras β-
catenin CDK-4- translocation BCR-Abl (CML)bull secondary to genomic instability2) Viral Proteinsbull oncogenic- EBV EBNA1 LMP1 LMP2
(Hodgkinrsquos disease nasopharyngeal cancer)
- HPV E6 E7 (cervical cancer)3) Cancer-testes (germ cell
antigens)bull expressed only in germ cells and
tumorsbull unknown function- MAGE family MAGE1 MAGE3
NY-ESO (melanoma breast glioma)
4) Differentiation Antigensbull overexpressed in tumor but
also found in tissue of origin- melanosomal proteins
tyrosinase gp100 Mart 1 (melanoma)
bull unique to tumor- rearranged Ig and TCR genes (B
and T cell lymphoma)5) Overexpressed Oncogenic
Proteinsbull may reflect critical step in
oncogenesis- WT1 -- regulates transcription- MDM-2 -- blocks p53 function- survivin -- inhibits apoptosis- HER2neu -- growth factor
receptor- Telomerase-- prevents
senescence
Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Oncogenes in Tumor DevelopmentOncogenes in Tumor Development
Cancer-associated GenesCancer-associated Genes
Process of Oncogenic TransformationProcess of Oncogenic Transformation
Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the determination of the sequence of genetic alterationsdetermination of the sequence of genetic alterations
ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Tumor Antigens1) Mutated Proteinsbull oncogenic- abnormal function p53 p21Ras β-
catenin CDK-4- translocation BCR-Abl (CML)bull secondary to genomic instability2) Viral Proteinsbull oncogenic- EBV EBNA1 LMP1 LMP2
(Hodgkinrsquos disease nasopharyngeal cancer)
- HPV E6 E7 (cervical cancer)3) Cancer-testes (germ cell
antigens)bull expressed only in germ cells and
tumorsbull unknown function- MAGE family MAGE1 MAGE3
NY-ESO (melanoma breast glioma)
4) Differentiation Antigensbull overexpressed in tumor but
also found in tissue of origin- melanosomal proteins
tyrosinase gp100 Mart 1 (melanoma)
bull unique to tumor- rearranged Ig and TCR genes (B
and T cell lymphoma)5) Overexpressed Oncogenic
Proteinsbull may reflect critical step in
oncogenesis- WT1 -- regulates transcription- MDM-2 -- blocks p53 function- survivin -- inhibits apoptosis- HER2neu -- growth factor
receptor- Telomerase-- prevents
senescence
Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Oncogenes in Tumor DevelopmentOncogenes in Tumor Development
Cancer-associated GenesCancer-associated Genes
Process of Oncogenic TransformationProcess of Oncogenic Transformation
Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the determination of the sequence of genetic alterationsdetermination of the sequence of genetic alterations
ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Tumor Antigens1) Mutated Proteinsbull oncogenic- abnormal function p53 p21Ras β-
catenin CDK-4- translocation BCR-Abl (CML)bull secondary to genomic instability2) Viral Proteinsbull oncogenic- EBV EBNA1 LMP1 LMP2
(Hodgkinrsquos disease nasopharyngeal cancer)
- HPV E6 E7 (cervical cancer)3) Cancer-testes (germ cell
antigens)bull expressed only in germ cells and
tumorsbull unknown function- MAGE family MAGE1 MAGE3
NY-ESO (melanoma breast glioma)
4) Differentiation Antigensbull overexpressed in tumor but
also found in tissue of origin- melanosomal proteins
tyrosinase gp100 Mart 1 (melanoma)
bull unique to tumor- rearranged Ig and TCR genes (B
and T cell lymphoma)5) Overexpressed Oncogenic
Proteinsbull may reflect critical step in
oncogenesis- WT1 -- regulates transcription- MDM-2 -- blocks p53 function- survivin -- inhibits apoptosis- HER2neu -- growth factor
receptor- Telomerase-- prevents
senescence
Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Cancer-associated GenesCancer-associated Genes
Process of Oncogenic TransformationProcess of Oncogenic Transformation
Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the determination of the sequence of genetic alterationsdetermination of the sequence of genetic alterations
ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Tumor Antigens1) Mutated Proteinsbull oncogenic- abnormal function p53 p21Ras β-
catenin CDK-4- translocation BCR-Abl (CML)bull secondary to genomic instability2) Viral Proteinsbull oncogenic- EBV EBNA1 LMP1 LMP2
(Hodgkinrsquos disease nasopharyngeal cancer)
- HPV E6 E7 (cervical cancer)3) Cancer-testes (germ cell
antigens)bull expressed only in germ cells and
tumorsbull unknown function- MAGE family MAGE1 MAGE3
NY-ESO (melanoma breast glioma)
4) Differentiation Antigensbull overexpressed in tumor but
also found in tissue of origin- melanosomal proteins
tyrosinase gp100 Mart 1 (melanoma)
bull unique to tumor- rearranged Ig and TCR genes (B
and T cell lymphoma)5) Overexpressed Oncogenic
Proteinsbull may reflect critical step in
oncogenesis- WT1 -- regulates transcription- MDM-2 -- blocks p53 function- survivin -- inhibits apoptosis- HER2neu -- growth factor
receptor- Telomerase-- prevents
senescence
Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Process of Oncogenic TransformationProcess of Oncogenic Transformation
Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Model of sequential genetic alterations leading to metastatic colon cancer Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the Each of the stages indicated is morphologically distinct allowing for the determination of the sequence of genetic alterationsdetermination of the sequence of genetic alterations
ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Tumor Antigens1) Mutated Proteinsbull oncogenic- abnormal function p53 p21Ras β-
catenin CDK-4- translocation BCR-Abl (CML)bull secondary to genomic instability2) Viral Proteinsbull oncogenic- EBV EBNA1 LMP1 LMP2
(Hodgkinrsquos disease nasopharyngeal cancer)
- HPV E6 E7 (cervical cancer)3) Cancer-testes (germ cell
antigens)bull expressed only in germ cells and
tumorsbull unknown function- MAGE family MAGE1 MAGE3
NY-ESO (melanoma breast glioma)
4) Differentiation Antigensbull overexpressed in tumor but
also found in tissue of origin- melanosomal proteins
tyrosinase gp100 Mart 1 (melanoma)
bull unique to tumor- rearranged Ig and TCR genes (B
and T cell lymphoma)5) Overexpressed Oncogenic
Proteinsbull may reflect critical step in
oncogenesis- WT1 -- regulates transcription- MDM-2 -- blocks p53 function- survivin -- inhibits apoptosis- HER2neu -- growth factor
receptor- Telomerase-- prevents
senescence
Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Tumor Antigens1) Mutated Proteinsbull oncogenic- abnormal function p53 p21Ras β-
catenin CDK-4- translocation BCR-Abl (CML)bull secondary to genomic instability2) Viral Proteinsbull oncogenic- EBV EBNA1 LMP1 LMP2
(Hodgkinrsquos disease nasopharyngeal cancer)
- HPV E6 E7 (cervical cancer)3) Cancer-testes (germ cell
antigens)bull expressed only in germ cells and
tumorsbull unknown function- MAGE family MAGE1 MAGE3
NY-ESO (melanoma breast glioma)
4) Differentiation Antigensbull overexpressed in tumor but
also found in tissue of origin- melanosomal proteins
tyrosinase gp100 Mart 1 (melanoma)
bull unique to tumor- rearranged Ig and TCR genes (B
and T cell lymphoma)5) Overexpressed Oncogenic
Proteinsbull may reflect critical step in
oncogenesis- WT1 -- regulates transcription- MDM-2 -- blocks p53 function- survivin -- inhibits apoptosis- HER2neu -- growth factor
receptor- Telomerase-- prevents
senescence
Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Tumor Antigens1) Mutated Proteinsbull oncogenic- abnormal function p53 p21Ras β-
catenin CDK-4- translocation BCR-Abl (CML)bull secondary to genomic instability2) Viral Proteinsbull oncogenic- EBV EBNA1 LMP1 LMP2
(Hodgkinrsquos disease nasopharyngeal cancer)
- HPV E6 E7 (cervical cancer)3) Cancer-testes (germ cell
antigens)bull expressed only in germ cells and
tumorsbull unknown function- MAGE family MAGE1 MAGE3
NY-ESO (melanoma breast glioma)
4) Differentiation Antigensbull overexpressed in tumor but
also found in tissue of origin- melanosomal proteins
tyrosinase gp100 Mart 1 (melanoma)
bull unique to tumor- rearranged Ig and TCR genes (B
and T cell lymphoma)5) Overexpressed Oncogenic
Proteinsbull may reflect critical step in
oncogenesis- WT1 -- regulates transcription- MDM-2 -- blocks p53 function- survivin -- inhibits apoptosis- HER2neu -- growth factor
receptor- Telomerase-- prevents
senescence
Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Tumor Antigens1) Mutated Proteinsbull oncogenic- abnormal function p53 p21Ras β-
catenin CDK-4- translocation BCR-Abl (CML)bull secondary to genomic instability2) Viral Proteinsbull oncogenic- EBV EBNA1 LMP1 LMP2
(Hodgkinrsquos disease nasopharyngeal cancer)
- HPV E6 E7 (cervical cancer)3) Cancer-testes (germ cell
antigens)bull expressed only in germ cells and
tumorsbull unknown function- MAGE family MAGE1 MAGE3
NY-ESO (melanoma breast glioma)
4) Differentiation Antigensbull overexpressed in tumor but
also found in tissue of origin- melanosomal proteins
tyrosinase gp100 Mart 1 (melanoma)
bull unique to tumor- rearranged Ig and TCR genes (B
and T cell lymphoma)5) Overexpressed Oncogenic
Proteinsbull may reflect critical step in
oncogenesis- WT1 -- regulates transcription- MDM-2 -- blocks p53 function- survivin -- inhibits apoptosis- HER2neu -- growth factor
receptor- Telomerase-- prevents
senescence
Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Mechanisms for Generating Tumor-specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-Transplantation Antigens (TSTA) and Tumor-associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)associated Transplantation Antigens (TATA)
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Utilization of AntigensUtilization of Antigens
1048708 1048708 Techniques for defining tumor antigensTechniques for defining tumor antigens1048708 1048708 Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by Antigens purified from cancer cells and identified by
physicochemical techniquesphysicochemical techniques1048708 1048708 Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen Tumor-specific T-cell clones tested against antigen negative cells that express the antigen via negative cells that express the antigen via transfection by plasmidstransfection by plasmids1048708 1048708 Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify Synthetic peptides constructed to precisely identify antigenic site or epitopeantigenic site or epitope
1048708 1048708 ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 TATA as useful tumor markersTATA as useful tumor markers
1048708 1048708 Released only from tumor tissueReleased only from tumor tissue1048708 1048708 Specific for a given tumor typeSpecific for a given tumor type1048708 1048708 Detectable at low levels of tumor burdenDetectable at low levels of tumor burden1048708 1048708 Has direct relationship to the tumor cell Has direct relationship to the tumor cell
burdenburden1048708 1048708 Present in all patients with tumorPresent in all patients with tumor
10487081048708 Tumors release antigen macromolecules that Tumors release antigen macromolecules that can be can be detected in vivo and in vitrodetected in vivo and in vitro
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
ImmunodiagnosisImmunodiagnosis1048708 1048708 Examples of TATA used for markersExamples of TATA used for markers
1048708 1048708 Alpha-FetoproteinAlpha-Fetoprotein1048708 1048708 Beta-subunit of human chorionic Beta-subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin gonadotropin (B-HCG)(B-HCG)
1048708 1048708 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)1048708 1048708 CA 125CA 1251048708 1048708 Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B723Radio-labeled monoclonal antibody B7231048708 1048708 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
1048708 1048708 Protein-polysaccharide complex in Protein-polysaccharide complex in colon colon carcinomascarcinomas
1048708 1048708 Immunoassay can detect increased Immunoassay can detect increased levels levels in bloodin blood
1048708 1048708 Specificity is low in certain cases such Specificity is low in certain cases such as as heavy cigarette smokers and heavy cigarette smokers and other cancersother cancers
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
DiagnosticsDiagnostics
Ideal Tumor MarkerIdeal Tumor Marker
1 Specific for tumor type1 Specific for tumor type
2 Released only in response to tumor2 Released only in response to tumor
3 Results proportional to tumor 3 Results proportional to tumor massmass
4 Quantitatively reflects tumor 4 Quantitatively reflects tumor responseresponse
5 Elevated with low tumor burden5 Elevated with low tumor burden
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Prognostic roles of Prognostic roles of tumor markerstumor markers
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONAFPAFPCA125CA125CA153CA153CA199CA199CA72-4CA72-4CEACEA
CYFRACYFRA21-121-1
HCGHCGNSENSEFree Free PSAPSA
Total Total PSAPSA
cholangiocarcinocholangiocarcinomama
breast carcinomabreast carcinomaIslet cell Islet cell
carcinomacarcinoma
uterine cervix uterine cervix cancercancer
chorionic chorionic carcinomacarcinoma
intestinal intestinal carcinomacarcinoma
esophageal esophageal carcinomacarcinoma
germinocarcinomgerminocarcinomaa
hepatomahepatomaSCLCSCLC
NSCLCNSCLCovarian cancerovarian cancer
pancreatic pancreatic carcinomacarcinoma
prostatic prostatic carcinomacarcinoma
gastric gastric carcinomacarcinoma
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Host Immune Response to Host Immune Response to TumorTumor
Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Circumstantial and Experimental Evidence of a Host Immune Response to TumorResponse to Tumor
CircumstantialCircumstantialSpontaneous regressionSpontaneous regression
Regression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapyRegression of tumor after sub-lethal doses of chemotherapy
Regression of metastasis after resection of primary tumorRegression of metastasis after resection of primary tumor
Mononuclear cell infiltration of tumorMononuclear cell infiltration of tumor
High incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppressionHigh incidence of tumor after clinical immunosuppression
High incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseasesHigh incidence of tumor in immunodeficiency diseases
Increased incidence of tumors in agingIncreased incidence of tumors in aging
ExperimentalExperimentalColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytesColony inhibition of tumors by sensitized lymphocytes
Lymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extractsLymphocyte blast transformation in presence of tumor extracts
Lymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumorLymphocyte-enhanced cytotoxicity in patients with tumor
Macrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumorMacrophage-enhanced phagocytosis in patients with tumor
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
Tumor ImmunologyTumor Immunology
Cancer immunosurveilance immune system can recognize and
destroy nascent transformed cells
Cancer immunoediting immune system kill and also induce
changes in the tumor resulting in tumor escape and recurrence (epigenetic changes or Darwinian selection)
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
bullCancer Origin and Terminology
bullMalignant Transformation of Cells
bullOncogenes and Cancer Induction
bullTumor Antigens
bullImmune Responses to Tumors
bullTumor Evasion of the Immune System
bullCancer Immunotherapy
