chapter 1: introduction chapter 2: literature review chapter 3: methodology chapter 4: data...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature Review Chapter 3: Methodology Chapter 4: Data Analysis and
Interpretation of Findings Chapter 5: Discussion and conclusion
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To acquire information/knowledge Research – a particular way of knowing Emphasis on systematic investigation Scientific method- collecting observations
in a systematic and objective manner Identify problem Generate Objectives/hypotheses/RQ Collect data Determine whether or not the hypotheses are
supported.
Researches that use non-scientific method› Historical, etnography
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Basic research (Fundamental Research)› Concerned with fundamental and theoretical
questions.› A foundation upon which others can develop
applications and solutions› while basic research may not appear to be
helpful in the real world, it can direct us toward practical applications in the long run.
› E.g. A study on job rotation impact (positive and negative impact) on employees.
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Applied research› concerned with finding solutions to
practical problems and putting these solutions to work in order to help others
› E.g. Action Research on Best Job Rotation practices for Academic Institution
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Research Introduction and background Problem statement Objectives (main & specific objective) Hypotheses or research questions Theoretical/conceptual framework (quantitative
only)› Variables definition (quantitative only)
Definition of terms (include operational definition)
Contribution/Significance/important of research Limitation of research
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2 things to be considered› Level of interest
Topic of interest will motivate one to do research on it Choosing the wrong topic – you might end up or fail to
discover some interesting value.
› Feasibility Your capability to complete a research conducted –
e.g. data collection and analysis, report writing Always take a research as you want to unveil a
mystery
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Yourself (observation on a particular phenomena/experiences)
Discussion with expert in the field Journal articles Academic books (based on research work) Proceeding and conference papers Thesis, dissertation, final year project Organizational Report (e.g statistic) Others (Internet, Newspapers/magazines
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A problem statement is a clear concise description of the issues (or problems) that need to be addressed by a researcher.
The primary purpose of a problem statement is to focus the attention of the researcher.
A research-worthy problem statement is the description of an active challenge (i.e. problem) faced by a researcher that does not have adequate solutions or theoretical foundation. › Should briefly address the question: What is the
problem that the research will address?
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Define a problem or a gap that need to be researched to find a solution
Justify the need for a research These gaps are discovered through journal
articles (refer to limitations or suggestions in journal articles)
Sometimes a problem is discovered through: › personal experience of a researcher or a
research sponsor › phenomena that happens around us.
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No known study that has looked into this specific topic. - exploratory research
There are only few studies that address this issue but most of the studies were done in Western countries especially in the United States(Mueller, 1998; Adruce, 2002; Adam, 2008) – Confirmatory research
There are several research works in this specific area but the findings are not consistent. Therefore, there is a need to do further research in this area – Confirmatory research
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There are several research works that have looked into a direct relationship between smoking habit and cancer; however, no known research has specifically looked into a mediator/moderator effect of a third variable (types of food consumed)
This incident (eg. Tsunami) has never happened in Malaysia, therefore, there is a need to study the post Tsunami effects in the affected region of Malaysia.
Most of the previous research in this area were done using qualitative method; therefore, there is a need to use quantitative/experimental method to test the preposition/ hypothesis.
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Most of the previous research in this area were done using quantitative method; therefore, there is a need to use qualitative/experimental method to validate the findings.
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Based on the Problem Statement mentioned earlier
It is a statement that explains what the study will focus on
There are two types of objective› Main (This study is interested in studying the
employees behavior related to job rotation amongst support staff)
› Specific (to study the relation ship between job rotation and job satisfaction)
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The purpose is to refine the objective of the study and make it easier to understand what we want to study
When to use Hypothesis or research question› Phenomena has been studied before and to test the findings
we use hypotheses testing (e.g There is a relationship between job rotation and job satisfaction)
› If no known study has been done in that specific area we should use research question instead (e.g Is there any relationship between job rotation and job satisfaction?
When can we use hypothesis even if there is no know research done in a specific area?› Experimental research
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Only to be used in quantitative study. There is no need for
theoretical/conceptual framework in a Qualitative study
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Job SatisfactionJobSecurity
Basic Needs(Salary, Benefits)
Peer Support
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There is a relationship between Basic Needs and Employees Job Satisfaction
Better Job Security will result in Better Employees Job Satisfaction
There is a relationship between work environment and employees job Satisfaction
RQ if there is no hypothesis› Which of the above factors rank the highest contributor
to job satisfaction?
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Organization Performance
ExternalEnvironment
EmployeesPerformance
Services Provided
ManagementCapability
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Dictionary definition› Defined by dictionary
Operational definition› An operational definition defines
something (e.g. a variable, term, or object) in terms of the specific process or set of validation tests used to determine its presence and quantity.
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Theoretical Definition› A theoretical definition relies on the
acceptance of theories and so it does not simply reduce to a set of observationsLike the theories that build them, theoretical definitions also improve as scientific understanding grows
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Contributions › theory/concept/model/hypothesis/proposition
or knowledge in the field› Methodology
Research Framework (statement of problem, objective, hypothesis, research question)
Instrument (questionnaire, interview guide, observation guide etc.)
Data Collected Data Analysis Framework
› Practitioner and community
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This study is expected to contribute toward a theory (e.g. diffusion of innovation) related to the use of technology in organization because findings from previous studies implicate lack of consistencies either in supporting or refuting the theory.
Use of ICT in organization is a developing area and not many studies have really studied Malaysian organizations pertaining to their employees usage of ICT
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Since not many research were done in this area before, the Research Framework (statement of problem, objective, Hypothesis and Research Questions) use in this study could be use by future researcher who wanted to replicate this study.
The Instrument (questionnaire, interview guide, observation guide etc.) used in this research could be used for future research in the same area.
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Findings from this research especially on the office and environmental factors that ensure success in job rotation should be a good guide to Human Resource Managers.
Finding from this research should also inform the community of employees in the organization on the important of office and environmental factors to ensure success in job rotation practices.
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Topical/subject/field limitation (limited to study of HRD and not on Psychology or management aspect of human resource)
Methodological limitation (Data collection method)› Population and Sample› Time Frame› Area/place of research
Resources Limitation (for example Literature Review is limited to Emerald online database)
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Gather all related and relevant findings from previous studies.› Introduction to the Chapter› Discussion on Theories, models, concepts
and philosophy related to the research› Discussion on previous studies related to
the topics. Guided by the specific objectives in the study.
› Summary of the chapter
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What it is not› Not an essay› Not just a mere summary or annotated
bibliography or abstract What it is
› Reflection of previous studies Improve understanding on topic of interest Status of works done in similar area Updating you on what have been done in the
past
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Locate all related Previous Works on same topic to update you on what have been done. › Highlight the status of Previous research and
finding Gaps or opportunities (availability, strength, weaknesses) Uncertainties and doubts in previous findings Limitations of previous studies that need to be
dealt with Methodological limitation Geographical location Time factor
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Research Framework (Qualitative, Quantitative or Experimental)
Place and time of study Population under study
› Unit of analysis› Sample/respondent/informant (qualitative)› Sampling method and sampling framework
Method of Data Collection› Survey using Questionnaire (quantitative)› Interview (qualitative)› Document Analysis› Observation Technique
Determining method of data collection for each objective/research question/hypothesis
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Research Instrument› Pre-Test and pilot test (quantitative)
Validity and reliability issues Equipments (video, audio recorder etc.) to be used during
data collections Consent Form Research Schedules and Timelines
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Quantitative (mostly using Deductive Reasoning) - Confirmatory› to research questions that are best answered by
collecting and analyzing numerical data (using statistical)
Qualitative (mostly using inductive Reasoning) – Exploratory
Mixed Method – Qualitative and Quantitative› To research questions that are best answered by
giving descriptions on how one understand and interpret various aspects in their surroundings
Experimental (mostly using Deductive Reasoning) – Looking at Cause & Effect
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To be determined – provide justification Determined also time to conduct the
study because both place and time could determine the outcome of the study
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Determine the population where the study will be conducted
Identify the unit of analysis (individual or group)
Determine the sampling method (simple random method, cluster, stratified, systematic, purposeful/convenient, snow balling etc.) to be used and design the sampling framework
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Survey - Quantitative Experimental – Quantitative,
Qualitative Correlation - Quantitative Case study – Quantitative, Qualitative Historical - Qualitative Ethnography – Qualitative
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Present your analysis of data – summarize the relevant findings that are crucial to your study.
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Interpret your data to meaningful information that is understandable.
Discussion and comparison with previous studies (focusing on similarities or differences in term of result)