+ chapter 13 emotion and personality © 2015 m. guthrie yarwood
TRANSCRIPT
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Chapter 13
Emotion and Personality
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
2
Part II. The Cognitive/Experiential Domain Cognitive Experiences:
Perceptions Interpretations Goals and strategies to reach goals Mental Ability/Intelligence
Emotions Emotion content, triggers and tendencies
Self: How people define the self Evaluation of the self Social roles
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
3
Outline
Emotional States Versus Emotional Traits
3 Approaches to Emotions
Trait Emotions (your book calls “emotional content”) What types of emotions do people experience?
Emotional Intensity How do people experience their emotions?
+Emotions: Four Components
Feelings
Physiological Changes
Behaviors: Facial Expressions, approach/avoid, etc.
Cognitive Appraisals
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
4
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
5
State vs. Trait Emotions State and trait emotions both provide a measure of
emotional experience
State emotions: In response to a specific event Dissipate quickly People tend to exhibit the same emotion in reaction to the
same event (e.g., guilt after lying)
Trait Emotions: Individual differences in emotions. Tendency to experience a specific emotion over time and
across situations For each emotion, people may be more or less likely to
experience the emotion.
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
6
What is your emotion?
Emotion #2
A. Sadness
B. Disgust
C. Panicked
D. Bored
E. Interested
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
7
State or trait emotion? Alexa often feels queasy. She feels queasy when she
sees roadkill, blood, a needle, and even a cut on her finger.
Michael was the next person in line at Starbucks (he was up all night studying and needed the caffeine!!). While looking down at his phone, some jerk butted in front of him. Michael was furious!
Patrick is a nervous person. As a child, he would always feel nervous before his soccer game and before going to school. As an adult, Patrick is nervous before receiving his work evaluation and even when he is running a few minutes late for a doctor’s appointment.
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
8
3 Approaches to Emotions
Categorical Perspective: Looking for universal emotions Also called “Basic” Emotions Use evolutionary theory as support
Cognitive Appraisal Theory Universal emotions do not exist. People’s interpretations determine the emotion they feel Culture constructs our emotional experience
Dimensional Perspective: Goal is to group subjective feelings into overall
factors/dimensions of emotions
+Categorical Approach to Emotions Universal Emotions: all people in all cultures
experience the same emotions in the same way
Focus on identifying a small number of primary and distinct emotions
Emotions are adaptive (Darwin)
Lack of consensus about regarding which emotions are primary
Lack of consensus is attributable to different criteria used for defining an emotion as primary (facial expressions, physiology, etc.)
Inside Out
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
9
+1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Anger Contempt Disgust Surprise Sadness Happiness Fear
Which face did you identify first? Last?
Any problems with this
methodology?
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
11
Appraisal Theory Cognitive Appraisal Theorists noticed that different
people experience different emotions in response to the same event
Our cognitive appraisal determines the discrete emotion we experience
We can misinterpret our arousal! Chris and Fort Worth – wine.
Types of cognitive appraisals Pleasantness Goal Significance Coping Potential Novelty/Familiarity
+Dimensional Approach to Emotions
People rate themselves on a variety of emotions, then factor analysis identifies dimensions
Factor Analysis resulted in two dimensions of emotion:
(1) Valence = Pleasantness vs. Unpleasantness subjective feeling of how well one is doing
(2) Activation = High vs. Low Arousal subjective feeling of sense of mobilization or energy
Circumplex Models – arrange emotions around circle
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
12
UNPLEASANT
PLEASANT
ACTIVATION
DEACTIVATION
Joy-PinkDisgust-GreenSadness-Dark BlueAnger-WhiteFearful-PurpleLethargic – Blue/Green
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
14
(Russell & Barrett, 1999)
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
15
Summary: 3 Perspectives of Emotion Categorical approach – emotions are universal!
These distinctions could be facial expressions, behaviors, etc.
Appraisal approach – emotions are not universal!
Dimensional approach - emotions be classified into valence and activation!
+Pleasant and Unpleasant Trait Emotions Typical emotions a person is likely to experience over
time and across situations.
Pleasant emotions: Happiness and Well-Being
Unpleasant emotions: Neuroticism and Anger
Relationship between pleasant/unpleasant emotions and Big Five
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
16
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
17
2 Questions…
What makes you happy?
What would make you happier?
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
18
Friends and Family
My boyfriend/girlfriend
A feeling of success/accomplishment
Relaxing
Playing sports/being active
Enjoying nature
Music and humor
Religion
Making Others Happy
More money or possessions
A good job and a secure future
A new boyfriend or girlfriend or a better relationship with the current one
Better grades in school
More time with family and friends
More sleep!
A B
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
19
Two Happiness Perspectives
(1) Eudaimonia: judgment about one’s life purpose and meaning Cognitive component (think goals!) Also called “Life Satisfaction” or “Subjective Well-being”
(2) Hedonic: ratio of a person’s positive emotions to negative emotions, averaged over time. Affective component
Eudaimonic and hedonic happiness are positively correlated
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
20
Eudaimonic Perspective – Healthy, Happy, & Prosperous!
Happiness based on lifelong pursuit of meaningful, developmental goals
We are happy because we reached our goals! Maslow, Adler
We are happy when we engage in interesting, challenging tasks on a daily basis Flow - Csikszentmihalyi
Well-being = happiness + meaning
Happiness and well-being not synonymous
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
21
Meaning in Life One way to measure meaning aspect of well-being
Presence of Meaning – report high meaning in life I understand my life’s meaning; I have discovered a satisfying life
purpose; My life has no clear purpose (R). Positively correlated with love, joy, Extraversion
Search for Meaning – currently seeking meaning to life I am always looking to find my life’s purpose; I am searching for
my meaning in life. Positively correlated with fear, shame, sadness, depression,
Neuroticism
Typically, presence and search negative correlated.
But, could be positively correlated.
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
22
Hedonic Perspective
During the next two minutes……..
Recall happy events that you have experienced in your life.
Recall negative events that you have experienced in your life.
Calculate the proportion:
Happy Events : Negative Events
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
23
Hedonic Perspective
Experience of pleasure and appreciation of life’s rewards
Well-being = happiness
Happiness = Positive affect + general life satisfaction
Well-being = Positive affect + general life satisfaction
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
24
Satisfaction with Life (SWLS) ScoreIn most ways, my life is close to my
ideal.
The conditions of my life are excellent
I am satisfied with my life.
So far, I have gotten the important things I want in life.
If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing.
Your hedonic happiness = SWLS + PA: NA.
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
25
Summary: Eudaimonic and Hedonic Perspectives Eudaimonic Happiness: Well-being =
happiness + meaning Happiness and well-being are different
constructs.
Hedonic Happiness: Well-being = Positive affect + general life satisfaction Happiness and well-being are the same
constructs.
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
Who is the happiest? No sex difference in overall happiness, global well-being,
meaning in life, life satisfaction
No age difference in overall happiness Circumstances that make people happy change with age
Relationship Status People who are married report more happiness and presence of
meaning Single individuals report greater search for meaning.
People in collectivist cultures (vs. individualistic) place less value on the experience of positive emotions. More likely to experience mixed emotions
***Answers may depend on the definition of happiness!
26
+Who is the happiest?
National differences in subjective well-being People in poorer countries are less happy People in countries that provide citizens fewer civil and political
rights are less happy Differences in economic development
For low SES: money DOES make people happier For mid-high SES: money DOES NOT make people happier
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
27
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
28
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
29
Link between happiness and income
Economic prosperity predicted global life evaluation GDP, High income, high standard of living, possession of
luxury goods
Psychosocial prosperity predicted experience of positive feelings Learning, autonomy, using one’s skills, respect, ability to
count on others in emergency
(Diener et al., 2010)
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
30Country GDP/capita Psychosocial Prosperity
HighGlobal Life Evaluation
United States 1 19 16
Denmark 5 13 1
The Netherlands 7 36 4
Japan 14 50 24
Italy 18 33 20
Israel 20 56 11
New Zealand 22 12 9
South Korea 24 83 38
South Africa 35 42 53
Russia 36 72 56
Mexico 39 22 23
Costa Rica 41 6 18
Indonesia 59 63 57
India 61 85 46
Ghana 68 51 70
Nepal 76 88 69
Sierra Leone 87 80 87
Tanzania 89 58 86
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
31Country GDP/capita Psychosocial Prosperity
High Positive Feelings
Low Negative Feelings
United States 1 19 26 49
Denmark 5 13 7 1
The Netherlands
7 36 3 26
Japan 14 50 44 6
Italy 18 33 67 63
Israel 20 56 61 64
New Zealand 22 12 1 21
South Korea 24 83 58 77
South Africa 35 42 29 44
Russia 36 72 79 42
Mexico 39 22 17 28
Costa Rica 41 6 4 38
Indonesia 59 63 24 43
India 61 85 63 22
Ghana 68 51 68 20
Nepal 76 88 50 10
Sierra Leone 87 80 87 86
Tanzania 89 58 52 32
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
32Is happiness a basic or trait emotion?
In Ekman’s primary emotions, happiness is one of the universal, basic emotions
Happiness researchers (e.g., Fredrickson) claim that happiness is not a basic emotion
Experiencing 10 positive basic emotions on frequent, daily basis is associated with happiness Joy, interest, contentment, gratitude, awe, amusement, inspiration,
pride, hope, love
Fredrickson’s 3:1 Ratio
Fredrickson’s 3:1 ratio recently debunked (by a graduate student!)
+Trait Emotions Pleasant emotions: Happiness and Well-Being
Unpleasant emotions: Anger
Relationship between pleasant/unpleasant emotions and Big Five
Introductory Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVxfcE4F9Xo
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
33
+Anger-Proneness: Type A / Type D Personality Traits Type A (“angry”) personality:
High on: Ambitiousness, aggressiveness, competitiveness, impatience, muscle tenseness, alertness, irritation, cynicism, hostility, and increased potential for anger.
Increased risk of heart disease Hostility component of Type A most strongly related to heart
disease
Type D (“distressed”) personality: High Negative Affect PLUS Emotional Suppression PLUS
Social Inhibition Poor quality of life; greater risk of dying; at risk for heart
disease; poorer response to heart disease treatments Compared to Type A, fewer social ties and greater discomfort
around strangers
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
34
+Multidimensional Anger Inventory
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
35
•Frequency, duration, magnitude of anger
Anger-Arousal
•High = many situations elicit anger
Anger-Eliciting
Situations
•Tendency to respond to everyday frustrations with anger and aggression, to become easily irritated
Hostile Outlook
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
36
Multidimensional Anger Inventory
“Something makes me angry almost everyday.”
“I get angry when I am delayed, embarrassed,
etc.”
“People can bother me just by being around.”
12345
2.603.13 2.82
Multidimensional Anger Inventory
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
37
Type D Scale (DS14; Denollet, 2005)
•Tendency to experience dysphoria, anxiety, irritability
Negative Affectivity
•Discomfort of social interactions, lack of social poise,
•Tendency to avoid confrontation
Social Inhibition
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
38
Type D Scale (DS14; Denollet, 2005)
25% coronary heart disease patients and 50% hypertension patients had Type D personality.
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
39
Type D Personality should be positively correlated with _________ HEXACO dimension.
A. Honesty-Humility
B. Emotionality
C. Extraversion
D. Openness to Experience
E. Conscientiousness
+Trait Emotions
Pleasant emotions: Happiness and Well-Being
Unpleasant emotions: Anger
Relationship between pleasant/unpleasant emotions and Big Five
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
40
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
41Which trait do you think is most strongly correlated with….negative emotions? positive emotions?
A. Openness to Experience
B. Conscientiousness
C. Extraversion
D. Agreeableness
E. Neuroticism
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
42
N E O A C
Negative Affect
.65** -.21** -.12* -.26* -.11
Positive Affect
-.35**
.54** .17** .25** .49**
(Watson & Clark, 1992)
Neuroticism most strongly
correlated with Negative Affect
Extraversion most strongly
correlated with Positive Affect
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
43
Summary of Trait Emotions We can measure a variety of trait emotions
Happiness – Well-being, Meaning In Life Anger – MAI, Type D
Researchers disagree about whether happiness is an emotion Ekman – happiness can be a state and trait emotion Fredrickson – happiness is not a basic emotion, but is
determined by the experience of basic positive emotions
Extraversion and Neuroticism are associated with the experience of positive and negative emotions, respectively.
Because Extraverts experience more positive emotions, they report greater levels of happiness (supports hedonic view of happiness).
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
44
Emotional Style: Affect Intensity Individual difference variable that measures how people
typically experience their emotions.
High Affect Intensity: Tendency to experience extreme emotions (i.e., highly positive or
highly negative) Tendency to quickly and frequently fluctuate b/w extreme
emotions Tendency to experience emotions far away from baseline mood
level Stronger reactions to good and bad events
Low Affect Intensity: Tendency to experience mild, not extreme, emotions (i.e.,
moderately positive, moderately negative) Tendency to experience gradual fluctuations b/w mild emotions Tendency to experience emotions near baseline mood level
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
45
Emotional Style: Affect Intensity Individual difference variable that measures
how people typically experience their emotions.
Example Items: When I feel happy it is a strong type of
exuberance. I feel pretty bad when I tell a lie. Sad movies deeply touch me.
Should not be correlated with hedonic valence/happiness measures SWLS, r = .21, Presence, r = .14, Search, r
= .34
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
46
(Russell & Barrett, 1999)
AROUSAL
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
47
Matching Game!!Low Affect Intensity
High Affect Intensity
Frequent Positive Affect
? ?
Frequent Negative Affect
? ?
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
48
Match the personality disorders and traits to the correct box.
Depression
Anxiety
Bipolar Disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Substance use disorder
Sensation seeking
Happiness
Type A Personality
An Extraverted Neurotic!
Sadness
Contentment
Any others?
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
49Interaction of Emotional Content and Style Produces 4 Trends
+
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
50
Hedonic Valence and AI: Reconciling Gender, AI, and NA
Women are higher in Neuroticism and NA than men
But, women and men report equal levels of happiness.
AI explains these paradoxical findings
Women are as happy as men, but they experience happiness more intensely than men (↑ Intensity of PA)
Thus, women’s higher levels of N, NA, and even depression are balanced by their more intense experience of PA. This more intense PA overcomes the high NA, thus
leading to similar levels of happiness as men.
+Summary Emotions may be viewed from a state or trait
perspective.
Trait emotions describe the types of emotions people experience over time and across situations Pleasant vs. Unpleasant
Arousal Intensity explains how people experience their emotions over time and across situations High or Low Arousal Intensity
Unpleasantness/pleasantness and arousal intensity interact to produce distinct trends in personality traits
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
51