david pincus, ph.d. chapman university, orange ca one bad apple: experimental effects of individual...

David Pincus, Ph.D.Chapman University, Orange CA

One Bad Apple: Experimental Effects of Individual Conflict on Social Resilience

Pincus, D. (2014). One bad apple: Experimental effects of psychological conflict on social resilience. Interface Focus, 4, 20014003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2014.0003

Interpersonal Process Theories

Adler Lewin Festinger

LearyStack-SullivanBales

MinuchinYalom Baumrind

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.anzjft.com/conference2001/salvador.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.anzjft.com/conference2001/keynote.htm&h=193&w=166&sz=8&tbnid=6BsZRbOFYjcJ:&tbnh=98&tbnw=84&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dminuchin%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DRNWE,RNWE:2004-23,RNWE:en

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://rcswww.urz.tu-dresden.de/~dornhoef/festinger.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rcswww.urz.tu-dresden.de/~dornhoef/pioneers.htm&h=217&w=215&sz=5&tbnid=_F8IsHEEv_cJ:&tbnh=101&tbnw=100&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfestinger%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DRNWE,RNWE:2004-23,RNWE:en

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.erzwiss.uni-hamburg.de/personal/hoffmann/texte/lewin/KLewin.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.erzwiss.uni-hamburg.de/personal/hoffmann/texte/lewin/lewin.htm&h=280&w=231&sz=13&tbnid=2vF5Fe4KlDsJ:&tbnh=109&tbnw=89&hl=en&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkurt%2Blewin%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DRNWE,RNWE:2004-23,RNWE:en%26sa%3DN

Broad Conclusions and Longstanding Questions

• Control, Closeness, Conflict are Key Emergent Relationship Parameters

• Flexibility and Balance are healthy

• Psychological and Social Conflict Spread across Scales

• Structure is key

• Deeper theoretical framework?

• Individual in the group, group in the individual?

• Integration of Scientific and Practical Approaches?

Self-organization and Social Emergence

Emergent Properties: Relational Structures

System Components: Information Flows

(Pincus, 2001)

Modified Interpersonal Circumplex: Closeness, Conflict and Control

Closeness Closeness

Control

Control

(Pincus & Guastello, 2005)(Pincus et al., 2008)

Emergent Biopsychosocial Resilience

Resilience: “the meta-flexibility of the system: the ability to respond to a perturbation by either becoming rigid and robust, or flexible and fluid without becoming stuck or falling apart respectively.” (Pincus & Metten, 2010, p. 359)

BioPsycho

Social

The Experimental Tests

Undergrad strangers in get-to-know-you-taskFour discussions with self-report breaks Experimental induction of internal conflictExperimental induction of conflict resolution

H1: Equivalent complexity across baselines H2a: Complexity with conflict inductionH2b: Complexity with conflict resolution

Discussion 1 Discussion 2 Discussion 3 Discussion 4

Conflict Induction Resolution Induction

Internal Conflict Induction

HIGH: Individuals within this range are perceived by others as closed-minded and stubborn about their opinions or beliefs. They are frequently described by others as “rigid,” or “combative.” They tend to have histories of relationships characterized by ongoing conflict and turmoil. Alternatively, they may tend to be rejected by others (particularly those scoring in the medium range).

0-24, LOW: Individuals within this range are perceived by others as distant, aloof and cold. They are frequently described by others as “loners,” as “isolated,” or as “unfriendly.” They tend to have a history of difficulty making and maintaining close, satisfying relationships with others. While they may not be openly rejected, they tend not to be accepted readily in social situations.

Experimental Design• Time-series nested within aggregated combined single-case

experimental-correlation design• Orbital Decomposition • Six groups, 24 Discussions

– One induction and replication– Control group– 2, 3 and 4 Members Induced

• Induction level manipulation check using 5-point scale• Resolution based on observational score (1-5; 100% reliability)

– > 1 minute discussion, + attitudes, + affect, suspicion about feedback

• Dependent variable = Entropy in turn-taking patterns– Coding Scheme: Mean k = .76; Range = .62-.91

B-D-B-D-A-D-A-C-D-B-D-C-A-C-D-C-D-C-A

Experiment-wise Results

Discussion 1 Ic R

2 Hs Df Discussion 2

Ic R2 Hs Df

Discussion 3 Ic R

2 Hs Df Discussion 4

Ic R2 Hs Df

Grp 1 0 .98 5.34 2.86 0 .99 5.24 2.58 1 .96 4.96 1.93 .75 .90 4.94 1.78

Grp 2 0 .94 4.96 2.04 0 .86 4.26 1.08 .75 .94 4.24 1.40 .75 .97 4.75 1.81

Grp 3 0 .91 4.49 1.41 0 .94 4.36 1.39 0 .88 4.20 1.20 0 .91 4.42 1.39

Grp 4 0 .96 4.93 1.89 0 .95 5.08 2.14 2 .90 4.32 1.48 0 .94 5.12 1.95

Grp 5 0 .95 4.88 1.79 0 .98 5.28 2.54 1 .98 5.22 2.44 1 .98 5.17 2.06

Grp 6 0 .96 5.28 2.51 0 .97 5.16 2.33 2 .96 5.09 2.18 0 .95 5.16 2.19

Good results: Groups 1, 3, 4 and partially 6

Experiment-wise Correlational Results (string length = 6)

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).a) Standardized by group; b) Sum of induced members attenuated by induction and resolution scores.

Shannon Entropya

Internal Conflictb

Fractal Dimensiona

Shannon Entropya Pearson Correlation 1 -.474(*) .945(**)

Sig. (2-tailed). .019 .000

N 24 24 24

Internal Conflictb Pearson Correlation

-.474(*) 1 -.428(*)

Sig. (2-tailed).019 .

.037

N 24 24 24

Fractal Dimensiona Pearson Correlation

.945(**) -.428(*)1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .037.

N 24 24 24

More conflict Less ConflictResults for Clinicians

Group 1 - IPL’s and Fractal Dimension • One (100%) induction; 25% resolution

D1LOGNF

D1LOGF

2.01.51.0.50.0-.5

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D2LOGNF

D2LOGF

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D4LOGNF

D4LOGF

3.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D3LOGNF

D3LOGF

3.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

Discussion 1

R2 = .98

Df = 2.86

SE = .0257

Discussion 3

R2 = .96

Df = 1.93

SE = .0233

Discussion 2

R2 = .99

Df = 2.57

SE = .0159

Discussion 4

R2 = .90

Df = 1.78

SE = .0333

D2C6F

Sequence

7006005004003002001000-100

10

8

6

4

2

0

Observed

Linear

Group 1 Shannon Entropy Anova

303303303303N =

discussion number

4.003.002.001.00

95%

CI S

hannon e

ntr

opy, convers

atio

n 1

, C

=6

.018

.017

.016

.015

Val

ues

for

each

pat

tern

D1C6F

Sequence

7006005004003002001000-100

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Observed

Linear

F = 10.54 p = .0013 F = 1.03 p = .3111 F = 1.85 p = .1747D3C6F

Sequence

7006005004003002001000-100

20

10

0

-10

Observed

Linear

F = 6.14 p = .0138D4C6F

Sequence

7006005004003002001000-100

20

10

0

Observed

Linear

Group 1 Summary

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

disc 1 disc 2 disc 3 disc 4

ShannonEntropyFractalDimension

D4LOGNF

D4LOGF

3.53.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

Group 3 - IPL’s and Df

Discussion 2

R2 = .94

Df = 1.39

SE = .0179

Discussion 4

R2 = .91

Df = 1.39

SE = .0437

D1LOGNF

D1LOGF

43210-1

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D2LOGNF

D2LOGF

3.53.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D3LOGNF

D3LOGF

43210-1

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

Discussion 1

R2 = .91

Df = 1.41

SE = .0256

Discussion 3

R2 = .88

Df = 1.20

SE = .0257

• Control Group; No inductions

303303303303N =

discussion number

4.003.002.001.00

95%

CI shannon e

ntr

opy for

all

dis

cussio

ns

.016

.015

.014

.013


Val

ues

for

each

pat

tern

F = 48.83 p = .0000 F = 7.43 p = .0068 F = 1.06 p = .3034 F = 0.01 p = .9204disc 1 freq, c=6

Sequence

4003002001000-100

40

30

20

10

0

Observed

Linear

D2C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

30

20

10

0

Observed

Linear

D3C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

50

40

30

20

10

0

Observed

Linear

D4C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

40

30

20

10

0

Observed

Linear

Group 3 Summary

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5




Discussion 2

R2 = .86

Df = 1.07

SE = .0254

Discussion 4

R2 = .97

Df = 1.81

SE = .0154

Discussion 1

R2 = .94

Df = 2.03

SE = .0292

Discussion 3

R2 = .94

Df = 1.40

SE = .0120

• One (75%) induction; No resolutionD1LOGNF

D1LOGF

3.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

Observed

Linear

D2LOGNF

D2LOGF

3.53.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D3LOGNF

D3LOGF

3.53.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D4LOGNF

D4LOGF

3.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

Group 2 Shannon Entropy AnovaV

alue

s fo

r ea

ch p

atte

rn

303303303303N =

discussion number

4.003.002.001.00

95%

CI shannon e

ntr

opy for

all

dis

cussio

ns in

ord

er

.017

.016

.015

.014

.013

F = 34.11 p = .0000 F = .1011 p = .7507 F = 2.760 p = .0977 F = 5.281 p = .0222

disc 1 frequency for patterns @ c=6

Sequence

4003002001000-100

20

10

0

Observed

Linear

D2C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

30

20

10

0

Observed

Linear

D3C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

30

20

10

0

Observed

Linear

D4C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Observed

Linear

Group 2 Summary

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

5




Discussion 2

R2 = .97

Df = 2.33

SE = .0224

Discussion 4

R2 = .95

Df = 2.19

SE = .0284

Discussion 1

R2 = .96

Df = 2.51

SE = .0217

Discussion 3

R2 = .96

Df = 2.17

SE = .0272

• Four (50%) inductions; 100% resolution D1LOGNF

D1LOGF

2.01.51.0.50.0-.5

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D2LOGNF

D2LOGF

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D3LOGNF

D3LOGF

3.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D4LOGNF

D4LOGF

3.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

Observed

Linear


Val

ues

for

each

pat

tern

303303303303N =

discussion number

4.003.002.001.00

95%

CI shannon e

ntr

opy for

all

dis

cussio

ns

.0178

.0176

.0174

.0172

.0170

.0168

.0166

.0164

F = 1.520 p = .2186 F =.0714 p =.7896 . F = 19.70 p = .0000 F = 6.152 p = ..0137D1C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Observed

Linear

D2C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Observed

Linear

D3C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Observed

Linear

D4C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Observed

Linear

Group 6 Summary

0

1

2

3

4

5

6




Discussion 2

R2 = .98

Df = 2.54

SE = .0211

Discussion 4

R2 = .98

Df = 2.05

SE = .0150

Discussion 1

R2 = .95

Df = 1.79

SE = .0247

Discussion 3

R2 = .98

Df = 2.44

SE = .0219

• One (50%), two (25%) inductions; No resolution

D1LOGNF

D1LOGF

3.53.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D2LOGNF

D2LOGF

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D3LOGNF

D3LOGF

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D4LOGNF

D4LOGF

2.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Observed

Linear


Val

ues

for

each

pat

tern

303303303303N =

discussion number

4.003.002.001.00

95%

CI shannon e

ntr

opy for

all

dis

cussio

ns

.018

.017

.016

.015

F =4.428 p =.0362 . F = .8189 p = .3662 F = 5.709 p = .0175 F = 5.929 p = .0155

D1C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

30

20

10

0

Observed

Linear

D2C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

10

8

6

4

2

0

Observed

Linear

D3C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

10

8

6

4

2

0

Observed

Linear

D4C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Observed

Linear

Group 5 Summary

0

1

2

3

4

5

6




Discussion 2

R2 = .95

Df = 2.14

SE = .0273

Discussion 4

R2 = .94

Df = 1.95

SE = .0283

Discussion 1

R2 = .96

Df = 1.89

SE = .0221

Discussion 3

R2 = .90

Df = 1.48

SE = .0279

• Two (100%) inductions; 100 % resolutionD1LOGNF

D1LOGF

3.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D2LOGNF

D2LOGF

3.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D3LOGNF

D3LOGF

3.53.02.52.01.51.0.50.0-.5

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Observed

Linear

D4LOGNF

D4LOGF

2.01.51.0.50.0-.5

5

4

3

2

1

0

Observed

Linear


Val

ues

for

each

pat

tern

303303303303N =

discussion number

4.003.002.001.00

95%

CI H

S

.018

.017

.016

.015

.014

.013

F = 4.655 p = .0318 F = 22.29 p = .0000 F = 2.646 p = .1049 F = 4.033 p = .0455

D1C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

20

10

0

Observed

Linear

D2C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Observed

Linear

D3C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

30

20

10

0

Observed

Linear

D4C6F

Sequence

4003002001000-100

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Observed

Linear

Group 4 Summary

0

1

2

3

4

5

6



Primary Limitations and Considerations

• Imperfect results• Generalizability?• Coding scheme• Choices for experimental

control (e.g., N = 308)• Event-based sampling• Mean-variance

correlations in Df & Hs

ConclusionsSmall groups are self-organizing systems displaying fractal recurrence structure in turn-taking patternsInternal conflict can spill up to decrease interpersonal complexity (the group is in the member)

Conflict and conflict resolution has structural significance, plays a key role within psychosocial resilience

david pincus, ph.d. chapman university, orange ca one bad apple: experimental effects of individual...

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