Distinguish between community and institutional treatment

Be familiar with probation Be aware of new approaches in probation Understand key historical development in secure

juvenile corrections Be familiar with recent trends in juvenile

institutions Understand key issues facing the institutionalized

juvenile offender Be able to identify various correctional treatment

approaches Understand right of juveniles to treatment Know nature of aftercare

Oldest of four children Lived in small rural community Family history of alcohol abuse Arrested for stealing car Placed on intensive supervision probation,

provided assessments and family counseling, and placed on house arrest

Struggling with accountability of probation, but successfully completed it

Efforts to provide care, protection, and treatment for juveniles in need

Various forms of such treatment include:◦ Probation◦ Treatment services◦ Restitution◦ Foster homes◦ Small group homes◦ Boarding schools◦ Counseling◦ Vocational training

Correctional centers operated by federal, state and/or county governments

Restrict movement of residents through staff monitoring, locked exits, and interior fence controls

Various types of such treatment include:◦ Reception centers◦ Specialized facilities◦ Training schools◦ Ranch/forestry camps◦ Boot camps

Nonpunitive, legal disposition of juveniles emphasizing community treatment with close supervision

Primary form of community treatment used in the juvenile system

Characterized by:◦ Established set of rules◦ Treatment in the community◦ Close supervision to ensure adherence to rule and

accountability

Historically rooted in juvenile justice system Expanded in 1960s in response to

deinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders Contemporary probation is characterized by:

◦ Considered the backbone of community treatment for juveniles

◦ Most popular juvenile disposition for juvenile court judges

◦ Direct judicial order that allows youth to remain in community under court supervision

◦ Conditions of probation vary, but typically involve basic rules such as… attending school, participating in counseling, staying out of trouble, remaining in the jurisdiction, etc.

◦ Often ordered for indefinite period of time

Typically involved at four stages of juvenile process:◦ Intake

Screen complaints and make case decisions◦ Predisposition

Participate in release or detention decisions◦ Adjudication

Assist the court in reaching a dispositional decision Prepare pre dispositional reports containing pertinent,

comprehensive information regarding the juvenile◦ Post disposition

Provide juvenile with supervision and treatment in the community

Monitor conditions of probation Report progress of juvenile to court

Intensive supervision◦ Treating juveniles normally sent to secure

confinement in community as part of small specialized caseload

◦ Goals are decarceration, control, and maintaining community ties and reintegration

Electronic monitoring◦ House arrest coupled with electronic monitoring is

common◦ Effectiveness is debatable◦ Seems to be effective only with certain populations

Restorative justice◦ Nonpunitive strategy that attempts to address

issues that produce conflict between parties◦ Characterized by seven core values◦ Key is restoration rather than retributions

Balanced probation◦ Integrates community protection, accountability,

competency, and individualized attention to juvenile

Restitution◦ Can take on several forms: monetary, victim

service, community service

Residential community treatment◦ Residential programs are non secure facilities where

juveniles are closely monitored◦ Group home are non secure residences that provide

counseling, education, job training, and family living◦ Foster care program involve placement of juvenile

with families◦ Family group homes are a combination of foster

care and group homes◦ Rural program provide recreational activities or

work for juveniles

History of juvenile institutions◦ Early institutions housed juveniles and adults◦ Reform schools emerged, then the cottage system◦ Creation of first juvenile court changed juvenile

institutions◦ Civilian Conservation Corps began to emerge◦ U.S. Children’s Bureau sought to reform juvenile

institutions◦ Focus on least restrictive alternative◦ Removal of status offenders from secure

confinement◦ Conditions of confinement worsened due to

overcrowding and overuse

Most delinquent juveniles housed in public facilities Most status offenders housed in private facilities Custody rates vary widely among states Physical conditions of institutions also vary widely

among the states Typical resident in juvenile facility is:

17 years of age European American Male Incarcerated for average stay of 3 ½ months Minority youth more likely to receive

incarceration

Males make up most of institutionalized youth Number of females increasing in recent years Most institutions employ some form of

treatment program Purpose of juvenile correctional system is

rehabilitation of juvenile offender Individual treatment

◦ Psychotherapy, reality therapy, and behavior modification

Group treatment◦ Guide group interaction◦ Positive peer culture

Educational programs◦ Often best staffed areas, but still inadequate

Vocational programs◦ Range from auto repair to computer training◦ Common drawback is sex-typing

Wilderness programs◦ Involve outdoor expeditions that provide

opportunities to confront difficulties and achieve personal satisfaction

Juvenile boot camps◦ Combine get tough approaches with

education, substance abuse treatment, and social skills training

Concept introduced to mental health field in 1960

Applied to juveniles in 1972 US Supreme Court has:

◦ Established minimum standards for juvenile in training schools

◦ Prohibited the use of corporal punishment in juvenile institutions

◦ Limited right of juvenile to treatment

Aftercare is transitional assistance to juvenile to help them adjust to community life

Reentry is the process of returning to society upon release form a secure custody facility

Services provided to juveniles:◦ Supervision by parole officers or caseworkers◦ Additional services needed for successful transition

Intensive Aftercare Program◦ Balanced, highly structured, comprehensive

continuum of intervention for serious and violent juvenile offenders returning to community

New forms of probation supervision Debate regarding community versus institutional

treatment Debate regarding effectiveness of correctional

treatment versus delinquency prevention Focus on deinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders Disproportionate minority incarceration an issue Aftercare and reentry services have become a critical

part of successful transition to community Future of legal rights remains uncertain

Distinguish between community and institutional treatment

Be familiar with probation Be aware of new approaches in probation Understand key historical development in secure

juvenile corrections Be familiar with recent trends in juvenile

institutions Understand key issues facing the institutionalized

juvenile offender Be able to identify various correctional treatment

approaches Understand right of juveniles to treatment Know nature of aftercare

Community Treatment Suppression Effect Probation Juvenile Probation

Officer Social Investigation

Report Conditions of Probation Intensive Probation

Supervision House Arrest Electronic Monitoring Balanced Probation Monetary Restitution

Victim Service Restitution Community Service

Restitution Residential Programs Group Homes Foster Care Programs Family Group Homes Rural Programs Reform Schools Cottage System Least Restrictive

Alternative Individual Counseling Psychotherapy

Reality Therapy Behavior Modification Group Therapy Guided Group

Interaction Positive Peer Culture Milieu Therapy Wilderness Probation Boot Camps Meta-Analysis Right to Treatment Aftercare

Reentry Intensive Aftercare

Program