_________ ecology notes. chapter overview questions what are the basic types of aquatic life zones...

_________ _________ Ecology NotesEcology Notes

Chapter Overview Chapter Overview QuestionsQuestions

What are the basic types of What are the basic types of aquatic life zones and what factors aquatic life zones and what factors influence the kinds of life they influence the kinds of life they contain?contain?

What are the major types of What are the major types of freshwater life zones, and how do freshwater life zones, and how do human activities affect them?human activities affect them?


What do we know about aquatic What do we know about aquatic biodiversity, and what is its biodiversity, and what is its economic and ecological economic and ecological importance?importance?

How are human activities affecting How are human activities affecting aquatic biodiversity?aquatic biodiversity?

How can we manage and sustain How can we manage and sustain the world’s marine fisheries?the world’s marine fisheries?

Chapter Overview Chapter Overview Questions (cont’d)Questions (cont’d)

How can we protect, sustain, and How can we protect, sustain, and restore wetlands?restore wetlands?

How can we protect, sustain, and How can we protect, sustain, and restore lakes, rivers, and restore lakes, rivers, and freshwater fisheries?freshwater fisheries?


Why is water so important, how much freshwater Why is water so important, how much freshwater is available to us, and how much of it are we is available to us, and how much of it are we using?using?

What causes freshwater shortages, and what can What causes freshwater shortages, and what can be done about this problem?be done about this problem?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of What are the advantages and disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater?withdrawing groundwater?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of What are the advantages and disadvantages of using dams and reservoirs to supply more water?using dams and reservoirs to supply more water?

Chapter Overview Chapter Overview Questions (cont’d)Questions (cont’d)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of What are the advantages and disadvantages of transferring large amounts of water from one transferring large amounts of water from one place to another?place to another?

Can removing salt from seawater solve our water Can removing salt from seawater solve our water supply problems?supply problems?

How can we waste less water?How can we waste less water? How can we use the earth’s water more How can we use the earth’s water more

sustainably?sustainably? What causes flooding, and what can we do about What causes flooding, and what can we do about

it?it?

WATER’S ______________, WATER’S ______________, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL

Water keeps us ______, moderates Water keeps us ______, moderates climate, sculpts the land, removes climate, sculpts the land, removes and dilutes ________ and ___________, and dilutes ________ and ___________, and moves continually through the and moves continually through the _____________ cycle._____________ cycle.

Only about ______% of the earth’s Only about ______% of the earth’s water supply is available to us as water supply is available to us as liquid _____________.liquid _____________.

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL

Comparison of Comparison of ___________ sizes ___________ sizes and shares of and shares of the world’s the world’s ____________ ____________ among the among the continents.continents.

Figure 14-2Figure 14-2

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL Some precipitation infiltrates the __________ Some precipitation infiltrates the __________

and is stored in _____ and _______ and is stored in _____ and _______ (_____________).(_____________).

Water that does _____ sink into the ground Water that does _____ sink into the ground or evaporate into the air _____ off (_______ or evaporate into the air _____ off (_______ _______) into bodies of water._______) into bodies of water. The land from which the surface water _______ The land from which the surface water _______

into a body of water is called its into a body of water is called its ____________________ or or __________________________..

Fig. 14-3, p. 308

Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area

Precipitation Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation

Confined Recharge Area

Runoff

Flowing artesian well

Recharge Recharge Unconfined Unconfined AquiferAquifer

Stream Well requiring a pumpInfiltration Water

table LakeInfiltration

Unconfined aquifer

Confined aquiferConfining impermeable rock layer Confining impermeable rock layer

Less permeable Less permeable material such as claymaterial such as clay

WATER’S IMPORTANCE, WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALAVAILABILITY, AND RENEWAL

We currently use more than _____ of the We currently use more than _____ of the world’s reliable ______ of surface water and world’s reliable ______ of surface water and could be using ______ by 2025.could be using ______ by 2025.

About _____ of the water we withdraw from About _____ of the water we withdraw from rivers, lakes, and aquifers is ____ returned to rivers, lakes, and aquifers is ____ returned to these sources.these sources.

________ is the biggest user of water (70%), ________ is the biggest user of water (70%), followed by ____________ (20%) and ______ and followed by ____________ (20%) and ______ and ____________ (10%).____________ (10%).

________________

The saltiness.The saltiness.

__________________

What Kinds of __________Live What Kinds of __________Live in Aquatic Life Zones?in Aquatic Life Zones? Aquatic systems contain floating, Aquatic systems contain floating,

drifting, swimming, bottom-dwelling, drifting, swimming, bottom-dwelling, and decomposer organisms.and decomposer organisms. _________: important group of weakly _________: important group of weakly

swimming, free-floating biota.swimming, free-floating biota. ______________ (plant), _____________ (animal), ______________ (plant), _____________ (animal),

________________ (photosynthetic bacteria)________________ (photosynthetic bacteria) ________: fish, turtles, whales.________: fish, turtles, whales. ________: bottom dwellers (barnacles, ________: bottom dwellers (barnacles,

oysters).oysters). ___________: breakdown organic compounds ___________: breakdown organic compounds

(mostly bacteria).(mostly bacteria).

____________________________

Description – small drifting ________Description – small drifting ________ Niche – they are _______or _______ Niche – they are _______or _______

that support most aquatic food that support most aquatic food ____________________

Example – __________ & many types Example – __________ & many types of algaeof algae

________________________ Description – _________ that feed on Description – _________ that feed on

phytoplankton or other zooplanktonphytoplankton or other zooplankton Niche – ______ stock for larger Niche – ______ stock for larger

consumersconsumers Example – _______; small crustaceansExample – _______; small crustaceans

________________ Description – ______, strong-Description – ______, strong-

swimming consumersswimming consumers Niche – ______ consumers in Niche – ______ consumers in

the aquatic ecosystemthe aquatic ecosystem Example – _____, _______, and Example – _____, _______, and

__________________

BenthosBenthos

Description – _______-dwelling Description – _______-dwelling creaturescreatures

Niche – __________ consumers, Niche – __________ consumers, ______________________________

Example – barnacles, oysters, Example – barnacles, oysters, and lobstersand lobsters

Where species liveWhere species live

Key ________in the distribution of organismsKey ________in the distribution of organisms ________________________ Dissolved __________ contentDissolved __________ content Availability of ______Availability of ______ Availability of ______ and _________ needed for Availability of ______ and _________ needed for

photosynthesis in the euphotic (photic) zone photosynthesis in the euphotic (photic) zone

____________________degree of cloudiness in waterdegree of cloudiness in water Inhibits photosynthesisInhibits photosynthesis

________ Systems________ Systems

Most of the _____ Is Covered Most of the _____ Is Covered with with WaterWater Aquatic life zonesAquatic life zones

___________ life zones___________ life zones LakesLakes Rivers and streamsRivers and streams Inland wetlandsInland wetlands

_________ life zones_________ life zones ( (marine life zonesmarine life zones)) Oceans and estuariesOceans and estuaries Coastlands and shorelinesCoastlands and shorelines Coral reefsCoral reefs Mangrove forestsMangrove forests

___________ ___________ EcosystemsEcosystems

FRESHWATER LIFE ZONESFRESHWATER LIFE ZONES

Freshwater life Freshwater life zones include:zones include: _________ (_____) _________ (_____)

waterwater such as such as lakes, ponds, and lakes, ponds, and inland wetlands.inland wetlands.

_______ (______) _______ (______) systemssystems such as such as streams and rivers. streams and rivers.


_________ Water _________ Water EcosystemsEcosystems

Because of different Because of different environmental conditions in environmental conditions in

each zone, a ______ is a each zone, a ______ is a system of _________ system of _________

ecosystems.ecosystems.

Fig. 12-11, p. 267

• Deliver nutrients to sea to help sustain coastal fisheries

• Deposit silt that maintains deltas

• Purify water

• Renew and renourish wetlands

• Provide habitats for wildlife

Natural Capital

Ecological Services of Rivers

Freshwater _______ and Freshwater _______ and _______:_______:From the Mountains to the From the Mountains to the OceansOceans

Water flowing from ________ to the ____ Water flowing from ________ to the ____ creates different aquatic _________ and creates different aquatic _________ and ___________.___________.


___________ Stream ___________ Stream CharacteristicsCharacteristics

A narrow zone of ______, clear water A narrow zone of ______, clear water that _______ over waterfalls and that _______ over waterfalls and rapids. _______ amounts of ______ rapids. _______ amounts of ______ are present. Fish are also present. are present. Fish are also present. Ex. trout.Ex. trout.

___________ Characteristics___________ Characteristics___________ water, _____ oxygen, ___________ water, _____ oxygen,

______ temperatures, and lots of ______ temperatures, and lots of algae and cyanobacteria.algae and cyanobacteria.

Energy SourceEnergy Source

________________

__________ Water __________ Water EcosystemsEcosystems

______, _______, etc.______, _______, etc.

Life in LayersLife in Layers

Life in most aquatic systems is found Life in most aquatic systems is found in _______, ________, and ______ layers.in _______, ________, and ______ layers.

___________, access to ________ for ___________, access to ________ for photosynthesis, dissolved _______ photosynthesis, dissolved _______ content, nutrient availability changes content, nutrient availability changes with depth.with depth. _________ zone (upper layer in deep water _________ zone (upper layer in deep water

habitats): sunlight can penetrate.habitats): sunlight can penetrate.

Lakes: Water-Filled Lakes: Water-Filled DepressionsDepressions

Lakes are large natural bodies of _______ Lakes are large natural bodies of _______ freshwater formed from __________, ______, and freshwater formed from __________, ______, and _________ seepage consisting of:_________ seepage consisting of: _________ zone_________ zone (near shore, shallow, with rooted (near shore, shallow, with rooted

plants).plants). ________ zone________ zone (open, offshore area, sunlit). (open, offshore area, sunlit). ________ zone________ zone (deep, open water, too dark for (deep, open water, too dark for

photosynthesis).photosynthesis). _______ zone_______ zone (bottom of lake, nourished by dead (bottom of lake, nourished by dead

matter).matter).

__________ Zone__________ ZoneA _________ area near the _____, to A _________ area near the _____, to

the depth at which _____ plants stop the depth at which _____ plants stop growing. Ex. frogs, snails, insects, growing. Ex. frogs, snails, insects, fish, cattails, and water lilies.fish, cattails, and water lilies.

___________ Zone___________ Zone

______, ______ water that extends ______, ______ water that extends to the depth __________ by to the depth __________ by sunlight.sunlight.

_____________ Zone_____________ Zone______, _____ water where it ______, _____ water where it

is ____ dark for ____________.is ____ dark for ____________.

__________ __________ StratificationStratification

DefinitionDefinitionThe _________ difference in The _________ difference in

______ lakes where there are ______ lakes where there are _____ summers and _____ _____ summers and _____ winters.winters.

Lakes: Water-Filled Lakes: Water-Filled DepressionsDepressions

During summer and winter in deep During summer and winter in deep temperate zone lakes, they become temperate zone lakes, they become ______ into temperature _____ and will ______ into temperature _____ and will _________._________. This _________ the __________ at all This _________ the __________ at all

depths.depths. __________ is brought from the ________ __________ is brought from the ________

to the lake ________ and _________ from to the lake ________ and _________ from the __________ are brought to the _____.the __________ are brought to the _____.

Lakes: Water-Filled Lakes: Water-Filled ______________________


________________ During the ________, During the ________,

lakes become _______ lakes become _______ into different into different temperature ______ that temperature ______ that resist ______ because resist ______ because summer sunlight ______ summer sunlight ______ surface waters, making surface waters, making them _____ dense.them _____ dense.

____________________________ The ______ layer The ______ layer

that acts as a that acts as a ______ to the ______ to the transfer of _______ transfer of _______ and dissolved and dissolved _________._________.

Fall _________Fall _________

As the ___________ begin to _____, As the ___________ begin to _____, the _________ layer becomes the _________ layer becomes ________ dense, and it _______ to ________ dense, and it _______ to the bottom. This ______ brings the bottom. This ______ brings _________ from the bottom up to _________ from the bottom up to the surface and sends the surface and sends ___________ to the bottom.___________ to the bottom.

_________ Turnover_________ Turnover As _____ water ______ and ice As _____ water ______ and ice

melts, it _______ through and melts, it _______ through and below the cooler, less dense below the cooler, less dense water, sending oxygen _____ water, sending oxygen _____ and nutrients ____.and nutrients ____.

________ ________ __________________

_________ Inland Wetlands: _________ Inland Wetlands: Vital __________Vital __________

Inland wetlands Inland wetlands act like _______ act like _______ _______ that _______ that ______ and _____ ______ and _____ excess water excess water from ______ and from ______ and provide a provide a variety of variety of wildlife _______.wildlife _______.

Freshwater Inland Wetlands: Freshwater Inland Wetlands: Vital SpongesVital Sponges Filter and degrade _________.Filter and degrade _________. Reduce ________ and ________ by Reduce ________ and ________ by

absorbing slowly releasing overflows.absorbing slowly releasing overflows. Help ________ stream flows during dry Help ________ stream flows during dry

periods.periods. Help ________ ground _________.Help ________ ground _________. Provide economic ________ and ________.Provide economic ________ and ________.

__________________________

An area of _______ flooded, often An area of _______ flooded, often silty land beside a ____ or ____.silty land beside a ____ or ____.

____________________

A _______ region _________ A _______ region _________ covered with water.covered with water.

________ Bottomland ________ Bottomland ForestForestAn area down by a _____ or _____ An area down by a _____ or _____

where lots of _______, like oaks, where lots of _______, like oaks, grow.grow.

________ Potholes________ Potholes These are ________ that hold _____ These are ________ that hold _____

out on the ______, especially up _____ out on the ______, especially up _____ in Canada. It is a very good duck in Canada. It is a very good duck habitat.habitat.

_____ _____ __________ _____ _____ A ______ area that over time fills in A ______ area that over time fills in

(the last stage of ______ is peat (the last stage of ______ is peat moss). It can be very _____. In moss). It can be very _____. In Ireland, they burn this for wood. Ireland, they burn this for wood. (Like quick sand)(Like quick sand)

________ of freshwater ________ of freshwater wetlandswetlands

They ______ & ______ water.They ______ & ______ water.________ for many animals ________ for many animals

and plants. (Large and plants. (Large Biodiversity)Biodiversity)

___________ Aspects___________ Aspects

_______ and _______ want Congress to _______ and _______ want Congress to revise the ______ of wetlands. This revise the ______ of wetlands. This would make ______ of all wetlands would make ______ of all wetlands ________ for _________. The Audubon ________ for _________. The Audubon Society estimates that wetlands Society estimates that wetlands provide water quality protection worth provide water quality protection worth ________per year, and they say if that ________per year, and they say if that wetlands are destroyed, the U.S. wetlands are destroyed, the U.S. would spend ____ billion to ___billion would spend ____ billion to ___billion per year in additional _____-control per year in additional _____-control costs.costs.

________ Systems________ Systems

Oceans Provide Vital _________l Oceans Provide Vital _________l

and _________ Resourcesand _________ Resources Estimated $____ trillion per year in ______ and Estimated $____ trillion per year in ______ and

__________________ Reservoirs of diversity in three major life zonesReservoirs of diversity in three major life zones

1.1. __________ zone__________ zone Warm, nutrient rich, shallowWarm, nutrient rich, shallow Shore to edge of continental shelfShore to edge of continental shelf Usually high NPP from ample sunlight and nutrientsUsually high NPP from ample sunlight and nutrients

2.2. Open ______Open ______

3.3. Ocean ________Ocean ________

The _____ Sea and Ocean The _____ Sea and Ocean _____ Host a Variety of _____ Host a Variety of SpeciesSpecies

_______ vertical zones of the open _______ vertical zones of the open seasea1.1. ___________zone___________zone

PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton Nutrient levels lowNutrient levels low Dissolved oxygen levels highDissolved oxygen levels high

2.2. __________ zone__________ zone Dimly litDimly lit Zooplankton and smaller fishesZooplankton and smaller fishes

The Open Sea and Ocean The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of Floor Host a Variety of SpeciesSpecies

3.3. _________ zone_________ zone _____and cold_____and cold High levels of nutrientsHigh levels of nutrients Little dissolved oxygenLittle dissolved oxygen Deposit feedersDeposit feeders Filter feedersFilter feeders

_________brings nutrients to _______ zone_________brings nutrients to _______ zone

Primary _____________Primary _____________

Fig. 8-6, p. 173

High tideLow tide

Coastal Zone

Open SeaDepth in metersSea level

50Estuarine Zone

Euphotic Zone

100

Ph

otos

ynth

esis

Continental shelf

200

500Bathyal Zone

1,000

Tw

ilig

ht

1,500

Water temperature drops rapidly between the euphotic zone and the abyssal zone in an area called the thermocline .

Abyssal Zone

2,000

3,000

4,000

Dar

kn

ess

5,000

10,000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30Water temperature (°C)

0

Fig. 8-5, p. 172

Major Ecological and Economic Services Provided by Marine Systems

______ and _____ Shores Host ______ and _____ Shores Host Different Types of Different Types of OrganismsOrganisms

___________zone___________zone Rocky shoresRocky shores Sandy shores: barrier beachesSandy shores: barrier beaches

Organism __________ necessary to deal Organism __________ necessary to deal with daily ________ and ________ changeswith daily ________ and ________ changes

Importance of __________ dunesImportance of __________ dunes

Coral ______ Are Amazing Coral ______ Are Amazing Centers Centers of ____________of ____________

_______equivalent of tropical ______ _______equivalent of tropical ______ forestsforests

________for _________of all marine ________for _________of all marine speciesspecies

Fig. 8-12, p. 177

Gray reef sharkGray reef shark

Sea nettleSea nettle

Green sea turtle

Green sea turtle

Blue tangBlue tang

Fairy bassletFairy basslet

Parrot fishParrot fishBrittle starBrittle star

Sergeant majorSergeant majorHard coralsHard corals AlgaeAlgae

Banded coral shrimp

Banded coral shrimp

PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

Symbiotic algae

Symbiotic algae

ConeyConey

ZooplanktonZooplankton Blackcap bassletBlackcap basslet

SpongesSponges

Moray eel

Moray eel

BacteriaBacteria

Producer to primary consumer

Primary to secondary consumer

Secondary to higher-level consumer

All producers and consumers to decomposers

Human ________ Are Disrupting Human ________ Are Disrupting and Degrading Marine and Degrading Marine SystemsSystems

Major _______ to marine systems Major _______ to marine systems Coastal developmentCoastal development __________________________ Use of fishing __________ Use of fishing __________ Runoff of nonpoint source pollutionRunoff of nonpoint source pollution Point source pollutionPoint source pollution Habitat _____________Habitat _____________ Introduction of___________speciesIntroduction of___________species Climate ________ from human activitiesClimate ________ from human activities _________of coastal wetlands and estuaries_________of coastal wetlands and estuaries

__________________

DefinitionDefinitionA ________ enclosed area of A ________ enclosed area of

______ water where ____ water ______ water where ____ water _____ with ________._____ with ________.

______ Marshes______ Marshes The ground here is ________ with water The ground here is ________ with water

and there is _______ oxygen, so _____ and there is _______ oxygen, so _____ takes place ______. It has a surface _____ takes place ______. It has a surface _____ and _____, and contains many _________. and _____, and contains many _________. It is also the _______ ground for many It is also the _______ ground for many ______ animals. Ex. crabs and shellfish.______ animals. Ex. crabs and shellfish.

__________ Forests__________ Forests These are along ______, These are along ______,

________ coasts where ________ coasts where there is too much _____ for there is too much _____ for coral reefs to grow. It is coral reefs to grow. It is dominated by __________ dominated by __________ trees called _________ (55 trees called _________ (55 different species exist). It different species exist). It also helps to _______ the also helps to _______ the coastline from _______ and coastline from _______ and provides a _______ nursery provides a _______ nursery for some ______ species of for some ______ species of fish, invertebrates, and fish, invertebrates, and plants.plants.

__________ of Estuaries__________ of Estuaries

Just one acre of estuary provides Just one acre of estuary provides $________ worth of free _______ $________ worth of free _______ treatment, and has a value of about treatment, and has a value of about $________ when recreation and fish for $________ when recreation and fish for food are included. food are included.

Prime Kansas farmland has a top value Prime Kansas farmland has a top value of $1,200 and an annual production of $1,200 and an annual production value of $600.value of $600.

Case Study: The __________ Case Study: The __________ Bay—an Estuary in TroubleBay—an Estuary in Trouble

__________estuary in the US; polluted __________estuary in the US; polluted since 1960since 1960

Human ___________increasedHuman ___________increased _______and ______point sources raised _______and ______point sources raised

pollutionpollution __________and _______levels too high__________and _______levels too high Excess sediments from ________ and Excess sediments from ________ and

decreased vegetationdecreased vegetation

Case Study: The Chesapeake Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay—an Estuary in TroubleBay—an Estuary in Trouble

________a keystone species, greatly ________a keystone species, greatly reducedreduced

________: Chesapeake Bay Program________: Chesapeake Bay Program Integrated coastal ________with local, state, Integrated coastal ________with local, state,

federal governments and citizens’ groupsfederal governments and citizens’ groups ______ update:______ update:

25 years and $6 billion25 years and $6 billion Program met only ______% of goalsProgram met only ______% of goals Water quality “_____ _____”Water quality “_____ _____”

Fig. 8-14, p. 180

Chesapeake Bay

The __________The __________

Southern Florida to the Southern Florida to the KeysKeys

Case Study: Case Study: _________ the Florida _________ the Florida EvergladesEverglades

The world’s ________ ecological restoration The world’s ________ ecological restoration project involves trying to ______ some of the project involves trying to ______ some of the _______ inflicted on the Everglades by ______ _______ inflicted on the Everglades by ______ activities.activities. ____% of park’s wading birds have vanished.____% of park’s wading birds have vanished. Other vertebrate populations down _______%.Other vertebrate populations down _______%. Large volumes of ______ that once flowed through the Large volumes of ______ that once flowed through the

park have been ________ for _____ and _____.park have been ________ for _____ and _____. ________ has caused noxious _______ blooms. ________ has caused noxious _______ blooms.

____________________ As Miami develops, it ________ on As Miami develops, it ________ on

everglades. Plus, it prompts ________ vs. everglades. Plus, it prompts ________ vs. ________. It is __________ and local areas ________. It is __________ and local areas are ________ it.are ________ it.

Restoring the Restoring the Florida Florida EvergladesEverglades

The project The project has been has been attempting to attempting to ______ the ______ the ________ and ________ and Florida Florida _____supplies._____supplies.


______________________________Build huge ________, or find other Build huge ________, or find other

sources of ______ water an sources of ______ water an protect it ______ under _______ protect it ______ under _______ species act, etc.species act, etc.

The ______ The ______ ResourceResource

ImportanceImportance ________ da Vinci said ________ da Vinci said

that “_____ is the driver that “_____ is the driver of ______.” Without of ______.” Without water, the other _______ water, the other _______ cycles would ____ exist cycles would ____ exist in their present forms, in their present forms, and current forms of and current forms of _____ on earth could _____ on earth could _____ exist._____ exist.

_________ Bonds_________ Bonds

________ Between ________ Between MoleculesMolecules

The strong _______ of The strong _______ of attraction between attraction between _________ of water._________ of water.

________ Capacity________ Capacity Water changes _____ very ______ Water changes _____ very ______

because it can _____ heat. This because it can _____ heat. This ______ living _________from the shock ______ living _________from the shock of ______ temperature ______.of ______ temperature ______.

Heat of ___________Heat of ___________

The _________ at which The _________ at which water turns to ______.water turns to ______.

Universal _______Universal _______

Water can _______ Water can _______ a wide variety of a wide variety of ________. This ________. This means it can means it can easily become easily become _______ by water-_______ by water-soluble _______.soluble _______.

_________ When _______________ When ______

Ice has a ______ density Ice has a ______ density than liquid water. Thus, ice than liquid water. Thus, ice _____ on water._____ on water.

_________ Cycle_________ Cycle

_______ Water_______ Water

Examples – streams, Examples – streams, rivers, and lakesrivers, and lakes

Source – _________Source – _________ _______ – Ex. small _______ – Ex. small

streams streams larger streams larger streams rivers rivers sea sea

______________________ _______–porous ______ w/ _______–porous ______ w/

water flowing throughwater flowing through Water ______ – the _______ Water ______ – the _______

of earth’s _____ crust to of earth’s _____ crust to which the _______ is filledwhich the _______ is filled

___________ – the ___________ – the circulation rate of circulation rate of groundwater is ______ (300 groundwater is ______ (300 to 4,600 years).to 4,600 years).

Water _______Water _______ ________ – watering crops________ – watering crops _______ – coolant (power plant)_______ – coolant (power plant) ________ and _______ – drinking, ________ and _______ – drinking,

sewage, bathwater, dishwater & sewage, bathwater, dishwater & laundrylaundry

____________________

_____ Much Water_____ Much WaterProblems include ______, Problems include ______,

________ of water supply, and ________ of water supply, and _______ seeping into the _______ seeping into the _________._________.

_____ MUCH WATER_____ MUCH WATER Heavy ______, rapid _______, removal of Heavy ______, rapid _______, removal of

_______, and _______ of wetlands cause _______, and _______ of wetlands cause flooding.flooding.

__________, which usually include highly __________, which usually include highly productive wetlands, help provide _______ productive wetlands, help provide _______ flood and erosion control, maintain _____ flood and erosion control, maintain _____ water quality, and _________ groundwater.water quality, and _________ groundwater.

To _______ floods, rivers have been To _______ floods, rivers have been _________ with ______ and walls, and _________ with ______ and walls, and ______ to store water.______ to store water.

TOO MUCH WATERTOO MUCH WATER

Comparison of _______, Missouri under Comparison of _______, Missouri under normal conditions (_____) and after severe normal conditions (_____) and after severe flooding (_____).flooding (_____).

Figure 14-22, 15Figure 14-22, 15thth eded

TOO MUCH WATERTOO MUCH WATER

Human _______ have contributed to Human _______ have contributed to flood _______ and _________.flood _______ and _________.


Oxygen released by vegetation

Diverse Diverse ecological ecological habitathabitat

Evapotranspiration

Trees reduce soil erosion from heavy rain and wind

Agricultural land

Steady river flow

Leaf litter improves soil fertility

Tree roots stabilize soil and aid water flow

_________releases water slowly and _________ flooding

Forested Hillside

Tree plantation

Roads Roads destabilize destabilize hillsideshillsides

Evapotranspiration decreases

Ranching accelerates soil erosion by water and wind

Winds remove fragile topsoil

Agricultural land is flooded and silted up

Gullies and Gullies and landslideslandslides

Heavy rain leaches nutrients from soil and erodes topsoil

______from erosion ______ rivers and reservoirs and _______ flooding downstream

Rapid runoff causes flooding

After Deforestation

______ Little Water______ Little Water

ExamplesExamples

Examples include _______ Examples include _______ and expanding ________.and expanding ________.

____________ Surface Water____________ Surface Water Lake levels ______, ________ use Lake levels ______, ________ use

drops, ________ drop, and ________ drops, ________ drop, and ________ occurs. Ex. Soviet Union (____ Sea); occurs. Ex. Soviet Union (____ Sea); the inland sea drained the river that the inland sea drained the river that fed into it. Now it’s a huge _______ fed into it. Now it’s a huge _______ (read pg. 332 in text).(read pg. 332 in text).1964 1997

Case Study: The _____ Sea Case Study: The _____ Sea DisasterDisaster

________ water from the Aral Sea and its ________ water from the Aral Sea and its two ______ rivers mostly for _______ has two ______ rivers mostly for _______ has created a major ecological, economic, created a major ecological, economic, and health ________.and health ________. About _____% of the ________ have been About _____% of the ________ have been

_________ and roughly ___% of the local bird _________ and roughly ___% of the local bird and mammal species have ___________.and mammal species have ___________.

Since ______, the sea’s _______ has _______ Since ______, the sea’s _______ has _______ and the water has ______ by 22 meters and the water has ______ by 22 meters most likely causing ____ of the ____ native most likely causing ____ of the ____ native fish species to go ________.fish species to go ________.

_________ Depletion_________ DepletionThis ______ endangered This ______ endangered

species, and ____ water can species, and ____ water can seep in.seep in.

__________ of Irrigated Soil__________ of Irrigated Soil______ is poured onto soil and ______ is poured onto soil and

_________. Over time, as this is _________. Over time, as this is repeated, _______ will grow repeated, _______ will grow there anymore.there anymore.

_____Water _____Water ProblemsProblems

________ Water Problems________ Water Problems

The ________ Mississippi River (_____-The ________ Mississippi River (_____-source point pollution) has too much source point pollution) has too much __________. __________.

In the ______ Canal, which connects the In the ______ Canal, which connects the _______ to the Great Lakes, _______ came _______ to the Great Lakes, _______ came in and depleted the fish. The _____ in and depleted the fish. The _____ mollusk is also a problem in the Great mollusk is also a problem in the Great Lakes.Lakes.

Effects of Plant ________ on Effects of Plant ________ on Lakes:Lakes:Too Much of a Good ThingToo Much of a Good Thing

Plant _________ from a lake’s Plant _________ from a lake’s environment affect the ______ and environment affect the ______ and _______ of organisms it can support._______ of organisms it can support.


Effects of Plant Nutrients on Effects of Plant Nutrients on Lakes:Lakes:Too Much of a Good ThingToo Much of a Good Thing

Plant nutrients from a lake’s Plant nutrients from a lake’s environment affect the types and environment affect the types and numbers of organisms it can support.numbers of organisms it can support. ______________________ (_______ nourished) lake: Usually (_______ nourished) lake: Usually

_______ formed lake with ______ supply of _______ formed lake with ______ supply of plant nutrient input.plant nutrient input.

________________(____ nourished) lake: Over time, (____ nourished) lake: Over time, sediment, organic material, and inorganic sediment, organic material, and inorganic nutrients wash into lakes causing _________ nutrients wash into lakes causing _________ plant ________.plant ________.

Effects of Plant Nutrients on Effects of Plant Nutrients on Lakes:Lakes:Too Much of a Good ThingToo Much of a Good Thing

__________eutrophication__________eutrophication:: ________ inputs of ________ from the ________ inputs of ________ from the

atmosphere and urban and atmosphere and urban and agricultural areas can ________ the agricultural areas can ________ the ___________ process.___________ process.

_______ Lake_______ Lake(like the ______ Sea) This has a (like the ______ Sea) This has a

huge _____ concentration due to huge _____ concentration due to man’s ________.man’s ________.

__________ River Basin__________ River Basin These are _____ & These are _____ &

_______ that feed _______ that feed from the Colorado from the Colorado River all the way to River all the way to San Diego, LA, Palm San Diego, LA, Palm Springs, Phoenix & Springs, Phoenix & Mexico. So far has Mexico. So far has worked because worked because they ______ they ______ withdrawn their full withdrawn their full allocations. See allocations. See pg331. pg331.

The Colorado River BasinThe Colorado River Basin

The ______ The ______ drained by drained by this ______ is this ______ is equal to equal to more than more than ________ of ________ of the land area the land area of the lower of the lower ____ states.____ states.


Case Study: The Colorado Case Study: The Colorado Basin – an Overtapped Basin – an Overtapped ResourceResource

The Colorado River has so many ______ The Colorado River has so many ______ and ________ that it often _____ and ________ that it often _____ ____reach the ocean.____reach the ocean. ____ major dams and reservoirs, and canals.____ major dams and reservoirs, and canals. Water is mostly _____ in ________ area of the Water is mostly _____ in ________ area of the

U.S.U.S. Provides _______ from hydroelectric plants Provides _______ from hydroelectric plants

for ____ million people (1/10for ____ million people (1/10thth of the U.S. of the U.S. population).population).

Case Study: The Colorado Case Study: The Colorado Basin – an Overtapped Basin – an Overtapped ResourceResource

Lake ______, is Lake ______, is the ______ largest the ______ largest _______ in the _______ in the U.S.U.S.

It hosts one of It hosts one of the __________ the __________ plants located on plants located on the Colorado the Colorado River.River.


___________ Problems___________ Problems

These include pollution, These include pollution, salt, and draining too much.salt, and draining too much.

Other _______ of Groundwater Other _______ of Groundwater OverpumpingOverpumping

_______ form _______ form when the ____ of when the ____ of an underground an underground cavern ________ cavern ________ after being _____ after being _____ of ____________.of ____________.

Groundwater Depletion: Groundwater Depletion: A Growing ProblemA Growing Problem

The ________, the world’s largest aquifer, The ________, the world’s largest aquifer, is most of the red area in the center is most of the red area in the center (Midwest).(Midwest).

Areas of Areas of _________ _________ aquifer aquifer depletion depletion from from groundwater groundwater overdraft in overdraft in the the continental continental U.S.U.S.


_________ Aquifer_________ Aquifer

This is the world’s _______ known aquifer, This is the world’s _______ known aquifer, and fuels ________ regions in the U.S. It and fuels ________ regions in the U.S. It extends from _________to ______. It’s extends from _________to ______. It’s essentially a ____-renewable aquifer from essentially a ____-renewable aquifer from the last ___ age with an extremely ____ the last ___ age with an extremely ____ recharge rate. In some cases, water is recharge rate. In some cases, water is pumped out _______times faster than it is pumped out _______times faster than it is renewed. Northern states will still have renewed. Northern states will still have ample supplies, but for the south it’s ample supplies, but for the south it’s getting thinner. It is estimated that ___ of getting thinner. It is estimated that ___ of the aquifer will be depleted by ______. the aquifer will be depleted by ______.

______ Water Problems

_______ of Human Activities on _______ of Human Activities on Freshwater SystemsFreshwater Systems Dams, cities, farmlands, and filled-in wetlands Dams, cities, farmlands, and filled-in wetlands

alter and _______ freshwater habitats.alter and _______ freshwater habitats. Dams, diversions and canals have _______ Dams, diversions and canals have _______

about ___% of the world’s ____ large rivers.about ___% of the world’s ____ large rivers. Flood control levees and dikes ______ and Flood control levees and dikes ______ and

destroy aquatic habitats.destroy aquatic habitats. Cities and farmlands add _______ and ______ Cities and farmlands add _______ and ______

plant _______ to streams and rivers.plant _______ to streams and rivers. Many inland wetlands have been ______ or Many inland wetlands have been ______ or

_____ for agriculture or (sub)urban _____ for agriculture or (sub)urban ____________.____________.

Core Case Study: A Biological Core Case Study: A Biological Roller Coaster Ride in Lake Roller Coaster Ride in Lake VictoriaVictoria

Lake ________ has lost their _________ Lake ________ has lost their _________ fish species to large introduced fish species to large introduced __________ fish.__________ fish.


Core Case Study: A Biological Core Case Study: A Biological Roller Coaster Ride in Lake Roller Coaster Ride in Lake VictoriaVictoria

__________ for Lake Victoria’s loss of __________ for Lake Victoria’s loss of biodiversity:biodiversity: Introduction of ______ perch.Introduction of ______ perch. Lake experienced algal _______ from _______ Lake experienced algal _______ from _______

runoff.runoff. Invasion of water ________ has blocked sunlight Invasion of water ________ has blocked sunlight

and ________ oxygen.and ________ oxygen. Nile perch is in decline because it has eaten its Nile perch is in decline because it has eaten its

own food _______.own food _______.

________ Runoff________ Runoff As _______ runs off from rain, it’s As _______ runs off from rain, it’s

supposed to get into rivers, and finally off supposed to get into rivers, and finally off to the sea. But when we _______ rivers, to the sea. But when we _______ rivers, ______ goes to the ocean, meaning the ______ goes to the ocean, meaning the ________ water (where the river hits the ________ water (where the river hits the ocean) becomes ______. This is the ocean) becomes ______. This is the breeding ground for many fish and breeding ground for many fish and invertebrates. This _______ the _______ of invertebrates. This _______ the _______ of the area.the area.

________ Water ________ Water ProblemsProblems

__________ Bacteria__________ Bacteria

The _______recommends there be The _______recommends there be ______ colonies of _______ per ______ colonies of _______ per _____ml of drinking water and _____ml of drinking water and ______ colonies per _____ml of ______ colonies per _____ml of swimming water. The average swimming water. The average human excretes ___ billion human excretes ___ billion organisms per day (see how organisms per day (see how easily untreated ________ can easily untreated ________ can contaminate water?).contaminate water?).

Oxygen _________ WastesOxygen _________ WastesThese are ________ wastes that These are ________ wastes that

can be decomposed by _______ can be decomposed by _______ bacteria (causes ______ of bacteria (causes ______ of oxygen). Fish ____ as a result of oxygen). Fish ____ as a result of a lack of oxygen.a lack of oxygen.

Water-Soluble ________ Water-Soluble ________ ChemicalsChemicals

These include _____, _____, These include _____, _____, ________, and _____. They make ________, and _____. They make water unfit to drink.water unfit to drink.

__________ Material__________ Material

These include oil, gas, These include oil, gas, plastics, pesticides, and plastics, pesticides, and detergents.detergents.

Population _________Population _________Problems include _________ Problems include _________

fresh water, ________, and fresh water, ________, and _______ so that water can’t _______ so that water can’t seep into the _______.seep into the _______.

_______ Water Resources_______ Water Resources

There are water ______ out west. There are water ______ out west. __________ bought the water from __________ bought the water from the Colorado River, but the Colorado River, but ________wants it. Who owns it? ________wants it. Who owns it? The same thing is happening in The same thing is happening in ______. More water rights are sold ______. More water rights are sold than the actual amount of water. than the actual amount of water. How do you share water? This is a How do you share water? This is a problem all over the _______.problem all over the _______.

Water ___________

______ and _______________ and _________

•Description: A _______ stream that can capture & ______ water from rain & melted snow.

•Benefits: _________ power; provides water to towns; recreation; controls ______ downstream

• Problems: Reduces downstream _____; prevents ____ from reaching the ____ (Colorado River) devastates fish life; reduces _________.

USING DAMS AND USING DAMS AND RESERVOIRS TO SUPPLY RESERVOIRS TO SUPPLY MORE WATERMORE WATER

Large dams and reservoirs can Large dams and reservoirs can produce ______ electricity, reduce produce ______ electricity, reduce downstream flooding, and provide downstream flooding, and provide ______ water for irrigating ________, ______ water for irrigating ________, but they also _______ people and but they also _______ people and _______ aquatic systems._______ aquatic systems.

Fig. 13-13a, p. 328

Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland

Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people

Large losses of water through evaporation

Provides water for drinking Downstream

cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt

Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing

Risk of failure and devastating downstream flooding

Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower)

Downstream flooding is reduced

Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted

Fig. 13-13b, p. 328

Powerlines

Reservoir

Dam

PowerhouseIntake

Turbine

Case Study: Case Study: _______ Three ________ Dam_______ Three ________ Dam

There is a debate over whether the advantages There is a debate over whether the advantages of the world’s _______ dam and reservoir will of the world’s _______ dam and reservoir will outweigh its disadvantages.outweigh its disadvantages. The dam will be ___ kilometers long.The dam will be ___ kilometers long. The electric output will be that of ____ large coal-The electric output will be that of ____ large coal-

burning or nuclear power plants.burning or nuclear power plants. It will _______ ship travel _______ transportation costs.It will _______ ship travel _______ transportation costs. Dam will displace ____ million people.Dam will displace ____ million people. Dam is built over _______ fault and already has small Dam is built over _______ fault and already has small

cracks. cracks.

Dam _________Dam _________

Some dams are being ________ for ecological Some dams are being ________ for ecological reasons and because they have _______ their reasons and because they have _______ their usefulness.usefulness. In ______ the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers In ______ the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

announced that it would no longer build large _____ announced that it would no longer build large _____ and diversion projects in the U.S.and diversion projects in the U.S.

The Federal ________Regulatory Commission has The Federal ________Regulatory Commission has ________the removal of nearly _____ dams.________the removal of nearly _____ dams.

Removing dams can ________ ecosystems, but can Removing dams can ________ ecosystems, but can also re-release _________ into the environment.also re-release _________ into the environment.

Water ________Water ________

•Description: Damming a river to ________ where the water ______

•Benefits: Keeps water where we want it- ______!

•Problems: Drains _______, destroys _____

________________________

•Description: _______ salt from salt water

•Benefits: ___________

•Problems: Uses lots of ______; ____ 3-5X’s more money; what do we do with the salt?

________ SEAWATER, _______ ________ SEAWATER, _______ CLOUDS, AND TOWING CLOUDS, AND TOWING _______ AND GIANT ________________ AND GIANT _________

Removing salt from seawater by current Removing salt from seawater by current methods is ________ and produces large methods is ________ and produces large amounts of salty ________ that must be amounts of salty ________ that must be disposed of ______.disposed of ______. ___________ ___________ ::_______ saltwater until it evaporates, _______ saltwater until it evaporates,

leaves behind water in solid form.leaves behind water in solid form. __________________________: uses high _________ to force saltwater : uses high _________ to force saltwater

through a membrane filter.through a membrane filter.

DESALTING SEAWATER, DESALTING SEAWATER, SEEDING CLOUDS, AND SEEDING CLOUDS, AND TOWING ICEBERGS AND TOWING ICEBERGS AND GIANT BAGGIESGIANT BAGGIES

Seeding ______ with tiny particles of Seeding ______ with tiny particles of _______ to increase rainfall towing _______ to increase rainfall towing icebergs or huge bags filled with icebergs or huge bags filled with ________ to dry coastal areas have ________ to dry coastal areas have all been proposed but are _______ to all been proposed but are _______ to provide _______ amounts of provide _______ amounts of freshwater.freshwater.

________ Icebergs________ Icebergs

•Description: ______ massive _______ to arid coastal areas (S. California; Saudi Arabia)

•Benefits: _________

•Problems: _______ not available; _____ too high; ______ temperatures around the earth.

_________ WATER SUPPLIES BY _________ WATER SUPPLIES BY WASTING LESS WATERWASTING LESS WATER

______ percent of the world’s irrigation ______ percent of the world’s irrigation water is currently ________, but water is currently ________, but improved irrigation techniques could improved irrigation techniques could cut this waste to ______%.cut this waste to ______%.

________, low pressure sprinklers sprays ________, low pressure sprinklers sprays water directly onto crop.water directly onto crop. It allows ____% of water to reach crop.It allows ____% of water to reach crop. Has ________ depletion of Ogallala aquifer in Has ________ depletion of Ogallala aquifer in

Texas High Plains by ____%.Texas High Plains by ____%.

Center pivotCenter pivot

Drip irrigationDrip irrigation

Gravity flowGravity flow(efficiency 60% and

80% with surge valves)

Above- or below-ground pipes or tubes deliver water to individual plant roots.

Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river.

(efficiency 90–95%)

(efficiency 80%–95%)

Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from mobile boom with sprinklers.

____________________________

•Description: _______ the water we have

•Methods: _______; ________ at home; __________; fix ______

•Benefits: Saves ______; Saves ________

•Problems: ________ to people; lack of caring; laziness

Fishing _______ & _________Fishing _______ & _________

The major _______in the worldwide The major _______in the worldwide catch of fish since ______ is catch of fish since ______ is because of ___________.because of ___________.

_________- fish or animals that were _________- fish or animals that were not meant to be caught.not meant to be caught.

__________ and __________: __________ and __________: Gone Fishing, Fish GoneGone Fishing, Fish Gone

About ____% of the world’s About ____% of the world’s commercially valuable marine fish commercially valuable marine fish species are _________ or fished near species are _________ or fished near their __________ limits.their __________ limits. Big fish are becoming ________.Big fish are becoming ________. _________ fish are next._________ fish are next. We throw away ____% of the fish we catch.We throw away ____% of the fish we catch. We needlessly kill sea mammals and birds.We needlessly kill sea mammals and birds.

Fig. 11-18, p. 259

Fish farming in cage

Trawler fishing

Spotter airplane

Sonar

Trawl flap

Trawl lines

Purse-seine fishing

Trawl bagFish school

Drift-net fishingLong line fishing

Lines with hooks

Fish caught by gills

Deep sea aquaculture cage

Float Buoy

Purse SeinesPurse Seines

_______ Seines_______ Seines

A large ______-like net is put into A large ______-like net is put into the ocean and is then ______ like a the ocean and is then ______ like a __________ purse to trap the fish. __________ purse to trap the fish.

_____ is a fish typically caught in _____ is a fish typically caught in purse seinespurse seines

________ are a by-catch of purse ________ are a by-catch of purse seinesseines

______-line fishing______-line fishing

Lines are put out that can be up to Lines are put out that can be up to ___ miles long w/ thousands of _____ ___ miles long w/ thousands of _____ _____ on them. These are left out _____ on them. These are left out _____-floating for days and then the _____-floating for days and then the boat comes back and picks them up. boat comes back and picks them up.

Pilot whales, dolphins, sea turtles, Pilot whales, dolphins, sea turtles, and birds are ________ of this and birds are ________ of this technique.technique.

_______-net fishing_______-net fishing

Each net hangs as much as ___ feet below Each net hangs as much as ___ feet below the surface and up to ____ miles long. the surface and up to ____ miles long.

_______ that comes into contact w/ these _______ that comes into contact w/ these nearly invisible nets are __________. nearly invisible nets are __________.

This leads to ___________This leads to ___________ Many unwanted fish and marine Many unwanted fish and marine

mammals, turtles and seabirds are caught.mammals, turtles and seabirds are caught.

HUMAN ________ ON AQUATIC HUMAN ________ ON AQUATIC BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY

Area of ocean _____ and _____ a trawler Area of ocean _____ and _____ a trawler net, acting like a giant plow, scraped it.net, acting like a giant plow, scraped it.


Population Growth and Population Growth and PollutionPollution

Each year Each year _______ items _______ items dumped from dumped from ships and left ships and left as _____ on as _____ on beaches beaches threaten threaten ________ life.________ life.


_________ ecology notes. chapter overview questions what are the basic types of aquatic life zones...

Documents

surface water

bodies of water

body of water

earths water supply

water supply problems

large amounts of water

biggest user of water

aquatic biodiversity