eighteenth-century thinkers used the ideas of the scientific revolution to reexamine all aspects of...
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CHAPTER 10, SECTION 2THE ENLIGHTENMENT
MAIN IDEAS Eighteenth-century thinkers used the ideas of
the Scientific Revolution to reexamine all aspects of life.
People gathered in salons to discuss the ideas of the philosophes.
This would be known as the Enlightenment.
PATH TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement built on the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. reason, natural law, hope, and
progress
JOHN LOCKE
greatly influenced Enlightenment thinkers. born with a mind that is a blank slate
and that knowledge comes to it through the five senses.
If people were exposed to the right influences, people could be changed and a new society created.
society was governed by natural laws Video
PATH TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Enlightenment thinkers hoped to discover with the scientific method the laws that everyone should follow to produce the ideal society
PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR IDEAS
Immanuel Kant summed up the Enlightenment in two Latin words: sapere aude: dare to know (i.e. have the
courage to think for yourself. )
The philosophes used reason to overcome obstacles to free thought and social reform.
PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR IDEAS
philosophe (philosopher) – enlightenment thinkers Most were writers, professors,
economists, journalists, and social reformers
Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot
MONTESQUIEU
studied governments to find the natural laws governing social and political relationships – tried to use the scientific method to do this
The Spirit of the Laws identified three kinds of government:
republics (small states), despotism (large states, and monarchies
MONTESQUIEU AND POLITICAL THOUGHT
His analysis of the English monarchy is his most lasting contribution government functioned through a
separation of powers controlled by checks and balances
influenced the American framers of the Constitution.
What are the United States’ branches of government?
DISCUSSION
With the classmates around you, discuss whether or not the separation of powers is necessary.
Write down what you and your classmates discuss.
VOLTAIRE AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Voltaire– Voltaire was best
known for his criticism of Christianity and his belief in religious toleration.
– Deism- religious philosophy based on reason and natural law.
– The Encyclopedia spread the ideas of the Enlightenment
DIDEROT AND THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Denis Diderot’s most important contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia.
TOWARD A NEW SOCIAL SCIENCE
The Enlightenment’s belief that Newton’s methods of the Scientific Revolution could discover the natural laws of society led to the creation of what we call the social sciences, such as economics and political science.
TOWARD A NEW SOCIAL SCIENCE
Adam Smith founded modern economics if people were free to pursue their
economic self-interest, all society would benefit
laissez-faire – hands off government politics
TOWARD A NEW SOCIAL SCIENCE
Smith said the government had only three legitimate functions:
1. protecting society from invasion (army),
2. defending citizens from injustice (police),
3. and maintaining public works like roads and canals that private individuals could not afford.
TOWARD A NEW SOCIAL SCIENCE
Cesare Beccaria On Crimes and Punishments No excessive brutality – doesn’t stop future
crimes
argued against capital punishment
THE LATER ENLIGHTENMENT
A new generation of philosophes emerged by the 1760s.– Jean-Jacques
Rousseau -Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind
– argued that people formed governments and laws to protect their private property, but the government relationship enslaved them.
THE LATER ENLIGHTENMENT--ROUSSEAU
he presented the idea of a social contract in which members of society agree to be governed by the general will, which represents what is best for society as a whole education should nurture, not restrict,
children’s natural instincts he believed that emotions, as well as
reason, were important to human development
HOMEWORK
Read ch 10 section 3 Take notes Answer questions 4, 5, & 6 on page 316
INDIVIDUAL/GROUP WORK
Adam Smith – Government has 3 basic roles 1) protecting society from invasion 2) defending citizens from injustice 3) engaging in public works that private
industry could not afford Do you support or oppose Smith’s
vision of government and state? Why
INDIVIDUAL/GROUP WORK
Research the basic platforms of the major US political parties – create own graphic organizer Democratic Republican Independent Libertarian Green
In a paragraph, explain which party Adam Smith would have been most comfortable and why. – which party aligns most with his ideas.
PART 2 OF SECTION 2
RIGHTS OF WOMEN
Mary Wollstonecraft is considered the founder of the European and American movement for women’s rights.–She argued that women
were as rational as men and as capable of being responsible free citizens.
RIGHTS OF WOMEN - WOLLSTONECRAFT
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
Power of men over women was equally wrong
women are rational beings, so they should have the same rights as men–in educational, economic, and political life
SOCIAL WORLD OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The Enlightenment ideas were most known among the wealthy and well-read
Great increase in literacy and books Businesses: magazines & newspapers
SOCIAL WORLD OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Enlightenment ideas also spread at the salon
SOCIAL WORLD OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT Salons were gatherings in the
elegant homes of the wealthy. The guests took part in conversations,
often about the new philosophical ideas.
Nobles, thinkers, artists, and government officials attended these salons. Some became very famous.
The women who hosted them could sway political opinion and influence literary and artistic taste
RELIGION IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Most of the philosophes attacked the Christian churches, but most Europeans of the time were very religious
The desire of ordinary Protestants for a greater depth of religious experience led to new religious movements
RELIGION IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT
One new religious movement was Methodism
– John Wesley had a mystical experience in which “the gift of God’s grace” assured him of salvation.
RELIGION IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Wesley preached to masses and appealed mostly to lower classes Caused conversions Many Methodists helped each other do
good works, which gave to the lower and middle classes a sense of purpose
Methodism became a separate Protestant group
HEROES OF ENLIGHTENMENT VIDEO
HOMEWORK: PROJECT
Create a political cartoon about a topic from this chapter
Depict a major event in a cartoon for a fictitious newspaper.
Topics: balance of power in Europe, alliances formed by different countries, Galileo & the Church, Enlightenment figures, Scientific Revolution Figures, Enlightened Absolutism, etc.
PROJECT
Due 11/16 (A Day) or 11/17 (B Day) Worth 35 Points Cartoon: Artwork contains an accurate and complete artistic
portrayal of the information = 10 points Colorfulness = 5 points Neatness = 5 points Title = 3 points Uses symbolism to portray a complex idea = 7 Written caption/paragraph clearly explaining
meaning = 5
CHAPTER 10, SECTION 3THE IMPACT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
MAIN IDEAS
Enlightenment beliefs were reflected in the art,
music, and literature of the time. Enlightenment thought impacted the politics of
Europe in the eighteenth century.
Bach Handel Haydn
Frederick the GreatMaria TheresaCatherine the Great
People to Identify
Mozart
THE ARTS
The Enlightenment had a large impact on culture European monarchs tried to
emulate Versailles, but in the Italian baroque style, not the French classical
They created a new kind of architecture
By the 1730s, a new artistic style–rococo–had emerged
THE ARTS
While the baroque style stressed grandeur and power, the rococo style emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action
– It was highly secular, valuing the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love
– The greatest rococo painter was Antoine Watteau
THE ARTS Enchantment and enthusiasm are
also part of rococo, as is evident in the paintings of Giovanni Battista Tiepolo– His masterpiece is the
ceiling of the bishop’s residence at Würzburg, a huge scene representing the four continents
THE ARTS—MUSIC & LITERATURE
The eighteenth century was one of the greatest in history for European music
Bach, Handel, Haydn, Mozart Henry Fielding: presents scenes of
English life Slums to aristocracy
ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM
The philosophes believed in natural rights for all people (i.e. the rights mentioned in the Declaration of Independence).
The philosophes believed that enlightened rulers were to establish and preserve these. These rulers were to nurture the arts,
sciences, and education, and to enforce the laws fairly over all subjects
ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM
Enlightened absolutism is a term used to describe the monarchies that emerged at this time According to this view, monarchs of
this time tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while retaining royal power.
We examined three states where philosophes tried to influence rulers to make enlightened reforms: Prussia, Austria, and Russia
ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM - PRUSSIA
Frederick William I and Frederick II made Prussia a European power in the eighteenth century Frederick William I tried to maintain a
highly efficient bureaucracy, whose values were obedience, honor, and service to the king.
Nobles who owned large estates were officers in the Prussian army
They believed in duty, obedience, and sacrifice, and were loyal to the king
ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM - PRUSSIA
Frederick II, or Frederick the Great, was one of Europe’s most cultured kings He knew and adopted some
Enlightenment ideas He abolished torture, except in treason
and murder cases, and granted limited freedom of speech, limited freedom of the press, and greater religious toleration.
ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM - AUSTRIA
Austria was major power by the 18th century Empress Maria Theresa, who came to
the throne in 1740, centralized the Austrian Empire and strengthened the state’s power
Her successor, Joseph II, was more influenced by the philosophes.
Abolished serfdom and the death penalty. He recognized equality before the law and
enacted religious reforms, including toleration
ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM - RUSSIA
After several weak rulers following Peter the Great’s death, Catherine the Great, the German wife of the murdered Peter III, came to the Russian throne She ruled from 1762 to 1796 She knew the ideas of the
Enlightenment and even invited Diderot to speak in Russia
In the end, she did not adopt Enlightenment reforms because she needed the support of the Russian nobility
ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM
ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM
The theory of enlightened absolutism seems questionable and was ultimately unsuccessful Most of these three governments did
not institute Enlightenment reforms The decisions the rulers made were
ultimately about the well-being of their states and increasing the state’s power
PAIR WORK
Create a graphic organizer or table to compare and contrast the reforms of Joseph II of Austria with those of Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine II of Russia.
Write a paragraph in which you explain whether or not one or all of the rulers actually followed the advice of the philosophes and became enlightened. – Work on the paragraph together
Each group turns in one graphic organizer and one paragraph
HOMEWORK: PROJECT
DAY 2 OF SECTION 3
WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION
The War of the Austrian Succession
(1740 to 1748) was fought in Europe, the Far East, and North America Maria Theresa succeeded her father
to the Austrian throne after his death in 1740
The Prussian king took advantage of having a woman on the throne and invaded Austria
France allied with Prussia, and Britain allied with Austria
WAR OF AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION
In 1748, the War of Austrian Succession ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, and all occupied territories but Silesia were returned to their original owners Two new rivalries took center stage:
France and Britain over colonial empires and Austria and Prussia over Silesia
Maria Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia
SEVEN YEARS WAR
In 1756, another worldwide war broke out–in Europe, India, and North America– The superb Prussian
army was able to defeat the French, Austrians, and Russians for time
SEVEN YEARS WAR
SEVEN YEARS WAR
Prussian forces were being worn down, however, and Frederick the Great faced disaster until the czar Peter III withdrew his troops from the war A stalemate led to peace
In 1763, under the Treaty of Paris, all occupied territories were returned and Austria officially recognized Prussia’s permanent control of Silesia
SEVEN YEARS WAR
The greatest conflicts of the Seven Years’ War took place in North America The French colonies in North America
(Canada and Louisiana) were thinly populated trading outposts because the French settlers would not move to North America
The 13 British colonies were thickly populated with more than 1 million people by 1750 and were also were quite prosperous
SEVEN YEARS WAR
The British and French fought in the waterways of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada and in the Ohio River valleyThe French tried to establish forts in this valley to keep the British settlers from expanding into new territory
SEVEN YEARS WAR
At first the French were winning, but then William Pitt the Elder, Britain’s prime minister, revived Britain’s cause He focused the British navy against
the French and defeated the smaller, weaker French navy
The British soon scored a series of land victories in the Great Lakes area and the Ohio River valley
SEVEN YEARS WAR
The French made peace, and the 1763 Treaty of Paris transferred Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi to Britain Spain, an ally of France, transferred
Florida to British control, and France gave Spain its Louisiana territory
By 1763, Britain was the world’s greatest colonial power
7 years war - crash course
THESIS STATEMENT LESSON
HOMEWORK
Read Section 4 Take Notes Answer the green reading check
questions