© e.v. blackburn, 2011 alkenes c n h 2n. © e.v. blackburn, 2011 alkenes called unsaturated...
TRANSCRIPT
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Alkenes
• called unsaturated hydrocarbons
• also known as olefins (oleum, latin, oil; facere, latin, make)
• CnH2n
• CnH2n + H2 CnH2n+2 - one degree of unsaturation
• contain carbon - carbon double bonds
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Degree of unsaturationDegree of unsaturation = (2NC - NX + NN – NH + 2)/2
NC = number of carbons
NX = number of halogens
NN = number of nitrogens
NH = number of hydrogensNH2
ClH
O
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Nomenclature – the E/Z system
1. To name alkenes, select the longest carbon chain which includes the carbons of the double bond. Remove the -ane suffix from the name of the alkane which corresponds to this chain. Add the suffix -ene.
a derivative of octene not nonane
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Nomenclature – the E/Z system
2. Number this chain so that the first carbon of the double bond has the lowest number possible.
1
2 3
4
4-butyl-2-octene
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Nomenclature – the E/Z system
C C C CH
H3C
CH3
H
H
H3C
H
CH3
diastereoisomersgeometric isomers
trans cis
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
C CH
H3C
Cl
Br
This molecule is a 1-bromo-1-chloropropene but is it cis or trans!
cis/trans problems
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
C CH
H3C
Cl
Br
• then compare the relative positions of the groups of higher priority on these two carbons.
• if the two groups are on the same side, the compound has the Z configuration (zusammen, German, together).
• if the two groups are on opposite sides, the compound has the E configuration (entgegen, German, across).
(Z)-1-bromo-1-chloropropene
Nomenclature – the E/Z system
• use the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog system to assign priorities to the two groups on each carbon of the double bond.
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
E-Z designations
CH2CH2CH3
CH3
H3CH2C
Br
CH2Br
OCH3
C(CH3)3
CH(CH3)2
H3CH2C
H3C
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Relative stabilities of alkenes• Cis isomers are generally less stable than trans isomers due to strain caused by crowding of the two alkyl groups on the same side of the double bond• Stabilities can be compared by measuring heats of hydrogenation of alkenes.
H
CH3
H
H3C H2
catalystCH3CH2CH2CH3
H = -119.7 kJ/mol
H
CH3
H3C
H H2
catalystCH3CH2CH2CH3
H = -115.5 kJ/mol
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Overall relative stabilities of alkenes
CH3
CH3
H3C
H3C>
H
C2H5
H3C
H3C>
H
C2H5
C2H5
H>
H
C2H5
H
C2H5
>H
CH2CH2CH2CH3
H
H
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Synthesis of alkenes by elimination reactions
H
X base- HXdehydrohalogenation:
dehydration:H
OH H+/- H2O
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides
a 1,2 elimination reaction
C CH
X+ KOH
C2H5OH+ KX + H2O
Reactivity: RX 3o > 2o > 1o
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Dehydrohalogenation
C CH
X+ KOH
C2H5OH+ KX + H2O
Br C2H5ONa
C2H5OH, 55oC 79%+ NaBr + C2H5OH
Br C2H5ONa
C2H5OH, 55oC 91%+ NaBr + C2H5OH
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Alkoxide ions – bases used in dehydrohalogenation
CH3CH2OHNa
CH3CH2O- Na+
sodium ethoxide
(CH3)2CHOHAl
((CH3)2CHO-)3 Al3+
aluminum isopropoxide
(CH3)3COHK
(CH3)3CO- K+
potassium t-butoxide
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides
CH3CH2CH2ClKOH
C2H5OHCH3CH=CH2
CH3CH2CH2CH2ClKOH
C2H5OHCH3CH2CH=CH2
- no rearrangement
CH3CH2CHCH3
Cl
KOH
C2H5OHCH3CH=CHCH3
80%CH3CH2CH=CH2
20%
+
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
The mechanismIn the presence of a strong base, the reaction follows second order kinetics:
rate = k[RX][B-]
However, with weak bases at low concentrations and as we move from a primary halide to a secondary and a tertiary, the reaction becomes first order.
There are two mechanisms for this elimination: E1 and E2.
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Evidence for the E1 mechanism
• Same structural effects on reactivity as for SN1 reactions - 3 > 2 > 1
• Rearrangements can occur indicative of the formation of carbocations
• Follows first order kinetics
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Evidence for the E2 mechanism
• There are no rearrangements
• There is a large deuterium isotope effect
• There is an anti periplanar geometry requirement
• The reaction follows second order kinetics
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Isotope effects
A difference in rate due to a difference in the isotope present in the reaction system is called an isotope effect.
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Isotope effectsIf an atom is less strongly bonded in the transition state than in the starting material, the reaction involving the heavier isotope will proceed more slowly.
C H + ZkH
C H Z C + HZ
The isotopes of hydrogen have the greatest mass differences. Deuterium has twice and tritium three times the mass of protium. Therefore deuterium and tritium isotope effects are the largest and easiest to determine.
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Primary isotope effectsThese effects are due to breaking the bond to the isotope.
C H + ZkH
C H Z C + HZ
C D + ZkD
C D Z C + DZ
kH
kD = 5 - 8
Thus the reaction with protium is 5 to 8 times faster than the reaction with deuterium.
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
CH3CHCH3
Br NaOEt
kH
CH3CH=CH2
CD3CHCD3
Br NaOEt
kD
CD3CH=CD2
kH/kD = 7
Evidence for the E2 mechanism - a large isotope
effect
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
RI > RBr > RCl > RF
Further evidence for the E2 mechanism
C CX
H:B
+ HB + X-C CX
HB-
-
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Orientation and reactivity
CH3CH2CHCH3
Cl
KOH
C2H5OHCH3CH=CHCH3
80%
CH3CH2CH=CH2
20%
+
The ease of alkene formation follows the sequence:-
R2C=CR2 > R2C=CHR > R2C=CH2, RHC=CHR > RHC=CH2
This is also the order of alkene stability. Therefore the more stable the alkene formed, the faster it is formed.
Why?
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Let’s look at the transition state for the reaction:
The double bond is partially formed in the transition state and therefore the transition state resembles an alkene. Thus the factors which stabilize alkenes will stabilize this nascent alkene.
A Zaitsev elimination.
Orientation and reactivity
C CH
X
:B
+ HB + X-C C
H
X
B
-
-
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
?
anti eliminationanti
anti
+
KOHCl
H
H3C
H
H
HH
CH(CH3)2
neomenthyl chloride
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Formation of the less substituted alkene
Dehydrohalogenation using a bulky base favours the formation of the less substituted alkene:
H3CHC CCH3
CH3+
CH3
CH2H3CH2CC
27.5% 72.5%
(CH3)3CO- + CH3CH2-C-Br
CH3
CH375oC
(CH3)3COH
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Substitution vs elimination
substitution elimination
X
HNu:
X
HNu:
SN2
X
H:Nu
E2
SN2 v E2
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Substitution vs eliminationRX + -OR' R-O-R' + 1o
X-
RX + 1o
'R C C-
'R C C R + X-
RX + 1o
-RCN + X-CN
RX = 1o 2o 3o
elimination
substitution
SN2
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Dehydration of alcohols
C CH
OH
acid
+ H2O
H2SO4, Al2O3 or H3PO4
H3C CCH3
CH3
OHH
H
H3C
H3C+ H2O
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Dehydration of alcohols - the mechanism
(CH3)3C-OH + H+ (CH3)3C-O-HH
+1.
2. (CH3)3C-O-HH
+(CH3)3C+ + H2O
3. CH3C
H3C +
H
HH
ROH
H
H
H3C
H3C+ ROH2
+
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Dehydration of alcohols - orientation
CH3CH2CH2CH2OHH+
CH3CH=CHCH3
CH3CH2CHCH2OHCH3 CH3H+
CH3CH=CCH3
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
The Zaitsev product predominates
CH3CH2CH2CH2OHH+
CH3CH=CHCH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CH2CH2OH2+
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH2+
CH3CH2CH2CH2+-H2O
CH3CH2CH2CH2+
CH3CH2CHCH3+
CH3CH2CHCH3+
?
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
The Zaitsev product predominates
The transition state explains the orientation:
CH3CH2CHCH3+
?
H3C CH
CH
CH3+HOR
H +
H3C CH
CH
C+
ORH +
H
HH
H
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Hydrogenation of alkynes
Lindlar catalyst: Pd/CaCO3/Pb(OAc)2/quinoline
R R
H2
Lindlar's catalyst
Na or Li
R
H
R
H
H
R
R
H
NH3
© E.V. Blackburn, 2011
Synthesis of alkynes by elimination reactions
C CH
X
H
X
KOH
alcohol
H
X
NaNH2C C
CH3CH=CH2
Br2CH3CHBrCH2Br
NaNH2C C HCH3-CH3CHBrCH2Br