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Exploration & ExpansionChap. 16

+Foundations of Exploration

a. The Drive to Explorei. Age of Exploration was driven by the

search for wealthii. Many explorers hoped to find faster

routes to Asiaiii. Some set out to find glory and fameiv. Others to spread faith in new landsv. Simple curiosity

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b. Advances in Technologyi. The compass and astrolabe

1. Allowed sailors to plot courses even when they were out of sight of land

ii. Advances in shipbuilding

1. Deep-draft ships

a. Were capable of withstanding heavier waves than earlier ships could

2. The Carvel ship

a. Light and fast

b. Two features

i. Steered with a rudder at the rear of the ship

ii. Lateen sails (triangular)1. Could be moved to catch the wind from any

direction

c. Could be armed with weapons

+Portugal & Spain

a. The Portuguese

i. 1st country to launch large-scale voyages of exploration

ii. Henry the Navigator

1. Son of King John I of Portugal

2. Not an explorer, but a Patron and supporter of those who wished to explore

a. Established a small court of sailors, mapmakers, astronomers, and others interested in navigation

b. Sent expeditions to islands in the Atlantic and western coast of Africa

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Bartlomeu Dias- 1488 first European to sail around Cape of Good Hope, but turned back due to storms

Christopher Columbus- 1492 sail to the Indies, but instead Caribbean, 3 more voyages

Amerigo Vespucci 1502 NOT ASIA!

Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1513 first European to Pacific crossing the Isthmus of Panama

Ferdinand Magellan leaves Spain 1519, 5 ships, 250 men…killed in Philippines but return 1522 18 survivors, CIRCUMNAVIGATE

+English

John Cabot 1497 to Canada

Sir Francis Drake-second to circumnavigate

Henry Hudson- 1607 first voyage, 1609 for Dutch discover Hudson River

First colony at Jamestown 1607

1620 Pilgrims establish at Plymouth, MA

View natib=ves with distrust and anger

+French

Jacques Cartier 1534 to find Northwest Passage, claims all land along St Lawrence River in Canada

Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec 1608

Rene-Robert LaSalle down Mississippi claims region for king Louis

New France had few settlers, mostly for resources fish and furs

No enslavement of native population

+British French conflict

i. Mid 1700s British colonist began attempting to settle in French territory in the upper Ohio River Valley

ii. War broke out in 1754

iii. British vs. French and Indians1. War went badly for the British at first

2. Turning point was when the British took Quebec

3. French eventually surrendered

a. Yielded Canada and all French territory east of the Mississippi

+Netherlands

Henry Hudson

New Amsterdam- 1626 governor buys island of Manhatten from natives

Focus on developing colonies in other regions which were more profitable

+Spain builds an Empire

a. Spain in the Caribbeani. Settled islands in the Caribbean, such as Hispaniola and

Cuba

ii. Hoped to find gold but didn’t

iii. Introduced the encomienda system

1. Colonist were given an amount of land and certain number of Native Americans to work the land

2. In return colonist were required to teach natives about Christianity

iv. System was disastrous for Native Americas

1. Overworked and mistreated

2. Disease spread i.e. smallpox

3. No resistance to the illness, million die ( went from a pop. of 50 million down to a pop. of 4 million)

+Conquistadors

Hernan Cortez- Mexico vs. Aztec leader Moctezuma 1519

Francisco Pizarro- Peru v Atahualpa 1532, demand accept Christianity, take prisoner, kills him

Appoint VICEROY as local government

Locals work in agriculture, disease and mistreatment kills 90%

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v. Bartolome de Las Casas1. Was a priest2. Was appalled at the mistreatment

of the Native Americans3. Wanted to protect those that

remained4. Recommended replacing them as

labors with imported African slaves

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a. Treaty of Tordesillasi. Signed in 1494ii. Drew imaginary line through the Atlanticiii. Everything west was given to Spain,

everything east to Portugal1. Only Brazil remained under the control

of Portugal2. Slow to develop with huge farming

estates

+New Patterns of Trade

a. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE pgs. 483-484

b. Columbian Exchange is the name historians give this period of time. It is the exchanging of goods between the New World and Europe

c. Read the section and create a graphic organizer that shows what goods were traded and also the effects of the Columbian Exchange

+Mercantalism

a. A New Economic Policyi. Mercantilism

1. Basic principle was that a nation’s wealth depended on its wealth

2. Wealth was measured by how much gold and silver that a nation possessed

3. Led to intense competition between nations for wealth during the 1500s and 1600s

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b. Balance of TradeMercantilist believed you should build wealth by two ways:

1. Extract gold and silver from mines at home or in the colonies

2. Sell more goods than it bought from foreign countries

a. Would create a favorable balance of trade

b. Add a tax or tariff to make imported goods more expensive (buy local)

c. Provide subsidies to local producers to make local goods cheaper

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C. Coloniesi. Building colonies was essential to mercantilismii. Meant to control sources of raw materials and

proved new markets for manufactured goodsiii. Only existed to benefit the mother countryiv. Restricted economic activities

1. Could only buy and sell with the mother country

2. Impact on society: towns grow and merchants rich

+Rise of Capitalism

A.Capitalism emergesCapitalism

1. It is an economic system

2. Most economic activity is carried on by private individuals or organizations to seek a profit

B. rising prices

C. New Business organization: The Joint Stock Company-investors buy stock in a company to share the profit and risk to the venture (first is the British East India Company)

+Atlantic Slave Trade

a. The Atlantic Slave Trade

i. Plantations

1. Estates where cash crops (i.e. sugar and tobacco) were grown on a large scale

2. Native Americans were 1st source of labor for these estates

3. Indentured Servants

a. People who worked for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to the Americas

b. Expensive to maintain

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4. African Labora. Forcibly taken to the Americasb. Most were from West Africac. Some were supplied by African

rulers in exchange for European fire arms

d. Others were kidnapped by Europeans on slave trade

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ii. Triangular Trade1. Ships carrying European goods to Africa in exchange for

slaves

2. Middle Passage

a. Journey of Africans to the Americas to be sold as Slaves

b. Olaudah Equiano

i. Former slave

ii. Wrote about the horrific conditions for those on the slave ships

iii. 10-20% did not survive the journey

3. Carried American products such as sugar, rice and tobacco to Europe

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a. Living Conditionsi. Most worked on Plantations ii. Skilled craft workers continued their tradeiii. Women were sometimes given basic

domestic duties as servants and cooksiv. Had to meet their own basic needs (cooking,

cleaning, mending clothes) at the end of the work day

v. Living conditions were harsh. Owners and overseers inflicted physical and degrading punishment for minor offenses

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b. Resistancei. Laws saw slaves as propertyii. Some resisted by trying to keep cultural

traditions aliveiii. Some slowed down their work or

destroyed equipment iv. Some revoltedv. Others escaped and established

communities of runaways in remote areas