facts what to know? drawing, naming, and identifying hydrocarbons halogenated hydrocarbons types ...
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factsWhat to know?
Drawing, naming, and identifying hydrocarbons
Halogenated hydrocarbons
types
branched Halogenated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
reforming - process of extracting hydrogen from fossil fuels
•today, this is the principal and least expensive method of producing hydrogen
•unfortunately, reforming emits pollutants and consumes non-renewable fuels
most commonly used are: Methane Methanol Gasoline
Diesel Ammonia
ABOUT HYDROCARBONS
ABOUT: HYDROCARBONS• almost all hydrocarbon products are produced from petroleum or crude oil extracted from the earth
• origin of petroleum is believed to be from the anaerobic decomposition of marine plankton and algae
• crude oil is a variable mixture of many hydrocarbons and other chemicals. (Separation is achieved with a cracking plant)
•Propane gas can be liquefied under pressure and stored in steel tanks and bottles
ABOUT: HYDROCARBONSThis makes it economical to manufacture propane and compress it into a liquid for shipping
Butane can be maintained as a liquid at even lower pressures and can be safely held in plastic butane lighters
Heat energy is released when hydrocarbons "burn"
ABOUT HYDROCARBONS•when the chain is between 5 and 9 carbons, the hydrocarbon is gasoline
• about a 12 carbons and it is diesel & 20 carbons is motor oil
• a chain of hundreds to thousands of carbon and hydrogen make plastic
•By combining oxygen with carbon and hydrogen, we can make any kind of alcoholEthanol is drinking alcohol (also called grain alcohol)
Methanol is also called wood alcohol
Three carbon alcohol is called propanol
If the alcohol group (OH) is on the middle carbon, it's called isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol)
ABOUT HYDROCARBONS
ABOUT HYDROCARBONS-Carbohydrates
• dehydrated means loss of water• hydrated means to add water.
Carbohydrates(aka “CARBS”)- compounds that use carbon, oxygen, & hydrogen
contains 2 elements: hydrogen & carbonHYDROCARBON-
root word that indicates the # of carbons present
Writing HYDROCARBONS
suffix indicates which type of bond is present
names are based on a root word & suffix
Rootword tel ls # of carbons
Suffi x tel ls type of bonds
1) alkanes - hydrocarbons with single bonds
3) alkynes - hydrocarbons with triple bonds
3 BASIC HYDROCARBONS
2) alkenes - hydrocarbons with double bonds
HYDROCARBONS
has 6 electrons
CARBON
ALWAYS NEEDS 4 bonds
oxidation #4
6 C12
has 1 electrons
HYDROGEN
ALWAYS NEEDS 1 bond
oxidation #1
1 H1
HYDROCARBONSRootword tel ls # of carbons
root words
# of carbons
meth 1eth 2pro 3but 4pent 5
root words
# of carbons
hex 6hept 7oct 8non 9dec 10
HYDROCARBONS
Suffi x tel ls type of bonds
suffix Kind of bond symbol
ane single Iene double IIyne triple III
DRAWING HYDROCARBONS
1. ethane practice drawing & include chemical formula:
2. ethene
3. propyne
1. ethane
C2H6
2. ethene 3. propyne
C2H4 C3H4
# of carbons Name of base hydrocarbon
Name if it is “branched”
1 methane methyl2 ethane ethyl3 propane propyl
BRANCHED HYDROCARBONS
•The # of hydrocarbons in the branch follows the same naming rules as basic hydrocarbons
•branch name usually ends in “yl”
INFO:
DRAWING Branched Hydrocarbons1st draw the amount of carbons given in the root word2nd draw the # of bonds indicated in the suffix
3rd add the branch where indicated
3ethyl pentane All single bonds
Eth=22 carbon
chain formula: C7H16
4th add hydrogen to all of the available bonding areas
5 carbons2 carbon chain will go on the 3rd carbon of
the main hydrocarbon
C C C C C1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
DRAWING Branched Hydrocarbons
Pentane – carbons are numbered
Always numbered from left to right
BRANCHED HYDROCARBONS
Uses prefix when several different halogens are to be used
prefix # of halogens
di 2tri 3tetra 4penta 5
Use the #’s in front to indicate which carbon the sub will go on
HYDROCARBONS-CarbohydratesEX: sugar, starch, cellulose (wood fiber), and glycogen
•The small black granules (dots) are glycogen
•Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals
and humans which is the same as the starch in plants. Glycogen is synthesized(made) and stored mainly in the liver and the muscles
HALOGENATED-SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONSyou can substitution of halogens with alkanes
in a substitution reaction, one atom of hydrogen is replaced by one atom of a halogen.
this type of reaction is called a halogenation. the halogenation of alkanes occurs in the presence of light, making it a photochemical reaction.
EX: methane (C2H4) reacts with chlorine (which occurs as a two-atom molecule Cl2) in the presence of light to produce methyl chloride, CH3Cl, and hydrogen chloride
(HCl)
HALOGENATED-SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONSThese compounds can be differentiated according to various criteria, including:
1. The type of halogen, for example fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-.
2. The type of carbon chain: open, closed, aromatic, saturated, unsaturated.
3. The number of atoms in the halogen: mono-, di- and poly halogen compounds.
HALOGENATED-SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONSThe name of the compound is based on the number of carbon atoms present
where the substitution of a halogen for a hydrogen atom has taken place.
Before the name of the hydrocarbon the names of the substitued halogens are given, in alphabetical order if possible.
Each carbon atom is assigned a number so as to place the substituted halogen at as low a number as possible. Then the number of the carbon which has been substituted is placed before the halogen prefix.
HALOGENATED-SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONS
For example: Fluorine is the first of the halogen group
•means that it is able to substitute for all of the other halogens in a chemical bond.
•hydrocarbons containing fluorine are very stable, non- flammable, and are not poisonous.
•they are used as an ingredient in aerosol sprays or as the refrigerant liquid in refrigerators, and as a solvent. Their use has become less popular in recent years because of the damage they do in the atmosphere to the ozone layer.