for all animals, emotions have an adaptive purpose emphasis on behavior changes and facial...
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EVOLUTIONARY THEORY - DARWIN For all animals, emotions have an
adaptive purpose
Emphasis onBehavior Changes and Facial ExpressionsPhysiological Changes
[Schirmer, A. (2014). (R)evolutionary ideas of the 19th century. Emotion (Chapter 1, pp.11-18). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.]
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND DARWIN For all animals, emotions have an
adaptive purpose
Principle of Serviceable Associated Habits
[Schirmer, A. (2014). (R)evolutionary ideas of the 19th century. Emotion (Chapter 1, pp.11-18). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.]
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND DARWIN For all animals, emotions have an
adaptive purpose
Principle of Antithesis Disgusting ----------------------------- Delicious
[Schirmer, A. (2014). (R)evolutionary ideas of the 19th century. Emotion (Chapter 1, pp.11-18). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.]
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND DARWIN For all animals, emotions have an
adaptive purpose
Principle of actions due to the constitution of the nervous system……..
[Schirmer, A. (2014). (R)evolutionary ideas of the 19th century. Emotion (Chapter 1, pp.11-18). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.]
EVOLUTIONARY THY TODAY Emotions have an adaptive purpose
In the past, the adaptive problem designed the emotion
Today, the adaptive problem elicits the emotion
The emotion increased gene survival by: Enhancing reproductive opportunities Dealing with threats to reproduction
Basic Emotions
BASIC EMOTIONS “…discrete physiological responses to
fundamental life situations that have been useful in our ancestral environment.” (Ekman & Cordaro, 2011, p.369)
[Ekman, P., & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is meant by calling emotions basic. Emotion Review, 3, 364-370. doi: 10.1177/1754073911410740]
BASIC EMOTIONS PERSPECTIVE Derived from evolutionary theory –
emotions are evolved adaptations to our environment
Emotions are discrete – we can differentiate between different emotions
Categorical ApproachEmotions are universally distinct categories
[Ekman, P., & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is meant by calling emotions basic. Emotion Review, 3, 364-370. doi: 10.1177/1754073911410740]
BASIC EMOTIONS PERSPECTIVE BASIC EMOTION = DISCRETE + ADAPTIVE
Universal, evolutionary view Not cultural **Paul Ekman
DISCRETE EMOTION = DISCRETE + Universal, evolutionary view + Social constructionist view
Cultural, not universal **Lisa Barrett
[Ekman, P., & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is meant by calling emotions basic. Emotion Review, 3, 364-370. doi: 10.1177/1754073911410740]
BASIC EMOTIONS: 4 CRITERIA Basic emotions should be universal
Among humans and nonhuman animals
All animals should express the emotion in the same way
All animals should express emotion early in life
Each emotion can be categorized according to the 5 components of emotion
BASIC EMOTIONS: SO, HOW DO WE IDENTIFY EMOTION CATEGORIES? Linguistic Data
Identify Behavior ChangesFacial ExpressionsVocal Affect
Physiological Patterns
Cognitive Appraisals
LINGUISTIC DATA Card sort activity!
Groups of 3 – 4 Please!
IDENTIFYING BASIC EMOTIONS: LINGUISTIC DATA 3 Categories found
1) Pleasantness: Negative v. Positive Emotions
2) Basic Emotion Categories: love, joy, anger, sadness, fear (possibly surprise)
3) Sub-ordinate Categories of each basic emotionEx: adoration and affection for “Love”
PERSPECTIVES OF EMOTION: BEHAVIOR CHANGES
Emotion Behavior
Fear Withdrawing
Anger Attacking
Joy Mating
Sadness Crying for help
Disgust Vomiting
Surprise Stopping/Freezing
(Plutchik, 1984; Other models include MacLean,1993)
(Padgett & Cottrell, 1998. p.2)
IDENTIFYING BASIC EMOTIONS: FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
IDENTIFYING BASIC EMOTIONS: FACIAL EXPRESSIONS Categorical Perception: assesses
whether people can identify an emotion and discriminate among two emotions.
Morphed two facial expressions.
Ps’ identified and discriminated among emotions
Found 5 emotions: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust
(Padgett & Cottrell, 1998. p.2)
(Padgett & Cottrell, 1998. p.2)
IDENTIFYING BASIC EMOTIONS: FACIAL EXPRESSIONS Don’t flip over sheet until I tell you!
Don’t talk to anyone! (or you are disqualified!)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. __________________2. __________________3. __________________4. __________________5. __________________6. __________________7. __________________
FearAngerContemptSurpriseSadnessHappinessDisgust
Now, flip over hand-out and answer the
two questions!
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Anger Contempt Disgust Surprise Sadness Happiness Fear
Which face did you identify first? Last?
Any problems with this
methodology?
IDENTIFYING BASIC EMOTIONS: FACIAL EXPRESSIONS Paul Ekman
Across cultures, people correctly identify facial expressions in photos
LimitationsEasier to recognize emotions in still photos
than in real lifeProcess of elimination increases chances of
correct identification
EKMAN’S TYPES OF EXPRESSIONS Macro: normal expressions usually last
between ½-second and 4 seconds.
Micro: These are very brief, usually lasting between 1/15 and 1/25 of a second.
False: A deliberately-made simulation of an emotion not being felt.
Masked: A false expression made to cover a macro expression.
Retrieved from http://www.paulekman.com/micro-expressions/
EKMAN’S FACIAL ACTION CODING SYSTEM (FACS) Action Unit: each observable facial movement
component.
All facial expressions can be broken down into AUs.
A group of AUs linked to one specific emotion.
All people show same changes in AU for same emotion.
Example AUs Happiness = AU6 + AU12 Disgust = AU9 + AU15 + AU16
Retrieved from http://www.paulekman.com/product-category/facs/
IDENTIFYING BASIC EMOTIONS: FACIAL EXPRESSIONS DEBUNKED
Lisa Barrett – Social Constructivist View
Tried to replicate Ekman’s work with Himba tribe in Namibia (southern Africa)But, this time, did not provide a list of words
to participants Instead, participants grouped similar facial
expressions into 6 piles
[Fischer, S. (2013, July). About face: For half a century, one theory about the way we experience and express emotion has helped shape how we practice psychology, do policy work, and even fight terrorism. But what if that theory is wrong? Boston Magazine.]
IDENTIFYING BASIC EMOTIONS: FACIAL EXPRESSIONS DEBUNKED Got some correct!
Separate piles for smiling, wide-eyed fear, etc.
Got many wrong!Placed angry scowls, disgusted wrinkles,
and sad frowns into same pile
Shows Ekman’s findings may only work when people are given context (i.e., labels)
[Fischer, S. (2013, July). About face: For half a century, one theory about the way we experience and express emotion has helped shape how we practice psychology, do policy work, and even fight terrorism. But what if that theory is wrong? Boston Magazine.]
IDENTIFYING BASIC EMOTIONS: VOCAL AFFECT Note: Blank the
screen #1
#2
#3
#4
#5
IDENTIFYING BASIC EMOTIONS: VOCAL AFFECT Do patterns of vocal affect
correspond to discrete emotions?
Decoding Studies: Ps’ indicated their perception of the emotion conveyed in scrambled voices
56% - 60% of the time, Ps’ identified the correct emotion in recordings of nonsensical sentences. Joy, sadness, fear, anger, disgustReplicated with love and surprise
(Scherer, Banse, Walbott, & Goldbeck, 1991)
IDENTIFYING BASIC EMOTIONS: VOCAL AFFECT DEBUNKED Lisa Barrett – Social Constructivist
Barrett Sound Clip
Again, tried to replicate Ekman’s work with Himba tribe in Namibia (southern Africa) and Boston participantsBut, this time, did not provide two choices
from which participants selected
Only universal category was happiness - laughing
IDENTIFYING BASIC EMOTIONS: PHYSIOLOGICAL PATTERNS Identify 2 emotions that show the same
exact physiological pattern.
Identify an emotion that has a different pattern of physiological activity than any other emotion.
Which measure best distinguishes among the 6 emotions?
Is it easier to differentiate between negative emotions or positive emotions?
IDENTIFYING BASIC EMOTIONS: PHYSIOLOGICAL PATTERNS Do patterns of physiological activity
correspond to discrete emotions?
Directed Facial Action TaskPs’ contract facial muscles according to
experimenter instructionsThen, take physiological measures
(Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990)
IDENTIFYING BASIC EMOTIONS: PHYSIOLOGICAL PATTERNS No single physiological measure
discriminates emotions
Patterns of physiological changes are different for most emotionsExceptions: Disgust/Happiness and
Anger/Surprise
Greater physiological change for negative than positive emotions
(Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990)
COMING UP! Continue with basic emotions
Appraisal Theory
Prototype Approach
Dimensional Models