لله ابسم الرح ميالرحمن

GametogenesisGametogenesis

Female reproductive systemFemale reproductive system

oviduct (ovarian tube)

fundusisthmus

vagina

•cervix

uterusuterus

vaginavagina

fimbria

ovary

body

Major duct

ampulla

UterusUterus•EndometriumEndometrium(Glands& vessels)(Glands& vessels)•MyometriumMyometrium•PerimetriumPerimetrium

oviduct

oviduct:oviduct:Simple columnar ciliatedSimple columnar ciliated epithelium &muscleepithelium &muscle

First week of developmentFirst week of development

(sexual cycle)(sexual cycle) Ovarian cycle & uterian cycleOvarian cycle & uterian cycle

OvulationOvulation FertilizationFertilization implantationimplantation

Sexual cycle (28 day)Sexual cycle (28 day)

Ovarian cycle uterian cycleOvarian cycle uterian cycle

sexual cyclesexual cyclepuberty:puberty:

Hypothalamous GnRH Hypothalamous GnRH hypophysishypophysis

Gonadotropin (FsH, LH)Gonadotropin (FsH, LH)

Ovarian cycleOvarian cycle

FSHFSH5-14(DAY)5-14(DAY) FolliclesFollicles growthgrowth

EstrogenEstrogen

FSH:FSH:

primordial follicule ( 15-20)primordial follicule ( 15-20)

Primary folliclePrimary follicle

Secondary follicleSecondary follicle

Graafian follicle Graafian follicle

theca &follicular cells estrogentheca &follicular cells estrogen

Ovarian cycle=Ovarian cycle=

follicular stagefollicular stage

5-14 day5-14 day

TGF-TGF-ßß ( GDF-9) ( GDF-9)

Effect of ESTROGENEffect of ESTROGEN

--Endometrium: proliferative stage (uterian Endometrium: proliferative stage (uterian cycle)= 5-14 daycycle)= 5-14 day

-thinning of cervical mucus: passage of sperm-thinning of cervical mucus: passage of sperm

-Hypophysis: LH-Hypophysis: LH

FSHFSH

Ovary: Follicular stageOvary: Follicular stage

(Estrogenic phase)(Estrogenic phase)

Uterus:Proliferative stageUterus:Proliferative stage

(Progestronic phase)(Progestronic phase)

LH

Ovarian cycle (mid cycle)Ovarian cycle (mid cycle)

LHLH

14 DAY14 DAY OvulationOvulation

Effect of LHEffect of LH

LH

ovulation

Follicle discharged (ovulation)Follicle discharged (ovulation)

LH:LH: Graafian follicle (stigma)Graafian follicle (stigma)

Barrier: connective tissue, junctional Barrier: connective tissue, junctional epitheliumepithelium

(collagenase, prostaglandin)(collagenase, prostaglandin)

ovulation ovulation

ovulationovulation

Side effectSide effect Middle pain, Middle pain,

Basal temperatureBasal temperature

Fail ovulationFail ovulation

==low concentration of Gonadotropin low concentration of Gonadotropin

gonadotropin stimulation:gonadotropin stimulation:

Multiple ovulationMultiple ovulation Multiple pregnancies Multiple pregnancies

OvulationOvulation1-effect of LH1-effect of LH

A- complete meiosis I A- complete meiosis I

B-initiate meiosisII B-initiate meiosisII

(maturation promoting factor)(maturation promoting factor)

started 2th meiotic division started 2th meiotic division

Produce: First polar bodyProduce: First polar body

Follicular dischageFollicular dischage

Oocyte ,cumulus oophorousOocyte ,cumulus oophorous

(first row= corona radiata)(first row= corona radiata)

22--effect of LHeffect of LH

LH:(remain of follicle)LH:(remain of follicle)

follicular cell +theca interna (vascularized)follicular cell +theca interna (vascularized)

Corpus luteum ProgesteroneCorpus luteum Progesterone

Uterus(secretory or progestronal phase)Uterus(secretory or progestronal phase)

Corpus leuteumCorpus leuteum (un-fertilization) (un-fertilization)

Corpus leuteum( 9 days) Corpus leuteum( 9 days) progesteronprogesteron

corpus albicanscorpus albicans

Progesteron decrease Progesteron decrease

Menestrual period(1-5day= bleeding)Menestrual period(1-5day= bleeding)

Secodary oocyte: die 12-24 hours after Secodary oocyte: die 12-24 hours after ovulationovulation

Corpus leuteum Corpus leuteum Graviditates( pregnancy)Graviditates( pregnancy)

(fertilization (fertilization))Trophoblast (initial placenta) HCG Trophoblast (initial placenta) HCG

(Human chorionic gonadotropin)(Human chorionic gonadotropin)

Corpus luteum progesteronCorpus luteum progesteron

After ovulation(15-28)After ovulation(15-28)

Uterus : secretory phase

Ovary: protestational phase

oocyteoocyte

Metaphase2Metaphase2 Comolus oopherusComolus oopherus Corona radiataCorona radiata

fimberiafimberia

Light weightLight weight

Male gamete= spermatozoaMale gamete= spermatozoa

fertilizationfertilization

LocationLocation: : ampullaampulla

ovarian barrierovarian barrierCorona radiataCorona radiata,,

Zona pellucidaZona pellucida , ,

OocyteOocyte

Sperm reaction

Sperm reactionSperm reaction

1-Capacitation Reaction1-Capacitation Reaction

2-Acrosomal reaction2-Acrosomal reaction

Capacitation ReactionCapacitation ReactionEpididymis:Epididymis:

glycoprotein coat & seminal plasma proteinglycoprotein coat & seminal plasma protein

Duration: 7 hoursDuration: 7 hours

Phase I: penetration to corona radiatePhase I: penetration to corona radiate

Phase IIPhase IIpenetration of zona pellucidapenetration of zona pellucida Attach by: PROTEIN zp3Attach by: PROTEIN zp3

A-Acrosomal reactionA-Acrosomal reaction

acrosomal enzyme (acrosin, trypsin-like acrosomal enzyme (acrosin, trypsin-like enzyme)enzyme)

B-cortical reaction (zonal reaction)B-cortical reaction (zonal reaction)

Chang structure of ZPChang structure of ZP

Phase IIIPhase IIIFused: two plasma membrane of oocyte & Fused: two plasma membrane of oocyte & spermsperm

))integrins & disintegrinsintegrins & disintegrins((

Result: prevent polyspermyResult: prevent polyspermy

polyspermypolyspermy

FertilizationFertilization

--disappeared acrosomal capdisappeared acrosomal cap

--head & tail of sperm enter to oocytehead & tail of sperm enter to oocyte

--plasma membrane remain in the oocyte plasma membrane remain in the oocyte surfacesurface

second meiotic divisionsecond meiotic division

finished 2th meiotic division definitive finished 2th meiotic division definitive oocyteoocyte

=second polar body=second polar body

nucleus: vesicular = female pronucleus (22+x)nucleus: vesicular = female pronucleus (22+x)

metabolic activation of eggmetabolic activation of egg

Main result of fertilizationMain result of fertilization--restoration of diploid number of restoration of diploid number of

chromosomeschromosomes

--determination of sexdetermination of sex

--initiation of cleavageinitiation of cleavage

CleavageCleavage

ZygoteZygote

Balstomere Balstomere

MorullaMorulla

Balstocyst formationBalstocyst formationBlastocyst-blastoceleBlastocyst-blastocele

BalstocystBalstocystCompaction(3 division)Compaction(3 division)

- - inner cell mass embryoinner cell mass embryo- outer cell mass placentaouter cell mass placenta- zona pellucida disappearedzona pellucida disappeared- implantationimplantation

end of 1th weekend of 1th week

zygote morulla balstocyst stageimplantation

implantationimplantation

Attachment:Attachment: Blastocyst (L-selectin)Blastocyst (L-selectin) Epithelium of uterus (carbohydrate Epithelium of uterus (carbohydrate

receptor)receptor)Penetration:Penetration: Trophoblast: integrinTrophoblast: integrin1.1. Laminin receptor attachLaminin receptor attach2.2. Fibronectin receptor migrationFibronectin receptor migration

implantationimplantationTimeTime: 6th day: 6th day

Uterian cycleUterian cycle

abnormal zygoteabnormal zygoteabortion: early pregnancy (2-3 week after abortion: early pregnancy (2-3 week after fertilization)fertilization)

50%50% of pregnancy: spontaneous abortionof pregnancy: spontaneous abortion = =reduce Congential malformationreduce Congential malformation

Malformation: 2.3% 12%Malformation: 2.3% 12%

infertilityinfertilityRate :15-30% of couplesRate :15-30% of couples

Male infertilityMale infertility::

--Insuficient number of spermInsuficient number of sperm

--Poor motilityPoor motility

Female infertilityFemale infertility::

--Occluded oviduct (pelvice inflammation)Occluded oviduct (pelvice inflammation)

--AbsenceAbsence ovulation ovulation

Infertility & fertilityInfertility & fertilityIn vitro fertilization (IVF)In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Gamete interafallopian transfer (GIFT)Gamete interafallopian transfer (GIFT) Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

In vitro fertilization (IVF)In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Transfer: embryoTransfer: embryo

Gonadotropin : stimulateGonadotropin : stimulate

Oocyte: late stages of first meioticOocyte: late stages of first meiotic

Gamete interafallopian transfer Gamete interafallopian transfer (GIFT)(GIFT)

oocyte & sperm into ampullaoocyte & sperm into ampulla

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

Oocyte fertilizationOocyte fertilization: ampullary region: ampullary region

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Male infertility: Oligospermia & azoospermiaMale infertility: Oligospermia & azoospermia

Contraceptive methodsContraceptive methods(barrier techniques)(barrier techniques)

11--barrier techniquebarrier technique

22--contraceptive pillcontraceptive pill

33--depo depo –– provera: progestin compound provera: progestin compound

44--intrauterine device (IUD)intrauterine device (IUD)

55--drug Ru-486drug Ru-486

66--vasectomy & tubal ligationvasectomy & tubal ligation

barrier thechnicbarrier thechnic

- -MaleMale

femalefemale

11--condomcondom

malemale::

condom: made of latex cover the peniscondom: made of latex cover the penis

- -chemical spermicideschemical spermicides

FemaleFemale::

Condom: Condom: made of polyurethane cover the vaginamade of polyurethane cover the vagina

22--placed in vagina includeplaced in vagina include-diaphragm-diaphragm

-cervical cap-cervical cap

-contraceptive sponge-contraceptive sponge

spongediaphragm cap

--contraceptive pillcontraceptive pill--combination of estrogen and progesterone combination of estrogen and progesterone

(progestin)(progestin)

--inhibit: inhibit: ovulationovulation

44--depo – provera depo – provera (progestin compound)(progestin compound)

--implanted sub-dermally or intramuscularlyimplanted sub-dermally or intramuscularly

--prevent ovulation for 5 years or 23 monthsprevent ovulation for 5 years or 23 months

55--intrauterine device (IUD)intrauterine device (IUD)--placed: uterin cavityplaced: uterin cavity

--mechanism: not clearmechanism: not clear

66--drug Ru-486drug Ru-486Cause: abortionCause: abortion

mechanism: anti progesterone agentmechanism: anti progesterone agent

77--vasectomy & tubal ligationvasectomy & tubal ligation

--reversiblereversible

Structure of uterusStructure of uterusWallWall::

--EndometriumEndometrium

--MyometriumMyometrium

--PerimetriumPerimetrium

Puberty: changes of EndometriumPuberty: changes of Endometrium

Sexual phaseSexual phase

==2828 daysdaysThree phasesThree phases::

11--Follicular (proliferative phase)Follicular (proliferative phase)

22--Secretory (progestational phase)Secretory (progestational phase)

33--Menstrual phaseMenstrual phase

11--Follicular (proliferative phase)Follicular (proliferative phase)

Time: end of menestual phaseTime: end of menestual phase

Influence: EstrogenInfluence: Estrogen

growth of ovarian folliculegrowth of ovarian follicule

22--Secretory (progestational phase)Secretory (progestational phase)

TimeTime: 2-3 days after ovulation: 2-3 days after ovulationResponse: progesteroneResponse: progesterone

Menstrual cycleMenstrual cycle

Time: 3-4 daysTime: 3-4 days

Endometrium: shedding( spongy , compact Endometrium: shedding( spongy , compact layers) but Remain: basal layerlayers) but Remain: basal layer

Process of implantationProcess of implantationCarbohydrate receptor+ L-selectin of Carbohydrate receptor+ L-selectin of

epithelial cellepithelial cellTrophoblast:Trophoblast: integrin integrin

Integrin:attachment trophoblast to laminin Integrin:attachment trophoblast to laminin in extracellular matrix in uterusin extracellular matrix in uterus

capacitationcapacitation

ectopicectopic

Acrosomal reaction-sperm motilityAcrosomal reaction-sperm motility

Effect of Effect of EstrogenEstrogenSecret by: Follicular cell & theca Secret by: Follicular cell & theca

cellcell

11 - -proliferate of endometrium proliferate of endometrium (follicular phase)(follicular phase)

**22--mucous mucous ……., sperm., sperm …………..

33--stimulate of pituitary gland stimulate of pituitary gland LH LH

Polar bodyPolar body