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General Powerful Public Speaker Had huge following among Romes poor

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60 BC- 1 st Triumvirate rule of three (Caesar, Pompey [PAHM-pee], and Crassus)a political alliance 59 BCCaesar became consul Knew that he could not win power without a loyal army Took a special military command10 years Later, he brought Gaul (France) under Roman rule

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Meanwhile, Crassus died in battle in 53 BC. Pompey made sole consul in 52 BC. Pompey jealous of Caesars rising fame, he ordered Caesar home without his army. Instead, Caesar and HIS army march on Rome.

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49 BCCaesar declared war on the republic- Jan. 10 th Pompey and his followers fled to Greece, where Caesar defeated him and then marched into Egypt. He put Cleopatra (daughter of the ruling family) on the throne as a Roman ally. 46 BCreturns to Rome triumphantly

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44 BC declared Dictator for Life Caesar increased the Senate to 900 members but reduced it power. Many senators, fearing Caesars ambition and popularity, formed a conspiracy against him.

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On March 15the Ides of March44 BC, the conspirators killed Caesar in the Senate. Two were men that Caesar considered friends: Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus.

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Note: Caesar had chosen his grandnephew, Octavian, as his heir. A struggle for power, however broke out after Caesars death.

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19 years old when Julius Caesar was murdered Formed the 2 nd Triumviraterule of three (Octavian, Antonyalong with Lepidus, Caesars second-in-command)

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Marc Antony led an army east, reconquering Syria and Asia Minor from the armies of Brutus and Cassius. Then he joined his ally Cleopatra in Egypt. Meanwhile, Octavian forced Lepidus to retire.

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Antony and Octavian divide the Roman world. Antony took the east, and Octavian the west. In time, Octavian persuaded the Senate to declare war on Antony and Cleopatra.

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31 BCnaval battle at Actium, Greece, Octavian defeats their fleet. .

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30 BCOctavian captured Alexandria, Egypt. Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide.

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Senate declared Octavian consulto avoid Julius Caesars fateOctavian did not present himself as king or emperor. Instead, he called himself princeps, or first citizen. 27 BCthe Senate gave Octavian the title, Augustus, or the revered one.

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27 BCthe Senate gave Octavian the title, Augustus, or the revered one.

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Historians refer to him as the first Roman emperor Because the Roman Republic became the Roman Empire under his reign.

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Under his rule, the empire stretched from Spain in the west to Syria to the east, and from Egypt and the Sahara in the south to the Rhine and Danube in the north.

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The reign of Augustus, known as Pax Romana or Roman Peacelasted for 200+ years

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The political system that Augustus createdreduced the powers of the Senate, Assemblies, & Magistrates AD 14 Augustus died death unspecified