How does memory affect your identity?

If you didn’t have a memory how would your answer the question – How are you today?

Encoding – Get information into our brain

Storage – Retain that information

Retrieval – Get it back out

The immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system The sensory memories act as buffers

for stimuli received through the senses

Information is passed from sensory memory into short-term memory by attention, thereby filtering the stimuli to only those which are of interest at a given time.

Short-term memory acts as a scratch-pad for temporary recall of the information under process

Short term memory decays rapidly and also has a limited capacity.

Chunking of information can lead to an increase in the short term memory capacity.

This is the reason why a hyphenated phone number is easier to remember than a single long number.

The successful formation of a chunk is known as closure.

Interference often causes disturbance in short-term memory retention.

This accounts for the desire to complete the tasks held in short term memory as soon as possible.

Human beings do all their active thinking and problem solving in working memory.

The quality of the input into working memory and of the operations that go on there determine the quality of learning and problem solving.

1 - Getting information correctly into this short-term area

2 - Handling the information appropriately while it is there

3- Moving information correctly from working memory to long-term storage, and using the information in working memory to generate some kind of output.

A system for permanently storing, managing, and retrieving information for later use. Items of information stored as long-term memory may be available for a lifetime.

Encoding involves linking new information to existing knowledge in order to make the new information more meaningful.

The quality of this process is related to the degree with which new information can be integrated or assimilated with existing knowledge.

Much encoding involves labeling thoughts with words, but pictorial or other forms may be used as well.

AutomaticUnconscious encoding of incidental

information such as space, time and well-learned information

EffortfulEncoding that requires attention and

conscious effort such as in rehearsal

Rehearsal increases our memories by conscious repetition.

Distributed study time produces better long term recall.

How can this help you?

Primacy From Primary meaning first Remembering the items at the

beginning of the list

Recency Related to Recent Remembering the items at the end of

the list

Visual EncodingImages

Acoustic EncodingSounds

Semantic EncodingMeanings

Which produces better recognition later?

Memory AidsFirst-letter TechniqueSubstitution TechniqueVisual CodesPeg-words

Mnemonic devises are what type of encoding?

ChunkingOrganize information into

meaningful units. Hierarchies

Broad concepts divided into subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Sensory MemoryIconic Memory

Fleeting photographic memory that lasts no more than a few tenths of second

Sensory MemoryEchoic Memory

If attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds

Physical Basis of Memory Memory Trace

Synaptic Changes Long-term memory involves physical

changes in the brain - most likely some kind of facilitation at the synapse

Study of synaptic meeting places where neurons communication with one another via their neurotransmitter messengers

List of Famous SevensSeven Wonders of the WorldSeven SeasSeven Deadly SinsSeven Primary ColorsSeven Musical Sale NotesSeven Days of a Week

Long-term Potentiation Repeated experiences increase the

efficiency of certain synapses by “pulling” receptor sites and axon endings closer together, as well as making the receptor neuron more sensitive over the long run.

Provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations

ProteinGREB

NeurotransmitterGlutamate

Arousal can cause certain events to burned into the memory – while disturbing memories from other neutral events at the same time

Strong emotions create more reliable memories.

Weaker emotions means weaker memories.

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event?

Do you have a flashbulb memory?

Do you remember 9/11 ? When Obama was elected? When the Phillies won the Pennant? Outdoor Ed?

The loss of memory

Explicit memories consist of memories from events that have occurred in the external world.

Information stored in explicit memory is about a specific event that happened at a specific time and place.

In forming and storing explicit memories, associations are done with previous related stimuli or experiences. Therefore, explicit memories can be remembered and recalled, and rely on previous experiences and knowledge.

Implicit memories cannot be looked up or remembered to be used for actions and reasoning.

They consist of memories necessary to perform events and tasks, or to produce a specific type of response.

This type of memory is shown through activation of the sensory and motor systems needed to perform a certain task.

There are two basic types of implicit memory; repetition priming and skill learning.

Hippocampus Explicit Memories appear to be stored

here

Cerebellum Implicit Memories appear to be stored

here

Recall Recognizing Relearning Retrieval Cues

Priming