In 800 Charlemagne returned to Rome to restore Pope In 800 Charlemagne returned to Rome to restore Pope Leo III (795-816) who had been driven out by a Leo III (795-816) who had been driven out by a popular riot. On Christmas Day he was crowned popular riot. On Christmas Day he was crowned emperor in St. Peter’s. The Holy Roman Empire, with emperor in St. Peter’s. The Holy Roman Empire, with its claim to be the heir of the Empire of Augustus, its claim to be the heir of the Empire of Augustus, started its long history, but the paradox created by the started its long history, but the paradox created by the fact that the Franks had encouraged the popes to fact that the Franks had encouraged the popes to have similar claims was to provide the central core of have similar claims was to provide the central core of the battle between temporal and religious power. the battle between temporal and religious power.

THE EMPIRE AND THE PAPACY (800 - 1216 AD)THE EMPIRE AND THE PAPACY (800 - 1216 AD) Charlemagne did not become the ruler of Italy. After Charlemagne did not become the ruler of Italy. After

his death his empire broke up and his heirs never his death his empire broke up and his heirs never succeeded in integrating Italy with the empiresucceeded in integrating Italy with the empire

The Arabs were already in Sicily in 831, when they The Arabs were already in Sicily in 831, when they took Palermo, Syracuse fell in 878. They brought took Palermo, Syracuse fell in 878. They brought cotton, sugar cane, orange and lemon plants. Taxes cotton, sugar cane, orange and lemon plants. Taxes were lowwere low

PALERMOPALERMO

SIRACUSASIRACUSA

Palermo became an important trading post and a Palermo became an important trading post and a center of a rich, cosmopolitan civilization. center of a rich, cosmopolitan civilization. Mosques were built while the Arabic style of Mosques were built while the Arabic style of architecture was visible throughout the city and architecture was visible throughout the city and still remains today to mark that period of sicilian still remains today to mark that period of sicilian civilizationcivilization

Moslems and Christian lived in peaceMoslems and Christian lived in peace

The Holy Roman Empire gradually lost The Holy Roman Empire gradually lost significance in Italy. The local agents of central significance in Italy. The local agents of central government were disappearing, as was the sense government were disappearing, as was the sense of loyalty to the king/emperor felt by his of loyalty to the king/emperor felt by his emissaries (counts and bishops)emissaries (counts and bishops)

The end of royal power in Italy is symbolized by The end of royal power in Italy is symbolized by the burning of the royal palace in Pavia, in 1024the burning of the royal palace in Pavia, in 1024

The south had always maintained a certain degree The south had always maintained a certain degree of independence: Naples was an independent city of independence: Naples was an independent city already in the ninth centuryalready in the ninth century

The maritime city of Amalfi, and its sisters Gaeta and The maritime city of Amalfi, and its sisters Gaeta and Naples, became major trading republics in the Naples, became major trading republics in the Western MediterraneanWestern Mediterranean

They traded with the Eastern Mediterranean, and They traded with the Eastern Mediterranean, and had Jewish minorities. Salerno (XI) was famous for its had Jewish minorities. Salerno (XI) was famous for its medical school.medical school.

The decline of the maritime states of Southern Italy The decline of the maritime states of Southern Italy coincided with the invasion of the Normans. Genoa coincided with the invasion of the Normans. Genoa and Pisa, maritime republics in the Northern and and Pisa, maritime republics in the Northern and Central part of Italy, had also became too strong.Central part of Italy, had also became too strong.

AMALFIAMALFI

First arrived as mercenaries in Souther Italy (XI), First arrived as mercenaries in Souther Italy (XI), the Normans had fought indiscriminately for the the Normans had fought indiscriminately for the Lombards against the Byzantines and for the Lombards against the Byzantines and for the Byzantines against the Arabs. Byzantines against the Arabs.

The Normans were Christians and would never The Normans were Christians and would never ally themselves with the Moslems. They settled ally themselves with the Moslems. They settled in Sicily after 1030. Robert the Guiscard was in Sicily after 1030. Robert the Guiscard was their most successful knight, who became the their most successful knight, who became the Duke of Puglia and Calabria and defeated the Duke of Puglia and Calabria and defeated the army of Alexius Comnenus (Byzantine Emperor) army of Alexius Comnenus (Byzantine Emperor) at Durazzo, in 1081.at Durazzo, in 1081.

Guiscard took his title as a vassal to the pope, Guiscard took his title as a vassal to the pope, enabling the Papacy to claim sovereignity over enabling the Papacy to claim sovereignity over Southern ItalySouthern Italy

The Normans displayed a strange mixture of The Normans displayed a strange mixture of

Realpolitik and religious piety. When Popo Leo IX Realpolitik and religious piety. When Popo Leo IX resisted their aggressions in Southern Italy, they made resisted their aggressions in Southern Italy, they made war on him, and defeated him at Civitate in 1053. war on him, and defeated him at Civitate in 1053. They then accepted the papal blessing devoutly, and They then accepted the papal blessing devoutly, and released him. They were thus perfectly suited to released him. They were thus perfectly suited to become the spear-head of the reform movement become the spear-head of the reform movement initiated by Hildebrand (1020-85), who became Pope initiated by Hildebrand (1020-85), who became Pope Gregory VIIGregory VII

Gregory VII believed that the pope and the priesthood Gregory VII believed that the pope and the priesthood had to assert their authority - the pope by appointing had to assert their authority - the pope by appointing his bishops, and the priests by observing rules of his bishops, and the priests by observing rules of celibacy. The great medieval confrontation known as celibacy. The great medieval confrontation known as the “Investiture Contest,” the dispute over the the “Investiture Contest,” the dispute over the investiture of the bishops, became a struggle for investiture of the bishops, became a struggle for power between church and state.power between church and state.

In Germany a strong man, Emperor Henry IV, asserted In Germany a strong man, Emperor Henry IV, asserted his powers over the church by investing the Archbishop his powers over the church by investing the Archbishop of Milan. The Pope excommunicated him. In turn, Henry of Milan. The Pope excommunicated him. In turn, Henry deposed the pope.deposed the pope.

Later, and under pressure from the Saxon nobility, Later, and under pressure from the Saxon nobility, Henry, waited in the clothes of a penitent for three days Henry, waited in the clothes of a penitent for three days in the snow outside of the castle of Canossa, near in the snow outside of the castle of Canossa, near Reggio Emilia, where the Pope was living under the Reggio Emilia, where the Pope was living under the protection of Matilda of Tuscany, his powerful ally.protection of Matilda of Tuscany, his powerful ally.

Henry subsequently invaded Italy, and in 1084 entered Henry subsequently invaded Italy, and in 1084 entered Rome, was crowned emperor by the antipope, Clement Rome, was crowned emperor by the antipope, Clement III. Gregory’s supporters, the Normans, retaliated by III. Gregory’s supporters, the Normans, retaliated by sacking Rome. Only after both Henry’s and Gregory’s sacking Rome. Only after both Henry’s and Gregory’s deaths, Henry V conceded most of the papal claims on deaths, Henry V conceded most of the papal claims on the investiture questionthe investiture question

Frederick Barbarossa inaugurated something Frederick Barbarossa inaugurated something approaching the “Italian spirit”. He invaded Italy in approaching the “Italian spirit”. He invaded Italy in 1154, two years after his election as emperor. In 1162 1154, two years after his election as emperor. In 1162 Frederick destroyed Milan, act which led to the Frederick destroyed Milan, act which led to the formation of the Lombard League of Italian states formation of the Lombard League of Italian states (supported by the pope and the Republic of Venice). (supported by the pope and the Republic of Venice). He entered Rome in 1166, while Pope Alexander III He entered Rome in 1166, while Pope Alexander III took refuge in the Colosseum. In 1176 he was took refuge in the Colosseum. In 1176 he was defeated by the forces of the Lombard league in defeated by the forces of the Lombard league in LegnanoLegnano

By the Peace of Constance, Frederick recognized the By the Peace of Constance, Frederick recognized the full authority of the cities of the Lombard League full authority of the cities of the Lombard League under his nominal suzerainty. A period of under his nominal suzerainty. A period of independence started for the Italian peninsulaindependence started for the Italian peninsula

VENEZIAVENEZIA

VENICE AND ITS EMPIRE c. 600-1300VENICE AND ITS EMPIRE c. 600-1300 There is strong evidence of a first Venetian settlement in There is strong evidence of a first Venetian settlement in

568, organized by refugees from the Lombard invasion. 568, organized by refugees from the Lombard invasion. The settlers accepted the soveregnty of the Eastern The settlers accepted the soveregnty of the Eastern Emperor, but in the eighth century took part in a revolt Emperor, but in the eighth century took part in a revolt against Emperor Leo III (717-41). Leo had ordered all against Emperor Leo III (717-41). Leo had ordered all religious icons to be destroyed. Pope Gregory II rejected religious icons to be destroyed. Pope Gregory II rejected the order and so did the peoples from Byzantine Italy, the order and so did the peoples from Byzantine Italy, including the Venetians. The revolt prompted the including the Venetians. The revolt prompted the Venetians to elect a DUX, duke or DOGE: Orso Ipato . Venetians to elect a DUX, duke or DOGE: Orso Ipato . (first DOGE recorded is Paoluccio Anafesto)(first DOGE recorded is Paoluccio Anafesto)

By the time Charlemagne was emperor, Venice was By the time Charlemagne was emperor, Venice was undeniably an independent republic. She maintained undeniably an independent republic. She maintained cultural and economic limks with Constantinople. Doge cultural and economic limks with Constantinople. Doge Agnello repulsed the Franks who had attempted to place Agnello repulsed the Franks who had attempted to place Venice under their dominion. He also supervised the move Venice under their dominion. He also supervised the move from the original settlement location of Malamocco to the from the original settlement location of Malamocco to the Rialtine islands.Rialtine islands.

About 828 a Venetian merchant ship arrived from Egypt About 828 a Venetian merchant ship arrived from Egypt with what was said to be the remains of St. Mark. Agnello’s with what was said to be the remains of St. Mark. Agnello’s son, Giustiniano, realized the importance of the saint’s son, Giustiniano, realized the importance of the saint’s remains. The body was buried in the doge’s chapel, where remains. The body was buried in the doge’s chapel, where the church of St. Mark’s was built (1063-93). The winged the church of St. Mark’s was built (1063-93). The winged lion, symbol of the evangelist, will become the symbol of lion, symbol of the evangelist, will become the symbol of the the SerenissimaSerenissima

Pietro Orseolo II was one of Venice’ most successful Pietro Orseolo II was one of Venice’ most successful diplomats. He finalized a deal with the Emperor Basil II by diplomats. He finalized a deal with the Emperor Basil II by which Constantinople agreed to the import of Venetian which Constantinople agreed to the import of Venetian goods with much lower tariffs than those demanded of goods with much lower tariffs than those demanded of other traders. For this favor Orseolo agreed to provide ships other traders. For this favor Orseolo agreed to provide ships for the transportation of Byzantine troops when the for the transportation of Byzantine troops when the emperor required itemperor required it

When Otto III arrived in Italy in 996, Orseolo reached an When Otto III arrived in Italy in 996, Orseolo reached an agreement by which Venice secured trading rights on the agreement by which Venice secured trading rights on the Italian mainland. The control of the Mediterranean was Italian mainland. The control of the Mediterranean was securedsecured

Saint Mark’s Basilica. The third and surviving church of St. Saint Mark’s Basilica. The third and surviving church of St. Mark was begun in 1063 by Doge Domenico Contarini. It was Mark was begun in 1063 by Doge Domenico Contarini. It was consacrated in 1094 under Doge Vitale Falier. With its cupolas consacrated in 1094 under Doge Vitale Falier. With its cupolas and mosaics, it is a superb example of Byzantine art. In the and mosaics, it is a superb example of Byzantine art. In the façade there are evident Gothic elements, added by Lombard façade there are evident Gothic elements, added by Lombard and Florentine artists in XIIIand Florentine artists in XIII

THE CRUSADES THE CRUSADES

In the first crusade, which moved primarily from France and In the first crusade, which moved primarily from France and Germany, the Venetians controlled the sea route to the Holy Germany, the Venetians controlled the sea route to the Holy Lands, and Italian ships transported some of the armiesLands, and Italian ships transported some of the armies

Venice was reluctant to antagonize the Moslems - whether Venice was reluctant to antagonize the Moslems - whether Arabs or Turks. Only after the French had occupied Jerusalem Arabs or Turks. Only after the French had occupied Jerusalem in 1097 did a large Venetian fleet set sail. In the event the in 1097 did a large Venetian fleet set sail. In the event the Venetian clashed not with the infidel but against their Venetian clashed not with the infidel but against their commercial rivals, the Pisans. commercial rivals, the Pisans.

1124 Conquest of Tyre from the Arabs. Venice has 1124 Conquest of Tyre from the Arabs. Venice has the nucleus for her overseas empirethe nucleus for her overseas empire

Accident in Costantinople. The Galata settlement Accident in Costantinople. The Galata settlement (Genoese) was attacked and the Venetians were (Genoese) was attacked and the Venetians were blamed , maybe unjustly, and imprisoned, their blamed , maybe unjustly, and imprisoned, their goods confiscated. Venice found this unacceptable goods confiscated. Venice found this unacceptable and sought retaliationand sought retaliation

In 1201 Enrico Dandolo agreed to provide 55 galley-In 1201 Enrico Dandolo agreed to provide 55 galley-ships and a large army for the IV crusade. The entire ships and a large army for the IV crusade. The entire cost of the fleet could not be paid to the Venetians, cost of the fleet could not be paid to the Venetians, this debt constituted a barganing chip to be used to this debt constituted a barganing chip to be used to reach Dandolo’s own aim. The fleet reached reach Dandolo’s own aim. The fleet reached Costantinople in 1203, and the Venetians conquered Costantinople in 1203, and the Venetians conquered it and sacked it. The sack brought immense wealth it and sacked it. The sack brought immense wealth and empire to the city of Veniceand empire to the city of Venice

The Venetian Constitution had become more The Venetian Constitution had become more sophisticated over the years. The powers of the sophisticated over the years. The powers of the DOGE had been modified in 1172/3 by the creation DOGE had been modified in 1172/3 by the creation of the MAGGIOR CONSIGLIO, an assembly of 480 of the MAGGIOR CONSIGLIO, an assembly of 480 Venetians, who were responsible for electing Venetians, who were responsible for electing ministers to serve under the doge. The Doge was ministers to serve under the doge. The Doge was now elected not by the ARENGO, but by eleven now elected not by the ARENGO, but by eleven electors (nominated by the Great Council)electors (nominated by the Great Council)

In 1297 the Great Council was limited to a close In 1297 the Great Council was limited to a close circle of the nobility and an oligarchy was thus circle of the nobility and an oligarchy was thus createdcreated