In Teotihuacan society (around 100 B.C.E.) it was religiously controlled.

Agriculture was an important part of society, along with hunting/ gathering. Hunting- men, gathering- women

Inventions like the Clovis and the Folsom helped early hunters to hunt their food with better accuracy.

Folsom and Plano hunters would corner groups of animals for a slaughter

The Aztecs had strong religious rituals, sacrificing people atop grand pyramids brutally

Clans were responsible for different social, political, or ritual functions. They became important to binding the people of different communities together to form tribes.

Tribes were led by a leader or chief from an honored clan, had a council of elders, who were also clan leaders

Divorce in Indian society was easy. The couple just separated Women were allowed to use herbs to prevent pregnancy. This

being a form of birth control Vision quest were used for men and women to find out

personal protective spirits Agrarian Tradition was ritual festivals to celebrate fertility and

the annual change of seasons Cherokee leaders were either men or women Cherokee men moved into the wife’s home not the other way

around

In Europe divorce was almost unknown Society was set up in feudalism Europeans were very religiously intolerant of others. Jews

were kicked out of England in 1290, France in 1394, and Spain in 1492.

The Portuguese were the first to star exploring. Prince Henry the Navigator helped to start the exploration craze that would soon follow.

The spice trade was in full swing and people wanted to find shorter routes to India and elsewhere to make trade quicker

Military service sent many men over to the New World

Many people had a greediness for finding gold, which helped send more people over to the Americas

When the Spanish arrived in the New World they set up a caste system

Spanish explorers enforced Christianity upon the Natives Old World disease Spanish created forts around Florida’s coast Indians didn’t want to convert to Christianity Indians forced into slavery

Most English settlers survived off the help of Indian cultures

Tobacco was grown and became a major trading item. The trading of tobacco with the European countries gave the English settlers the ability to have more money, helping them survive

English settlers brought families English excluded Indians The New England colonies were the protestant dissenters Men did field work, women worked the household Couples were allowed to lay in bed wrapped in an apron so

they could cuddle without having sex South Carolina started a large-scale slave trade

Increase in wanting of plantations Increase in tobacco use The Spanish would free slaves if slaves converted to

Catholicism The reason the north becomes anti-slavery is due to the

Society of Friends Slave couples married when a female became pregnant

› Performed amongst themselves› Jumping over broomsticks

The Great Awakening : conversion of slaves to Christianity Burial rituals, performed at night. Slaves danced around

counterclockwise and sang There was a mixed dialect between Guinea and English Slave conjurers and herbalists led to common culture with

southerners Brought spicy food Slaves showed resistance in their spirit

• Active in European fur trade• Movement westward scared them• Side with French due to fear of British• Started using horses• Moved to the plains

• St. Augustine was seen as a refuge for slaves• Cattle ranching and farming• Had vineyards, orchards, adobes, and stone churches• Religion wasn’t private

• Government combo of church and state• Used Indians for expansion• Plantations were the most profitable• Wives limited themselves to 2 or 3 kids• Arranged marriage, occasional polygamy• Women easy to divorce, enjoyed property rights

• All the colonies except for Rhode Island were Puritan• Church ran the towns through the governors and

representatives elected• Puritans- freedom and repression• Society of Friends found women equal and allowed

preaching from them• The Indian fears and resentments started many warfare

like situations• The southern rice plantations dominated

British troops appeared cruel to the colonists The Seven Years War helped build colonial identity Republicanism Sons and Daughters of Liberty Poetry to get women to help Idea of American Independence

The British had the best army and navy during this period Close range fighting Patriots were worried about acting like the British Women managed the farms and businesses 1/5 of colonists remained loyal to the crown, they were

also attacked by patriots

Articles of Confederation created - later replaced Paper currency Treaty of Paris signed in 1783 The Great Compromise – allowed strong national

government and still providing roles for the states Anti-federalists Bill of Rights

Washington elected 1st president Washington followed the Constitution to the best of his

abilities Judiciary Act of 1789 – set up federal courts Details of Jay’s Treaty caused much public debate Federalists and Republicans/Democrats were the political

parties formed John Adams elected 2nd President You could be fined or imprisoned if you wrote, spoke, or

published anything that was false, scandalous, and malicious against the government and its officials

Political readings were popular

Benjamin West – first American to achieve worldwide prominence in the artistic world

There was a sense of nationalism in architecture Due to about 90% of Americans being readers,

publications and bookstores were developing everywhere

Growing demand for books women want to read Girls started to attend school with boys

In the 1800s the US was mostly rural and agricultural Most Americans clothes were made by the women in their

families The cotton gin invented in 1793 Jefferson elected 3rd president Jefferson believed in the self-governing citizen The Louisiana Purchase 1803 Jefferson tried to help the Indians in the west by teaching

them “white” ways James Madison elected 4th President War of 1812 slowed western expansion, but it resumed in

1815 after the war Organized religion was important in westward expansion John Quincy Adams elected 5th President Slavery was central to the future of the nation.

The South focused on cotton growing and the North focused on a commercial, industrialized economy

Westward expansion created more nationalism› Also changed politics

Voting was only white males After John Quincy Adams selected Henry Clay as his

secretary of state, Jackson’s supporters accused them of a “corrupt bargain”

When Jackson won the Presidency people crowded around cheering and wishing him luck

Sectional interests were still relevant Transportation was improving

› Better roads › Water transportation› Railroads

Immigrants helped construct the canals and railroads Less railroads in the south due to not much industry outside of

farming› But the trans. Revolution helped farmers deliver their goods

Trans Revolution inspired invention and innovation in the country Jackson passed a law to remove Indians Whigs party created When 800 banks temporarily stopped economic failures ensued

(aka Panic of 1837) Democrats = other political party The American Tract Society formed the first steam powered press

in 1826› Mostly used for politics or religious purposes

1844 first successful Morse code transmission Writers such as Irving and Cooper become popular to both

Americans and English

Industrial Revolution begins in the early 18th century The South chose to not industrialize due to high demand of

cotton The American participation in the International Slave Trade

ended in 1808› The amount of slaves increased due to births

Slaveholding abolished in the northern states by 1820 House slaves most eager to leave due to constant white

people Slave families equal among each other because the slaves

were each powerless About 1,000 slaves escaped a year Most southern men inherited wealth The increasing number of free blacks scared plantation

owners

Women made clothes Families made items for local use Entire households organized around one kind of work Fur trade with China Factories formed

› Horrible conditions in England› In the US young children and women hired› Gave opportunities for families near the factories to get

paid for doing something they already knew how to do Most mills were put in small rural areas Middle class started limiting children because it was

unnecessary to have so many children  

Anti-black jokes and characters entertained white audiences

Penny Papers Walt Whitman and Edgar Allen Poe

brought new reads

Workers started looking for support among their fellow workers, instead of someone on a higher position

Strikes for higher wages Tammany brought the use of parades, rallies, current

songs, and party newspapers to reach voters Social reforms with religion, prisons, education, etc

› Evangelists thought they were going to convert the world› Joseph Smith – creates Mormonism› General Union for Promoting the Observance of the

Christian Sabbath – no business on Sundays› Public education spreads

The Grimke Sisters – first female speakers in America Every year after 1848 women held conventions for

political, legal, and social equality

Merchants lived next door to their businesses Wealthy men volunteered in fire departments and watch

societies New York became the most populated city Boston linked trade with Britain and West Indies

› Also dominated trade with China Immigration to the US jumped from 1.6% to 11.2%

› Irish came due to Potato Famine› Germans came because of political unrest and economic

conditions› Because Irish and Germans were Catholics they weren’t very

welcomed by the Protestants› Immigrations widened the gap between rich and poor, causing

social problems Cities suffered from sanitation-related diseases Americans started seeing slums as a place for non-

Americans

Beginning of Civil War at Fort Sumter The Confederates had a volunteer army of 100,000 men

› People celebrated those who joined Southerners thought northerners couldn’t face southern bravery Groups formed to supply troops Many southern soldiers brought their own equipment to war Abolitionists argued and Lincoln freed the slaves in Missouri to avoid the

secession of Maryland and Kentucky Printing and distributing Treasury notes The Morrill Land Grant Act gave access to college for ordinary citizens The British wouldn’t help a new nation based on slavery because they

believed it to be wrong Slaves ran away to Fortress Monroe, a northern fort that took in runaways

from the south Lincoln shot at Ford’s Theater dies the next day

› People from all over the north pay their respects to the train traveling around with his body in it

The south is in ruins after the war Southern white men still believe blacks to be inferior and hate them

more When Arkansas and Louisiana rejoined the Union they were not

allowed representatives due to the Radical Republicans Radical and moderate republicans were against Andrew Johnson Johnson impeached because the republicans don’t like his political

stance and his opposition to the Reconstruction Acts Ulysses S. Grant is nominated for president American Equal Rights Association created in 1866 Kansas voters rejected women and black suffrage The white people tried to hold back jobs for freed slaves to just farm

work KKK spent a lot of time trying to restore white superiority Starting in 1873 their was a economic depression that lasted 65

months

California, Oregon, and Alaska added to the States California Gold Rush

› More people settled throughout California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska

Mormons had set up a separate state that would be claimed as Utah Territory and the President claimed the Mormons as a rebellion

Women worked on ranches , usually in the kitchen and laundry

Railroads helped settle the West Children helped working on the farm by milking cows

and such Legends of the Wild West – made people look more

adventurous› Books created stories about the west, such as Buffalo Bill

1876 Telephone invented 1882 Edison Electric Company

launches in NYC More women in cities, more men on

farms

Wrote to her husband on issues surrounding the American struggle for independence and the structure of the new republic

Promoted the idea of men and women being equal partners instead of men dominating women

his presidency showed changes in the social parts of society and many people seemed happy he was elected president.

Showed how the “common man” acted Hated Indians and fought against them

in many fights

Aztecs

1803

Renewal of religion

The Society of Friends

Rhode Island

Men hunted, women gathered

90%

Eli Whitney

International Slave Trade

High demand for tobacco