Key for country development and economic prosperity

Prepares people for future life and work

A human right A public good Long life education

Three levels: Primary education (compulsory in

almost all countries of the world). Secondary education

Either enroll into university or seek employment.

Higher education

Education provided in public schools, state-certified private schools, or an approved home school program.

The “inquiry” method of learning - schools are asked not only to teach the new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it.

The goal of American education:

①To achieve universal literacy;

②To provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote individual and general welfare.

1) There are 50 educational systems in the United States.

Each state enjoys freedom to develop a school system as extensive or as limited as it desires.

2) Local communities are given substantial freedom to select teachers and administrators and to schedule the school year and to meet the standards by the states.

3) All educational matters are left to the individual state - educational policy is generally the responsibility of boards of education and there is no one uniform pattern of state administration.

4) All states require young people to attend school to age 16 or 18.

Every children is guaranteed up to 13 years of education.

Public schools 90% Private schools 10% (4 out of 5

private schools are run by churches, synagogues or other religious groups)

Religious teachings are a part of the curriculum.

Funds for schools come from 3 sources:

Through local property taxes (approximately 50% is raised).

From the states’ budgets (approximately 40% - 50%).

Only 8% - 9% from the federal government.

They depend on mainly 3 sources: student tuition endowments (funds or property

donated to institutions or individuals) government funding

Education is carried out at various levels, which are mainly divided into:

Elementary school - 1st to 5th grade Middle school (junior high school) –

6th to 8th grade High school (or secondary education) Post-secondary education - college

or university

Elementary and secondary education covers 12 years from age 6 through 18.

Secondary education may take place in a variety of junior and senior high schools.

Vocational and technical high schools: provide for a variety of occupations and vocations.

Academic high schools emphasize their schooling in academic and intellectual disciplines.

Successful applicants are chosen on the basis of:

a)High school recordsb)Recommendationsc)The impression at interviewsd)Scores on the SATS (a series of

educational assessments)e)Community work

Higher education includes:

Undergraduate study - Bachelor’s degree

Graduate study - Master’s degreePostgraduate study - Doctor’s degree

Undergraduate students are classified according to their year of study.

First year : Freshmen Second Year: Sophomores Third-year Students: Juniors Fourth-year students: Seniors

At the undergraduate level, students usually select their “major” plus a specific number of “electives”.In order to receive a degree, an undergraduate student has to earn a certain numbers of “credits”

(earned by attending lectures and by completing assignments and examinations).

A bachelor’s degree known as a major– usually four years of study:

A Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), A Bachelor of Science (B.S.), A Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.), A Bachelor of Social Work (B.S.W.), A Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.), A Bachelor of Philosophy (B.Phil.)

College: usually refers to an institution that concentrates on a four-year study leading to graduation with a bachelor’s degree;

It sometimes refers to academic units within universities.

University is usually larger and provides advanced research and studies in academic areas and professional fields leading to master and doctoral degree after four years of undergraduate work.

University can refer to a public system of higher education within a state that includes many campuses.

Graduate study leads to a master’s degree:

Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Science (M.S.), Master of Business Administration

(M.B.A.), or other less common master's degrees: Master of Education (Med.), Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.))

Graduate study leads to a doctor’s degree:

Doctor of Arts (D.A.), Doctor of Science (D.S.), Doctor of Business Administration

(D.B.A.),

Education in the United Kingdom has separate systems under separate governments.

Each country of the UK has its own department for education

ScotlandScotland www.scotland.gov.uk/topics/educationwww.scotland.gov.uk/topics/education

WalesWales www.wales.gov.uk/topics/educationandskillswww.wales.gov.uk/topics/educationandskills

Northern Northern IrelandIreland

www.deni.gov.ukwww.deni.gov.uk

Goals: Bring together education, health and social services Inclusion Children with disabilities and challenging behaviour to be

educated in mainstream (‘ordinary’) schools Personalisation Tailoring education to individual pupil need, aptitude and

interest Community cohesion Local, national and international Healthy eating Fighting the trend towards obesity in young people

Department for

Education

Local Authorities

Schools and

Governing Bodies

Community Schools funded through the Local Authorities

Academies funded directly by the government

Free Schools proposed by the government to be set up in response to parental request

Private schools funded by private individuals organisations, or educational trusts

See: www.dfe.gov.uk

A head teacher and senior leaders have freedom to determine the ethos and practice of their schools …

but also full responsibility for

the quality of education experienced by the young people in their care.

Schools are responsible for: learning and teaching appointment and management of all their staff the buildings and site including playing fields

A head teacher is accountable to a Governing Body that represents parents, the community and often the Local Authority

There are national standards for head teachers New head teachers must be accredited by the

National Professional Qualification for Headship

Establishments Age Range

Pre-School Nurseries Under 5

Primary Schools 5-11

Secondary Schools 11-16 or 11-18 (19)

Sixth Form Colleges 16-18 (19)

Further Higher Education Over 16

Special Schools 3-18

For children from birth to five years there are six areas of learning which all providers must address:

Communication, language & Literacy Knowledge & Understanding of the

World Physical Development Creative Development Personal, Social & Emotional

Development Problem Solving, Reasoning &

Numeracy

A child begins primary education during the school year he or she turns 5.

Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 (4 in Northern Ireland) and 16 and 17; before this children can be educated at nursery.

Students at both state schools and independent schools typically take GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) examinations (the end of compulsory education)

Students may then continue their secondary studies for a further two years (sixth form), leading most typically to A-level qualifications.

At the age of 16 school children are free to leave school.

An increasing number of school leavers do training courses or particular jobs and careers.

Some go straight out and look a job (1/3 of such school leavers)

Those who find no immediate employment, take part in training schemes which involve on-the-job training combined with part-time college courses

At the age of 16 many school leavers decide to stay in full-time –education.

School leavers stay in their schools to attend a Sixth-Form-College or College of further Education Sixth form

In the education systems of England, Wales and Northern Ireland  a sixth form  represents the final two years of secondary education, where students prepare for their A-level (or equivalent) examinations.

Other qualifications and courses exist: Business and Technology

Education Council (BTEC) qualifications,

The International Baccalaureate (IB)

The Cambridge Pre-U.

Students enter University from age 18 onwards, and study for an academic degree.

Higher education often begins with a three-year bachelor degree.

Students who have completed a first degree are eligible to undertake a postgraduate degree.

Approx 400,000 undergraduate students enter UK universities annually

They enrol on to the more than 50,000 different courses on offer

UK has one of the highest completion rates for higher education courses in the OECD countries –

http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=151645&sectioncode=26

Business and administrative studies Engineering and technology Social, economic and political studies Computer science Creative arts and design Medicine and biological sciences Languages

www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk

Establishments Key Stage(s) Main Assessments

Primary Schools Foundation Stage

1

2 National Tests (11)

Secondary Schools 3

4 GCSE (16)

Sixth Form Colleges 5 AS

A2

GCSE – General Certificate of Secondary Education

AS – first year of Advanced Level course

A2 – second/final year of Advanced Level

At the age of 16 school children pass: GCSE exams - General Certificate of

Secondary Education (England, Wales and Northern

Ireland) –the system of marks is from A to G

Scottish Certificate of Education (SCE) (Scotland) - the system of marks is in numbers (number 1 is the best)

A levels are exams passed after completing a Sixth Form College or a Sixth Form at the age of 18 (England, Wales and Northern Ireland)

SCE “Highers” are the Scottish equivalent of A-levels

Typically a student will pass three A-levels

GNVQ (General National Vocational Qualification) are courses and exams in job-related subjects which are studied at the Colleges of Further Education and are divided into five levels

Levels of knowledge

General Englsih Business EnglishEnglish for Lawyers

Financial Englsih General Englsih General Englsih

CommonEuropeanFrameworkand ALTE levels

Cambridge ESOLGeneral English Certificates

Cambridge ESOLBusiness English Certificates

ILEC

InternationalLegal English Certificate

ICFE

International Certificate in Financial English

IELTSInternational EnglishLanguage Testing System

YLE

Cambridge Young Learners English Tests

C2Good User

CPECertificate of Proficiency in English(950-1050 sati učenja)

7.5 +

C1Competent User

CAECertificate in Advanced English(750-800 sati učenja)

BECHigher

ILEC C1 ICFE C1 6.5 – 7.0

B2Independent User

FCEFirst Certificate in English(500-600 sati učenja)

BECVantage

ILEC B2 ICFE B2 5.0 – 6.0

B1Threshold User

PETPreliminary English Test(250 - 300 sati učenja)

BECPreliminary

3.5 – 4.5

A2Waystage User

KETKey English Test(180 - 200 sati učenja)

3.0 Flyers

A1Breakthrough 1.0 – 2.5

StartersMovers

My current level is :

I need :

IELTS 6.0TOEFL 540

CBTOEFL 207iBT TOEFL 76

IELTS 6.5TOEFL 560

CBTOEFL 220iBT TOEFL 83

IELTS 4.5TOEFL 457

CBTOEFL 137iBT TOEFL 47

PEAP 15 weeks PEAP 20 weeks

IELTS 5.0TOEFL 480

CBTOEFL 157iBT TOEFL 55

PEAP 10 weeks PEAP 15 weeks

IELTS 5.5TOEFL 510

CBTOEFL 180iBT TOEFL 64

PEAP 05 weeks PEAP 10 weeks

IELTS 6.0TOEFL 540

CBTOEFL 207 iBT TOEFL 76

PEAP 05 weeks

CORE SUBJECTS English Mathematics Science

Art Geography History Music Design and

Technology Information and

Communications Technology

Sex and Relationship Education

Careers Education Citizenship Physical Education Religious Education

Students aged 14-16 Compulsory subjects,

e.g. Mathematics Entitlement subjects,

e.g. Modern Foreign Language

‘Options’ – examples: Business Studies Media Studies Dance Drama

- Universities select students on the basis of A-level results and interviews

- The course of studies in England, Wales and Northern Ireland is three years, but for modern languages and certain vocational studies are four years

- In Scotland four years is the norm for most subjects

Bachelor Degree: a Bachelor of Arts a Bachelor of ScienceMaster Degree a Master of Arts a Master of SciencesDoctorate a Doctor of Philosophy

Master’s degree (taught or by research, typically taken in one year, though research-based master's degrees may last for two)

Doctorate (typically taken in three years) Universities require a Royal Charter (a

formal document issued by a monarch, granting a right or power to an individual - are financed by the state via tuition fees, which cost up to £9,000 a term for English, Welsh and EU students.

Research-based Doctorate (PhD/DPhil) Awarded after a minimum of three years of supervised

research But it is important to recognise that only a minority

are completed within this period – and all applicants must be sure of their funding to cover the often uncertain period required to complete what is, by definition, innovative research – see the report below.

http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2005/05_02/05_02.pdf)

A useful example of PhD regulations can be found at

http://www.campus.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/researchoffice/graduateeducation/reg-phd.pdf

Accommodation and Subsistence University accommodation is usually about

£60.00 – £100.00 per week for term time, depending on facilities – but usually including electricity/heating

Independent accommodation– usually students sharing rented houses (often ‘accredited’ by the university) – can work out similar, depending on type of accommodation. But watch possible add-ons like heating.

Subsistence is based on how much food is bought, along with ‘general personal maintenance’ – hairdressers, getting shoes repaired, or whatever.

As an example, Nottingham Trent University advises that students will require, in total, approximately £600 per month to cover living costs in Nottingham.

More than 130 universities in United Kingdom: ‘Ancient’ universities – Oxford and Cambridge 19th century universities i.e. Birmingham

Manchester Post 1945 i.e. Nottingham Post 1962 i.e. Warwick, Kent Post 1992 (re-designation of Polytechnics) i.e.

Nottingham Trent, Leeds Metropolitan Post 2005 i.e. Chester, Winchester

All of universities in the United Kingdom are independent and self-governing, (and thus ‘non-state’) legal entities.

Nonetheless, a substantial amount of their funding comes from the state – mainly in support of the undergraduate programmes and capital investment

However, universities are accelerating the percentage of their revenue from own income generation – through post-graduate and professional courses, research income, international students and the controversial ‘top-up’ fees for ‘home’ students (currently with the exception of Scottish ‘home’ students.)

Each university is empowered (by Royal Charter or Act of Parliament) to develop its own courses and to award its own degrees.

Each university decides the degrees it offers the conditions on which they are awarded what students to admit what staff to appoint

The University of Buckingham (founded in 1976) is the only Private University in UK

It is independent of government money and relies on student fees and private research grants and endowments

It has two-year undergraduate programmes It has a large proportion of international students

(70%)

They are federations of semi-independent

collegesEach college has its own staff known as

“Fellows”The “Fellows” teach the students either one-to-

one or in small groups (tutorials and supervisions)

lecturers and lab works are organized at university level

before 1970 all Oxbridge colleges were single-sex

nowadays the majority admit both sexes

The Old Scottish Universities

- They are Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and St Andrews

- St Andrews resembles Oxbridge- Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen resemble

civic universities- In all of them the pattern of education is

closer to the continental than to the English one

The early 19th-century English universities

The University of London is the representative of this group

Each college is almost a separate university

Colleges are non-residential

The Older Civic (Redbrick) Universities

Used to be various institutions with a technical bias

Appeared in main industrial cities (Leeds, Birmingham, Manchester)

Were built of local material, often brick in contrast to the stone ones

Prepared students for London University Degree Were given the right to award their own

degrees and became universities

The Newer Civic Universities (Aston, University of

Salford Manchester)

They were originally technical colleges In 1970es became polytechnics (were

allowed to teach degree courses) In 1990es most of them became universities Their notable feature is a “sandwich course”

The Campus University

Purpose-built institutions located in the countryside but close to towns

East Anglia, Lancaster, Sussex New academic disciplines are introduced such

as social studies Teaching in small groups known as “seminars”

The Republic of Serbia

• Pre-school/kindergarten (compulsory)

• Primary education (compulsory)

• Secondary education

• Higher education

Primary education between age 6/7 to 14/15) - two education cycles:

• the first from first to fourth grade (organized through the classroom teaching) and

• the second cycle of fifth to eighth grade (through subject teaching).

Secondary education – 4 years: Grammar, Vocational Art schools

• University, • Faculty art academy, • College of professional studies.

First degree :o undergraduate academics studieso undergraduate professional studies Second degree:o graduate academic studies - Mastero specialist professional studieso specialist academic studies. Doctoral academic studies - third

degree.

Bachelor - the person that completes the undergraduate academic/ professional studies obtains the professional title of first degree of academic/professional studies in the appropriate field - Bachelor’s degree.

Master - graduate academic studies can be organized by a university, faculty and college, and last one or two years (depending on the duration of undergraduate academic studies). After completing this studies the person gains the academic title - Master.

Doctoral studies can be organized by universities or faculties and last at least one year, provided undergraduate and graduate academic studies that last at least five years.

Undergraduate

The academic studies 180 -240 ECTS B.Sc.

The diploma academic studies 60 -120ECTS M.Sc.

The doctoral studies have at least 180 ECTS

The basic professional studies have 180 ECTS credits

The Law on Higher Education

The specialized professional studies 60 ECTS

The academic study programs in medical sciences with the total volume of maximum 360 ECTS.

Main grading system used by higher education institutions:

5-10 grading scale is used, with 6 as a pass level.

Highest on scale is 10, pass / fail level is 6 and 5 and the lowest on scale is 5.

Republic of SerbiaNATIONAL COUNCIL OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The National Council of Higher Education determined scientific, artistic and vocational areas within fields referred to in Article 27 of the Law on Higher Education based on the proposal of the University Conference of Serbia (UCS) and the Conference of high school principals.

1. Field of life-mathematics sciences2. Field of technical/technological sciences3. Field of behavioral-humanistic sciences4. Field of medical sciences5. Field of arts

1. FIELD OF LIFE-MATHEMATICS SCIENCES1. FIELD OF LIFE-MATHEMATICS SCIENCES1.1. Biological sciences1.2. Geo-sciences1.3. Mathematic sciences1.4. Environmental sciences and ergonomics1.5. Computer sciences1.6. Physical sciences1.7. Physical and chemical sciences1.8. Chemical sciences2. FIELD OF TECHNICAL/TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES2. FIELD OF TECHNICAL/TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES2.1. Architecture2.2. Biotechnical sciences2.3. Civil engineering2.4. Geodetic engineering2.5. Electrical and computer engineering2.6. Industrial engineering and engineering management2.7. Environment protection engineering2.8. Mechanical engineering2.9. Organizational sciences2.10. Mine engineering2.11. Traffic engineering2.12. Technological engineering2.13. Metallurgical engineering

3. FIELD OF BEHAVIORAL-HUMANISTIC SCIENCES3.1. Librarianship, archiving and museology3.2. Economic sciences3.3. Historical and archeological sciences3.4. Cultural sciences and communicology3.5. Management and business3.6. Pedagogical sciences3.7. Political sciences3.8. Legal sciences3.9. Psychological sciences3.10. Sociological sciences3.11. Theology3.12. Philosophy3.13. Philological sciences

3.14. Sciences of arts

4. FIELD OF MEDICAL SCIENCES4.1. Veterinarian sciences4.2. Medical sciences4.3. Special education and rehabilitation4.4. Dental sciences4.5. Pharmaceutical sciences4.6. Physical education and sports

5. FIELD OF ARTS5.1. Drama and audio visual arts5.2. Visual arts5.3. Music and performance arts 5.4. Applied arts and music

The qualifications which mark the completion of the the completion of the basic basic

professional studiesprofessional studies shall be acquired by the student who:

demonstrated their knowledge in their study area, based on the previous education and able to use professional literature;

capable of applying knowledge and understanding the profession;

capable of transmitting knowledge to others; capable of continuing studies; capable for team work.

The qualifications which mark the completion of the basic the basic academic studiesacademic studies shall be acquired by the students who:

demonstrated knowledge in the study area based on the previous education and which enables them to use professional literature, but also covered some aspects relying on key knowledge of their study area;

capable of applying knowledge and understanding in the manner which reveals professional approach to the job or knowledge and have the abilities most frequently expressed in thoughtful arguments and solving problems within the study areas;

capable of collecting and interpreting necessary data; capable of thinking of relevant social, scientific and ethical

issues; develop abilities for continuation of studies.

The qualifications which mark the completion of doctoral the completion of doctoral studiesstudies shall be acquired by the students who:demonstrated system understanding of certain studies; who mastered the skills and methods of research in their field; demonstrated the ability to conceive, design and apply; who demonstrated the ability of adaptation of the research process with the necessary degree of academic integrity;by their own original research and work achieved the creation which pushed the frontiers of knowledge published and which is of national and international reference;capable of critical analysis, appraisal and synthesis of new and complex ideas;capable of transmitting professional knowledge and ideas to their colleagues, wider academic community and society at large;capable of imparting, in the academic and professional setting, the technological, social or cultural progress.