learn what “work” is! learn how to calculate work see who can do the most work! learn about...
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TODAY’S LESSON
Learn what “work” is! Learn how to calculate work See who can do the most work! Learn about power. Learn Hooke’s Law.
ENERGY AND WORK
Energy - the ability of a body or system of bodies to perform work.
A body is given energy when a force does work
on it.
WORK
In physics, work has a special meaning, different to “normal” English.
BUT WHAT IS WORK?
A force does work on a body (and changes its energy) when it causes a displacement.
If a force causes no displacement, it does no work.
RIDDLE ME THIS
If a man holds a 50 kg box at arms length for 2 hours as he stands still, how
much work does he do on the box?
Nad
a ZipZilch
NONEZERO
COUNTERINTUITIVE RESULTS
There is no work done by a force if it causes no displacement.
Forces perpendicular to displacement, such as the normal force, can do no work.
Likewise, centripetal forces never do work.
CALCULATING WORK Work is the dot product of force and displacement.
Work is a scalar resulting from the interaction of two vectors.
VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
There are three ways to multiply vectors:
•Scalar Multiplication
•Dot Product
•Cross Product
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
•Magnitude of vector changes.•Direction of vector does not change.
amF
a = 10 m·s-1
F = 50 N
If m = 5 kg
DOT PRODUCT
BAW
Note that the dot
product of two vectors gives a scalar .
. and between angle theis BA
cosABBA
θ
A
B
DOT PRODUCT
Geometrically, the dot product is the projection of one vector on a second
vector multiplied by the magnitude of the second vector.
θ
A
B
cosA
CALCULATING WORK
cosFssFW
dxxFW )(
θ
F
s
cosF
WHICH DOES MORE WORK?
θ
F1
F2
Two forces are acting on the box shown causing it to move across the floor. Which force does more work?
VECTORS AND WORK
F
VECTORS AND WORK
Fs
W = F • sW = F s cos 0o
W = F sMaximum positive work
VECTORS AND WORK
F
VECTORS AND WORK
s
W = F • sW = F s cos Only the component of force aligned with displacement does work. Work is less.
F
VECTORS AND WORK
F
VECTORS AND WORK
F s
W = F • sW = F s cos 180o
W = - F sMaximum negative work.
GRAVITY OFTEN DOES NEGATIVE WORK.
mg
F
When the load goes up, gravity does negative work and the crane does positive work.
When the load goes down, gravity does positive work and the crane does negative work.
POSITIVE, ZERO, OR NEGATIVE WORK?
A box is being moved with a velocity v by a force P (parallel to v) along a level floor. The normal force is FN, the frictional force is fk, and the weight of the box is mg.
Decide which forces do positive, zero, or negative work.
POSITIVE, ZERO, OR NEGATIVE WORK?
v
mg
P
FN
fk
s
UNITS OF WORK
J = N·m
J = kg·m2·s-2
That’s me!
Energy is measured in Joules (J).
WORK AND VARIABLE FORCEThe area under the curve of a graph of force vs displacement gives the work done by the force.
F(x)
xxa xb
W = F(x) dxxa
xb
Let’s look at some examples
WORK DONE (J) = FORCE (N) X DISTANCE (M)
A woman pushes a car with a force of 400 N at an angle of 10° to the horizontal for a distance of 15m. How much work has she done?
WORK DONE (J) = FORCE (N) X DISTANCE (M)
A woman pushes a car with a force of 400 N at an angle of 10° to the horizontal for a distance of 15m. How much work has she done?
W = Fscosθ = 400x15x0.985W = 5900 J
WORK DONE (J) = FORCE (N) X DISTANCE (M)
A man lifts a mass of 120 kg to a height of 2.5m. How much work did he do?
WORK DONE (J) = FORCE (N) X DISTANCE (M)
A man lifts a mass of 120 kg to a height of 2.5m. How much work did he do?
Force = weight = 1200N
Work = F x d = 1200 x 2.5 Work = 3000 J
HOW MUCH WORK CAN YOU DO?
CAN YOU COPY THIS PLEASE?
Name Mass (kg)
Force (N)
Distance (m)
Work of one lift (J)
# of lifts in 1 min
Total work (J)
ARM CURLS
distance
Force required = weight of object = mass (kg) x 10
OFF YOU GO!
Name Mass (kg)
Force (N)
Distance (m)
Work of one lift (J)
# of lifts in 1 min
Total work (J)
POWER!
POWER!
Power is the rate of doing work. Power is the amount of work done per unit time.Power is measured in Watts (1 Watt = 1 J/s)
t
WP
time
DoneWork Power
POWER
For each of the people in your table, can you calculate their power?
HOOKE’S LAW
When we stretch or compress a spring, a force arises that attempts to return the spring to its original length.
kxT
OUR FIRST HOOKE’S LAW PROBLEM
A force of 125 N is required to extend a spring by 2.8 cm. What force is required to stretch the same spring by 3.2 cm?
Step 1: Solve for k
kxT cm 8.2N 125 k
cmN6.44
cm 8.2
N 125k
Step 2: Solve for the force
kxT cm 2.36.44 cm
N TN98TN98F
ELASTIC LIMIT