الرحیم الرحمن الله الرحیم بسم الرحمن الله بسم

Living thingsLiving thingsKingdom Kingdom

MetazoaMetazoa(many-celled(many-celled animalsanimals) )

1- Animalia: 1- Animalia: Protozoa(Protozoa(sigle-celled animalssigle-celled animals))

2-Plants2-Plants

3- Protista3- Protista

4- Monera4- Monera

5-Fungi5-Fungi

ProtozoaProtozoa

• Definition: • Number:• Size:• Form:• ectoplasm(gel state)

• cytoplasm• endoplasm(sol state)

• Body of protozoa: protoplasm

• nucleoplasm

Nucleus:Nucleus:• reproduction

• Containing chromosomes: • transmission of genes

• Type of nucleus: 1- vesicular n. 2- compact or graular n. 3- bi-nuclated: similar:• • dissimilar n. : macro & micronucleus•

• 4- multi-nuclated:

Ectoplasm Function Endoplasm FunctionEctoplasm Function Endoplasm Function

• Protection of the organism

• Locomotor apparatus

• Food ingestion

• Respiration

• Discharge of metabolic wastes

• containing ; mitochondria,golgi,...

• Food synthesis

• Glycogen vacuoles & chromatidal bodies

• Food vacuoles

• Excretory vacuoles(collection of fluid wastes)

• Contractive vacuoles(maintain osmotic pressure)

Vital functionVital function

• 1-Locomotion: locomotory organelles;• 1-1 Pseudopodia 1-2 Cilia 1-3 Flagellum• 1-4 Undulating membran 1-5 without l.organell(gliding

movement)

• 2-Respiration: aerobic(blood & tissue pro.)

• micro-aerophilic(intestinal pro.)

• 3- Nutrition: - liquid absorbtion - cell mouth(cytostome)

• -pinocytosis - cell anus (cytopyge)• -phagocytosis

ReproductionReproductionof protozoaof protozoa

• Asexual:• 1- Binary-fission :

(amaebae)

• 2-Budding or Endodiogeny : Coccidia

• 3- Schizogony(merogony)• : plasmodium

• Sexual:• 1- Syngamy:• Free-flagellates

• 2- Sprogony :• Malaria parasites

• 3-Conjugation:• Ciliata

Life cycleLife cycleof of protozoaprotozoa

• Trophozoite transmission:• (e.g.; Enta. Gingivalis)

•

• Encystment factors:

• -defieciency or overabundance of food supply

• -excess of catabolic products

• PH changes

• …………………

• …………………..

• Cyst transmission:

• 1-Free-living protozoa• 2-Parasitic protozoa

• Excystment factors:

• -osmotic changes

• -enzymatic action

• -host enzymes

• ……………….

• ……………………

Kingdom protistaKingdom protista(classification of protozoa)(classification of protozoa)

• Subk.: Protozoa • phylum: Apicomplexa Ciliophora Sarcomstigophora Microspora

• Subph: Sarcodina Mastigophora

(Amebae) (Flagellates) Parasitic Amebae Free-living Amebae

Family: Endamoebidae Leptomyxidae Acanthamoebidae Vahlkampfidae

Genus: Entamoeba Iodamoeba Endolimax gingivalis butschlii nana Sp. Hartmani histolytica coli dispare

Parasitic AmebaeParasitic Amebae

• Characters of the genus Entamoeba :

• - possession a vesicular nucleus

• -small karyosome located at or near center of nucleus

• Varying number of peripheral chromatin granules attached to the nuclear membrane

Entamoeba gingivalisEntamoeba gingivalis(non-pathogen)(non-pathogen)

• -Prevalance rate: … to 90% of dental patient

• 10% of person with good oral hygiene

• Live site

• Morphology

• Diagnosis: may be mistaken for E.histolytica from a pulmonary abscess

Entamoeba coliEntamoeba coli(non-pathogen)(non-pathogen)

• Prevalance: 1 to 50%• Morphology: trophozoite range 15-50µm

• - cytoplasm containing• Pseudopodia• Motility:• *nucleus• *karyosome• *peripheral chromatin

Entamoeba hartmaniEntamoeba hartmani

• *small race of E.histolytica (morphologic similarity)• *only clear-cut distinction between the two species is

size• *tr0phozoite ingest bacteria but no RBC• *size: trophozoite < 12 mμ , c yst < 10 mμ

•

Entamoeba dispareEntamoeba dispare : :*There is no morphologic differences between this amoeba with E.histolytica*There is no morphologic differences between this amoeba with E.histolytica*This amoeba no ingest RBC*This amoeba no ingest RBC

Iodamoeba butschliiIodamoeba butschlii : : **Trophozoite size(4-20Trophozoite size(4-20μμmm))

*Cyst size(9-10 *Cyst size(9-10 μμm m ))

Endolimax nanaEndolimax nana

• *most common of the smaller intestinal amaeba

• *Size• *Motility• movement• *Cytoplasm• *Cyst:

Free-Living AmebaeFree-Living Amebae(Opp0rtuistic Amebae)(Opp0rtuistic Amebae)

Family:Family: Vahlkampfiidae Acathamoebidae Leptomyxidae Vahlkampfiidae Acathamoebidae Leptomyxidae

GenusGenus:: Naegleria Acanthamoeba BalamuthiaNaegleria Acanthamoeba Balamuthia

Species:Species: fowleri castellani mandrillarisfowleri castellani mandrillaris

gruberie calbertsonigruberie calbertsoni aerobia polyphagaaerobia polyphaga

HabitatHabitat: : in fresh, brackish and salt water, moist soil and decaying vegetationin fresh, brackish and salt water, moist soil and decaying vegetation

History: History: Human infection were first reported by Fowler in 1965Human infection were first reported by Fowler in 1965

Geographic distributionGeographic distribution: The most cases were reported from; USA, Australia, Czech, : The most cases were reported from; USA, Australia, Czech, Oslovakia, Belgium, India,……..Oslovakia, Belgium, India,……..

Epidemiology: Epidemiology: Most cases have occurred during summer in young persons who swam or dived Most cases have occurred during summer in young persons who swam or dived in swimming pools and during the ritual washing before prayerin swimming pools and during the ritual washing before prayer

Naegleria fowleriNaegleria fowleri• Morphology , Biology and Life cycle: • flagellate form

• *Life cycle stage consist: -motile trophozoite: • -nonmotile cysts ameboid form

• *Reproduction: simple binary fission

• *Ameboid form: found in tissue , in motion; is elongate, broad anteriorly, distinctly tapered posteriorly, forms a single pseudopod, dimensions 7 by 20μm

• With a nucleus contain a large central karyosome

• *Flagellate form: with two flagella, pear-shaped, do not divided

• *Cyst form: uninucleate, circular 7-10μm in diameter,

• nucleus is similar to troph.

•

Naegleria formsNaegleria forms

Naegleria cyst & trophozoiteNaegleria cyst & trophozoite

Life cycle Life cycle

Symptoms and pathogeesisSymptoms and pathogeesis

• Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis(P.A.M.) :

• Symptoms; headache, fever, nausea• and vomiting accompanied by signs• of meningitis with involvement of the• olfactory, frontal, temporal, and • cerebral areas

• Death : occurs early; the entire

• clinical course seldom extends• beyond 3 to 6 days.

AcanthamoebaAcanthamoeba( Hartmanella( Hartmanella) spp.) spp.• Morhology, Biology and Life cycle:

• These amebae are similar in appearance to the ameboid stage of Naegleria but have no flagellate stage.

• Cyst & Trophozoite may be found in tissue, but cysts are never seen in Naegleria infections.

• Pseudopods are acanth forms

Acanthamoeba trophozoiteAcanthamoeba trophozoite

Free-living Amebae Life CycleFree-living Amebae Life Cycle

Symptoms & PathogenesisSymptoms & Pathogenesis• Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis( GAE):• *Invasion of the CNS is not associated with swimming but is secondary to infection

elsewhere in the body .• Amebae reach the brain by way of blood stream, likely from lung or through ulcer the

skin or mucosa• Occurs most often in debilitated or immunocompromised persons• A. astronyxis and A. palestinensis associated only with CNS infection

• Acanthamoeba Keratitis:• * Affects healthy person, increase in the number of cases in the recent years has

been linked to the wearing of contact lenses, especially soft ones. • A. polyphaga and A.hatchetti only with eye infection.

• Chronic granulomatous infection of the skin• A. castellani, A. culbertsoni ,….. Have causea both CNS and eye infections

KeratitisKeratitis

Diagnosis of PAM and GAE:Diagnosis of PAM and GAE:

*A patient’s history of having been swimming in water 3 to 6 days prior to onset of *A patient’s history of having been swimming in water 3 to 6 days prior to onset of symptoms of PAM suggest a possible diagnosis. symptoms of PAM suggest a possible diagnosis.

*is made by microscopic identification of living or Wright-stained amebae in the *is made by microscopic identification of living or Wright-stained amebae in the patient’s CSF or trophozoites and cysts of Acanth. In brain tisse. patient’s CSF or trophozoites and cysts of Acanth. In brain tisse.

* by cultivation of cerebrospinal fluid in medium non-nutrient agar seeded with * by cultivation of cerebrospinal fluid in medium non-nutrient agar seeded with living Escherichia coli for PAM and corneal scraping cultured for Acanth. Keratitis.living Escherichia coli for PAM and corneal scraping cultured for Acanth. Keratitis.

• Treatment: At present there is no satisfactory treatment fir PAM and GAE.

• *Amphotericin B, is administered intravenously in large doses; 1 to 1.5 mģ/kg body weight daily for 3 days, followed by 1 mg/kg daily for 6 days.

• *Miconazole and Rifampin are other alternative drugs.