© mcgraw-hill higher education. all rights reserved. chapter 17 exercise psychological measurement

© McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter 17Chapter 17

Exercise Psychological Exercise Psychological MeasurementMeasurement


Chapter 17 OutlineChapter 17 Outline

Psychological ConstructsPsychological Constructs

Measuring AttitudesMeasuring Attitudes

Psychological Determinants of Physical Psychological Determinants of Physical ActivityActivity

Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Body ImageBody Image

Psychophysical RatingsPsychophysical Ratings



Many different classes, or categories, of Many different classes, or categories, of psychological constructspsychological constructs

Summarized by Ostrow (1996), with Summarized by Ostrow (1996), with description of over 300 instrumentsdescription of over 300 instruments

Detailed description of source, purpose, Detailed description of source, purpose, test construction, reliability and validity test construction, reliability and validity evidence, norms, contact informationevidence, norms, contact information



Ostrow provided 20 categories:Ostrow provided 20 categories: Achievement orientationAchievement orientation AggressionAggression AnxietyAnxiety AttentionAttention Attitudes (towards exercise and physical Attitudes (towards exercise and physical

activity)activity) Attitudes (towards sport)Attitudes (towards sport) AttributionsAttributions



Ostrow provided 20 categories Ostrow provided 20 categories (continued):(continued): Body imageBody image Cognitive strategiesCognitive strategies CohesionCohesion Confidence (exercise)Confidence (exercise) Confidence (sport)Confidence (sport) ImageryImagery LeadershipLeadership Life adjustmentLife adjustment



Ostrow provided 20 categories Ostrow provided 20 categories (continued):(continued): Locus of controlLocus of control Miscellaneous (variety of specific Miscellaneous (variety of specific

constructs)constructs) Motivation (exercise)Motivation (exercise) Motivation (sport)Motivation (sport) Multidimensional (measure multiple Multidimensional (measure multiple

constructs in one instrument)constructs in one instrument)


Directory of Psychological Directory of Psychological Measurements (LeUnes 2002)Measurements (LeUnes 2002)

Measures of enduring traits (e.g., Measures of enduring traits (e.g., aggression, burnout, easting disorders)aggression, burnout, easting disorders)

Measures of temporary traits (e.g., Measures of temporary traits (e.g., anxiety, depression)anxiety, depression)

Sport-specific measures (aggression, Sport-specific measures (aggression, motivation, self-efficacy)motivation, self-efficacy)

Measures of response tendenciesMeasures of response tendencies


Measuring AttitudesMeasuring Attitudes““...feelings about particular social objects-...feelings about particular social objects-physical objects, types of people, physical objects, types of people, particular persons, social institutions, particular persons, social institutions, government policies” (Nunnally, 1978)government policies” (Nunnally, 1978)

Response usually is a Disagree - Agree Response usually is a Disagree - Agree continuumcontinuum

Usually range from 2 to 7 response Usually range from 2 to 7 response optionsoptions

Some (negatively-worded) items should be Some (negatively-worded) items should be reverse-scored when entering datareverse-scored when entering data


Attitude Towards Physical ActivityAttitude Towards Physical Activity

ATPA (Kenyon, 1968)ATPA (Kenyon, 1968)

Assesses motives for engaging in Assesses motives for engaging in physical activityphysical activity

6 dimensions (6 subscales)6 dimensions (6 subscales)

Dimensions are independent (subscale Dimensions are independent (subscale scores should not be added together to scores should not be added together to make a total score)make a total score)


ATPA SubscalesATPA SubscalesSocial experienceSocial experience to meet people and maintain friendshipsto meet people and maintain friendships

Health and fitnessHealth and fitness to maintain or improve health and fitnessto maintain or improve health and fitness

VertigoVertigo to experience element of thrillto experience element of thrill

AestheticAesthetic to experience beauty or artistry of movementto experience beauty or artistry of movement

CatharsisCatharsis to release tensions of daily livingto release tensions of daily living

AsceticAscetic to experience strenuousness or pain associated to experience strenuousness or pain associated

with training or competitionwith training or competition


Semantic Differential ScalesSemantic Differential ScalesSeries of bipolar adjectives (e.g., Series of bipolar adjectives (e.g., pleasant/unpleasant, hard/soft, fast/slow)pleasant/unpleasant, hard/soft, fast/slow)Stimulus provided (e.g., “physical Stimulus provided (e.g., “physical activity”, “physical education class”), to activity”, “physical education class”), to which subject responds via biploar which subject responds via biploar adjectivesadjectivesThree semantic dimensionsThree semantic dimensions evaluative (e.g., good/bad)evaluative (e.g., good/bad) potency (e.g., strong/weak)potency (e.g., strong/weak) activity (e.g., hot/cold)activity (e.g., hot/cold)


Semantic Differential ScalesSemantic Differential Scales

Scored on a 5 to 7 point scaleScored on a 5 to 7 point scale

Some adjective pairs should be Some adjective pairs should be reversed, to check for response setreversed, to check for response set

Reverse-worded pairs should be Reverse-worded pairs should be reverse scoredreverse scored


Example Item from CATPA-IExample Item from CATPA-IHow do you feel about the idea below?

Physical Activity for Social Growth Taking Part in Physical Activities that Give You

a Chance to Meet New people Good Bad

Of no use

Useful

Not pleasant

Pleasant

Nice Awful

Happy Sad


Psychological Determinants of Psychological Determinants of Physical ActivityPhysical Activity

Important to assess determinants of Important to assess determinants of physical activityphysical activity

Public health benefits of physical activity Public health benefits of physical activity promotionpromotion

Adherence to exercise programs is Adherence to exercise programs is generally lowgenerally low

Dropout rate of 50% (Dishman, 1990)Dropout rate of 50% (Dishman, 1990)


Determinants of Physical ActivityDeterminants of Physical Activity

Dishman, 1990:Dishman, 1990: Smoking behaviorSmoking behavior Occupational levelOccupational level Body compositionBody composition Exercise historyExercise history Self-motivationSelf-motivation Knowledge of health benefitsKnowledge of health benefits Positive affectPositive affect Perceived efficacyPerceived efficacy


Self-Motivation InventorySelf-Motivation Inventory

SMI (Dishman and Ickes, 1981), 40-item, 10 SMI (Dishman and Ickes, 1981), 40-item, 10 subscale questionnairesubscale questionnaire

Reduced to 35-item, 6 factor scale by Merkle Reduced to 35-item, 6 factor scale by Merkle (1997)(1997)

Six subscales:Six subscales: CommitmentCommitment LethargyLethargy DriveDrive PersistencePersistence ReliabilityReliability DisciplineDiscipline


Physical Estimation and Attraction Physical Estimation and Attraction ScaleScale

PEAS (Sonstroem, 1974)PEAS (Sonstroem, 1974)

33 Estimation items (assess perceptions of 33 Estimation items (assess perceptions of one’s own physical abilities)one’s own physical abilities)

e.g., “It is difficult for me to catch a thrown e.g., “It is difficult for me to catch a thrown ball”ball”

54 Attraction items (assess one’s interest in or 54 Attraction items (assess one’s interest in or attraction to physical activity)attraction to physical activity)

e.g., “I love to run”e.g., “I love to run”

2 items assess social aspect of physical 2 items assess social aspect of physical activity, and 11 “neutral” items (help to mask activity, and 11 “neutral” items (help to mask the intent of the questionnaire)the intent of the questionnaire)



Prevalent in young womenPrevalent in young women

Complex etiology and pattern of behaviorsComplex etiology and pattern of behaviors

Unhealthy eating or purging habitsUnhealthy eating or purging habits

Often in response to perceived societal Often in response to perceived societal expectations regarding body weight and expectations regarding body weight and attractivenessattractiveness

Binge eatingBinge eating

Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa

Bulimia nervosaBulimia nervosa



Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa drive for thinnessdrive for thinness dietary restrictiondietary restriction 20% mortality rate20% mortality rate

Bulimia nervosaBulimia nervosa binging (excessive caloric intake)binging (excessive caloric intake) purging (vomiting, use of laxatives)purging (vomiting, use of laxatives)


Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI)Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI)

Comprehensive scale (64 items)Comprehensive scale (64 items)

Intended for clinical use (by psychology Intended for clinical use (by psychology professionals)professionals)

Eight subscales:Eight subscales: Drive for thinnessDrive for thinness BulimiaBulimia Body dissatisfactionBody dissatisfaction IneffectivenessIneffectiveness PerfectionismPerfectionism Interpersonal distrustInterpersonal distrust Interoceptive awarenessInteroceptive awareness Maturity fearsMaturity fears


Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)

Widely used

Originally 40 statement items, describing behaviors (e.g., “I eat diet foods”)

Likert response (Never ... Always)

Reduced to 26 items by Garner (1982)

High correlation between 26-item and 40-item versions (r = 0.97)



Factor analysis on 800 young female Factor analysis on 800 young female Israelis resulted in 4-factor structureIsraelis resulted in 4-factor structure

Four subscales:Four subscales: Dieting (“I engage in dieting behavior”)Dieting (“I engage in dieting behavior”) Oral control (“I enjoy eating new and rich Oral control (“I enjoy eating new and rich

foods”)foods”) Awareness of food content (“I avoid foods Awareness of food content (“I avoid foods

with sugar in them”)with sugar in them”) Food preoccupation (“I feel that food controls Food preoccupation (“I feel that food controls

my life”)my life”)



Shortened version (10 items) developed Shortened version (10 items) developed on 2300 students at University of Houstonon 2300 students at University of Houston

Four factors structureFour factors structure

Percentile norms availablePercentile norms available


EAT Norms (Univ. of Houston)EAT Norms (Univ. of Houston)PercentilePercentile Risk LevelRisk Level WomenWomen MenMen

9090 HighHigh 4141 4242

7575 Above Above averageaverage

3333 3131

5050 AverageAverage 2323 1818

2525 Below Below averageaverage

1616 1313

1010 LowLow 1212 1111


Body ImageBody Image

Complex, multidimensional constructComplex, multidimensional construct

Many instruments exist, seemingly Many instruments exist, seemingly measuring different constructsmeasuring different constructs

Body image disturbances may Body image disturbances may contribute to eating disorderscontribute to eating disorders

Body image may be a determinant Body image may be a determinant and/or outcome of physical activity, and/or outcome of physical activity, exercise behaviorsexercise behaviors


The Nature of Body ImageThe Nature of Body Image

““... the picture of our own body which ... the picture of our own body which we form in our mind” (Schilder, 1950)we form in our mind” (Schilder, 1950)Can be broadly divided into two major Can be broadly divided into two major componentscomponents– Sensory-perceptual: accuracy with Sensory-perceptual: accuracy with

which we perceive our body size, shape, which we perceive our body size, shape, dimensionsdimensions

– Cognitive-affective: thoughts and Cognitive-affective: thoughts and feelings associated with our bodiesfeelings associated with our bodies


Measuring Body ImageMeasuring Body Image

Most widely used methods:Most widely used methods: Silhouette figure ratingsSilhouette figure ratings QuestionnairesQuestionnaires

Other methods:Other methods: Image distortionImage distortion Photograph ratingsPhotograph ratings Body width estimation (e.g., via light Body width estimation (e.g., via light

beams, paper and pencil, open door)beams, paper and pencil, open door)


Silhouette Figure RatingsSilhouette Figure Ratings

Mostly used to measure body satisfactionMostly used to measure body satisfactionPresent figure silhouettes of ascending sizePresent figure silhouettes of ascending sizeSubject provides two ratings (on separate Subject provides two ratings (on separate sheets):sheets): Self (actual body size/shape)Self (actual body size/shape) Ideal (preferred body size/shape)Ideal (preferred body size/shape)

Self-Ideal score reflects body satisfaction Self-Ideal score reflects body satisfaction (larger score means greater dissatisfaction) (larger score means greater dissatisfaction) Other instruction sets (size preferred by Other instruction sets (size preferred by opposite sex, etc.)opposite sex, etc.)


Body Image QuestionnairesBody Image Questionnaires

Most commonly used methodMost commonly used method

Many questionnaires existMany questionnaires exist

Some measure broad, multidimensional Some measure broad, multidimensional constructconstruct

Some measure more specific dimensions Some measure more specific dimensions of body image (e.g., body satisfaction, of body image (e.g., body satisfaction, body esteem, social physique anxiety)body esteem, social physique anxiety)


Body-Self Relations QuestionnaireBody-Self Relations Questionnaire

Most commonly used questionnaireMost commonly used questionnaireHas changed formHas changed formCurrently a 54-item, 7-subscale structure Currently a 54-item, 7-subscale structure is usually usedis usually used– Appearance Evaluation (7 items)Appearance Evaluation (7 items)– Appearance Orientation (12 items) Appearance Orientation (12 items) – Health Evaluation (6 items)Health Evaluation (6 items)– Health Orientation (8 items) Health Orientation (8 items) – Fitness Evaluation (3 items)Fitness Evaluation (3 items)– Fitness Orientation (13 items)Fitness Orientation (13 items)– Illness Awareness (5 items)Illness Awareness (5 items)


Psychophysical RatingsPsychophysical Ratings

Rating of perceived exertion (RPE)Rating of perceived exertion (RPE)Used during exercise evaluationUsed during exercise evaluationTwo RPE scales (Borg, 1962, 1972):Two RPE scales (Borg, 1962, 1972): 6-20 scale (linear)6-20 scale (linear) 0-10 scale (nonlinear/ratio)0-10 scale (nonlinear/ratio)

Scales have been used for rating Scales have been used for rating exertion during aerobic exercise exertion during aerobic exercise (whole body or localized muscular), (whole body or localized muscular), and exertion during strength/liftingand exertion during strength/lifting


Rating of Perceived ExertionRating of Perceived Exertion

Can be used for exercise testing, or for Can be used for exercise testing, or for prescriptionprescription

Useful for determining exercise intensity, Useful for determining exercise intensity, especially when maximal heart rate is especially when maximal heart rate is unknownunknown

Use of RPE for prescription requires Use of RPE for prescription requires training participant to reproduce specific training participant to reproduce specific intensityintensity

Can also be used for rating work difficulty, Can also be used for rating work difficulty, injury prevention during strenuous workinjury prevention during strenuous work


Formative Evaluation ofFormative Evaluation ofChapter ObjectivesChapter Objectives

Evaluate the validity of physical education attitude Evaluate the validity of physical education attitude scales.scales.Outline the procedures used to develop semantic Outline the procedures used to develop semantic differential scales.differential scales.Describe the nature of the Self-Motivation Inventory Describe the nature of the Self-Motivation Inventory (SMI).(SMI).Describe the nature of instruments designed to relate Describe the nature of instruments designed to relate exercise and self-esteem.exercise and self-esteem.Describe the nature of eating disorder scales.Describe the nature of eating disorder scales.Describe the nature of body image instruments.Describe the nature of body image instruments.Evaluate the validity and value of the psychophysical Evaluate the validity and value of the psychophysical rating of perceived exertion scales (RPE).rating of perceived exertion scales (RPE).


Chapter 17Chapter 17

Exercise Psychological MeasurementExercise Psychological Measurement

© mcgraw-hill higher education. all rights reserved. chapter 17 exercise psychological measurement

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