-objective agent based modeling and optimization of single...

QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT I

August 1st, 2012 – October 31

st, 2012

Multi-Objective Agent-based Modeling and Optimization of Single Stream Recycling

Programs

PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATOR: Nurcin Celik, Ph.D.

Department of Industrial Engineering

University of Miami

Coral Gables, FL, USA

Telephone: (305) 284-2391

E-mail: [email protected]

TEAM MEMBERS: Eric D. Antmann, Xiaoran Shi, and Aristotelis E. Thanos

WORK ACCOMPLISHED DURING THIS REPORTING PERIOD

During this reporting period, work focused on the collection and preparation of the data required

for the development and operation of the proposed simulation and optimization framework, and

experiments to be carried out using the framework. Numerous federal, state, and local agencies,

as well as both public and private utilities, were involved in the data collection process, including

the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP), the United States Environmental

Protection Agency (USEPA), the United States Census Bureau (USCB), and many others, as

well as another current Hinkley-funded project, Putting Solid Waste to Work:

A Longitudinal Study of Employment Effects of 1988 Florida Solid Waste Management Act.

For the purposes of data collection, generation units were defined at each discrete service

location (single-family residence, multi-family residence, and commercial/industrial sites). Data

regarding the location and characteristics of the existing solid waste management facilities in the

State of Florida was obtained from a previous Hinkley-funded project carried out by our research

group, Simulation-Based Optimization Framework for Solid Waste Management and Recycling

Programs. Data regarding the number and description (single-family residential, multi-family

residential, and commercial/industrial) of the generation units, as well as the quantity and

composition of their waste generation, was obtained on a per-county basis from FDEP and

USEPA records.

Furthermore, in order to model single-stream recycling (SSR) systems, the road network

connecting the generation and processing units is of vital importance. Therefore, during the data

collection, road network data was obtained from the United States Census Bureau. These data

were combined with the generation unit and processing facility inventories and defined in an

integrated geographic information system (GIS). This GIS will provide the proposed simulation

and optimization framework with georelational data of all relevant nodes of the SSR system, and

facilitate a truck-routing algorithm.

In addition to the georelational aspects of SSR systems, economic performance is also of major

significance. Thus, information regarding the fees and costs at all processing facilities located in

the state was obtained from our earlier work on Simulation-Based Optimization Framework for

Solid Waste Management and Recycling Programs, and the fees charged by all haulers, which

would collect SSR materials from the service locations, were also collected. This data was

added to a structured database based on structured query language (SQL). The SQL database

will be linked to the simulation and optimization framework in the same manner as the integrated

GIS, and provide economic and capacity information for all processing nodes.

The data collection and preparation of GIS and database modules are approximately 95%

complete. The data collection for the generation units and processing and treatment facilities is

complete, all remaining data collection activities will focus on obtaining the operational and

economic parameters of all Haulers operating in the State of Florida.

INFORMATION DISSEMINATION ACTIVITIES

Site Visits and Presentations:

*The team presented to Waste Management, Inc. on September 11, 2012. Waste Management,

Inc. provided feedback on their needs, objectives, and concerns from the proposed framework

and discussed contributing background data on their operations and suggestions for further case

study development.

*The team hosted a TAG Committee Meeting on Thursday, November 1, 2012.

*The team submitted abstracts for annual conferences held by the Solid Waste Association of

North America (SWANA) and the Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference

(ISERC).

*The team worked on and posted an enhanced website describing the project, accessible at

http://www.ie.miami.edu/celik/swmwebsite/default.htm

INTRODUCTION

Over the past two decades, the volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in the United

States has risen by 73%, outpacing both domestic population and economic growth and that of

all other nations. Together with mounting environmental pressures, which reduce the availability

of suitable disposal sites and increase disposal costs, these forces have led to the establishment of

curbside recycling programs throughout the United States. The planning of curbside recycling

programs, much like integrated solid waste management (SWM) in general, is a highly complex

process, due to the multitude of stakeholders involved: regulators; municipal, county, and state

governments; private contractors; local businesses; and local residents. Therefore, the

performance of these systems must be evaluated from many perspectives: economic,

environmental (recycling rate, greenhouse gas emissions), social (noise and traffic impacts), and

operational (capacity utility rate, operation schedule). Uncertainties also exist at both the facility

and system level, due to variability in day-to-day generation and capacity availability. These

uncertainties must be accounted for and quantified in order to accurately simulate and optimize

these systems. Combined with the high cost of MRF’s, and recycling programs in general, the

complexity of these factors necessitates the use of modeling and optimization tools for the design

of effective, and economically viable, recycling programs.

Traditional curbside recycling programs utilize dual-stream systems, in which generation units

must separate materials prior to collection into separate containers for paper, and metals and

plastics. These separate containers are either collected by different collection vehicles or by

collection vehicles with multiple compartments, and are processed at a Material Recovery

Facility (MRF) designed for dual-stream arrivals. However, as a result of the requirement to pre-

sort materials, participation rates in these systems are relatively low. Single-stream recycling

(SSR) is a system in which recyclables are collected and processed in a comingled state, and is

advocated as a solution to this shortcoming of dual-stream systems. Case studies, including

Miami-Dade County, Florida, indicate that participation increases significantly when the

requirement to pre-sort is eliminated. However, SSR systems require more sophisticated, and

thus costly, MRF facilities, as they must both process and sort arrivals. Therefore, in-depth

modeling, including all uncertainties, costs, and revenues, is necessary in order to assess both the

operational and economic viability of SSR for a given region, and to compare its performance

with conventional dual-stream systems.

Despite these challenges, the potential viability of SSR systems to improve on current recycling

performance is clearly manifested by the nature of MSW stream. A substantial majority of the

waste stream consists of recyclable materials, such as paper, cardboard, plastic, metal, and glass,

and a large portion of these recyclable materials are not diverted by present recycling systems.

The composition of the MSW stream from Broward County, Florida, representative of many

mixed urban and suburban counties, is presented in Figure 1, depicting the presently disposed

recyclable materials available. These statistics corroborate that, if designed and operated in an

economically and operationally sustainable manner, SSR systems have the potential do

dramatically increase overall recycling rates.

Figure 1: Present Composition of MSW Collected and Recycled in Broward County, Florida

Numerous challenges are present in the development of such simulation and optimization tools.

Unlike SWM systems in general, in which collection and processing operations are in large part

130,026

72,481

8,005

38,371

10,454

233,041

31,599

347,025

18,505,476

28,757

5,417

26,806,577

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Perc

ent

of

Co

llect

ed M

ater

ial R

ecyc

led

MSW Collected & Recycled [Buble size: collected waste in tons]

MSW Collected and Recycled in Broward County, Florida (Tons)

independent, SSR systems are intimately dependent on the conditions of the road network.

These systems also have elaborate fee structures and revenue structures, as fees vary between

generation units and geographic regions, and revenues vary based both on the quality and

quantity of recycled materials yielded. For these reasons, great disparities exist amongst

implementations, in terms of economic viability, materials addressed, level of service provided,

environmental impact, and participation rate. The high cost of sophisticated SSR-capable MRF’s

exacerbates the necessity of accurate simulation tools, as the development of an SSR system is a

long-term commitment by both a community and a utility provider.

In our earlier work of Simulation-Based Optimization Framework for Solid Waste Management

and Recycling Programs a simulation-based decision making and optimization framework was

proposed for SWM systems. This proposed solution evaluated these systems from economic,

environmental, and operational perspectives simultaneously, and functioned at both the regional

and county levels. This proposed solution was also designed to be general in nature, so that it is

applicable to the SWM system of any geographic region based on standardized database items.

These same features are necessary for the simulation and optimization of SSR systems.

However, in the SWM model, collection operations and revenues were largely ignored, due to

the independence of SWM facilities from these aspects. Therefore, the development of a

simulation framework requires significant expansion of the existing theory and implementation.

This project proposes a novel full life-cycle model of SSR systems, utilizing the hybrid agent-

discrete topology developed in the previous study. The proposed solution will include

submodels of both the collection system, including the real road network, and the processing

system, including the SSR-capable MRF’s and remaining landfills and waste-to-energy facilities

which process non-recyclable materials. These disposal facilities are included because some

non-recyclable materials will remain in the waste stream for the foreseeable future, regardless of

diversion programs. The agent-based component of the topology will provide accurate models

of the interactions, in both economic and operational terms, between generation units and

processing and treatment facilities, and the discrete-event component will provide accurate unit-

level modeling of each processing and treatment facility. An overall agent-based topology

allows all of these modules to interface in a unified environment, creating meaningful linkages of

both material and economic transfer throughout the framework.

The proposed framework obtains all necessary data from a structured database. This database

houses data regarding the location and parameters (capacity, generation rate, processing fee,

potential revenues, and greenhouse gas emissions) of both generation units and processing and

treatment facilities. The road network connecting these facilities is also included, in the form of

TIGER/Line data provided by the USCB. By retaining all data in a human-readable format, this

module allows for the easy modification of the framework to different geographic regions or

revised systems by the end user, thus providing generality. Two main modules, the simulation

module and the fleet utilities optimization module, draw data from this database. The simulation

module defines a study region, based on a graphical user interface provided to users, and

identifies and parameterizes system uncertainties and properties relevant to that region, for

inclusion in a holistic, agent-based model of the SWM system under review. At this point,

alternatives of SSR, with respect to their characteristics, cost, environmental impact, materials

addressed, types and capacities of facilities needed, government practices, collection frequencies,

and convenience for public participation are also evaluated. Furthermore, the generation units,

processing and treatment facilities, and road networks relevant to the study region are selected.

All of the selected information is then parameterized, or converted into a machine-readable

format, for the compiling and initialization of the simulation model.

The model is located in the fleet utilities optimization module. An integrated Geographic

Information System, featuring network and spatial analysis algorithms, is used to develop initial

routing specifications based on the imported georelational data. The hybrid agent-discrete model

is then compiled using a library of automated constructors, based on the parameterized data

provided by the simulation module. An optimization mechanism is also included in which the

multi-criteria problem of the allocation of limited resources is formulated and solved via a meta-

heuristic optimization system. This optimization system utilizes an iterative candidate-

generation processing, in which the initial conditions are used to compile the model, it is run for

a user-defined study period, and a performance analysis, in terms of economic, environmental,

and operational outcomes, is carried out. This performance is then compared to capacity

constraints and the objective of increasing recycling performance, and the meta-heuristic

algorithm proposes a new candidate system configuration to improve this performance. This

candidate is then run in the simulation model, and another performance analysis is carried out.

Through an iterative process, the optimum solution, considered as the combination of operating

variables which yields maximum percentage of recyclables recovered while minimizing the total

cost, is determined. A graphical overview of the proposed framework is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Graphical Overview of Proposed Framework

Facility Inventory

Generation Units

Costs and Fee Structures

Road Network

Regulatory Environment

User Editable

Structured Database

SSR Characteristics

Costs

Location

Political and Public Acceptability

Materials Addressed

Facility Inventory

Generation Units

Fleet Characteristics

Routing and Scheduling

Alternatives to SSR

Data in Human-Readable

Format

Simulation Module

Model and Algorithm Update

Proposed Multi-Criteria Optimum

Parameterized Data

Data in Machine-Readable

Format

Initial Routing

Data Transfer

Real System Selective Database

Update and Fine-Tuning Network Analysis

Spatial Analysis

Agent-based Model

Multi-criteria Optimization Algorithm

Performance Analysis

Fleet Utilities Optimization Module

Geographic Information System

PHASE I: DATA COLLECTION

The development and operation of the proposed framework requires an extensive library of data,

to be stored in the structured database. Data regarding location and parameters (cost, capacity,

generation rate, and location) of the generation units, and processing and treatment facilities, is

necessary for the accurate representation of these in the hybrid agent-discrete model.

Furthermore, detailed georelational information regarding the road network is crucial to

accurately model the transfer mechanisms utilized by the real systems. Therefore, an in-depth

data collection phase was carried out during this reporting period.

In the survey of processing and treatment facilities to be considered, both MRF’s used for SSR

and the remaining landfills and waste-to-energy facilities were included. This is because

regardless of source reduction and diversion programs, a non-recyclable component of the MSW

stream will remain for the foreseeable future. Therefore, the performance of disposal facilities

for these materials, as well as the impact of SSR on their operations and economic performance,

remains of vital importance. The parameters of these facilities, including their location,

operating cost, capacity, hours, and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the geographic areas

they serve at present, were researched during the prior project carried out by Dr. Celik and the

research group, Simulation-Based Optimization Framework for Solid Waste Management and

Recycling Programs. This information was incorporated into this project directly. During this

process, the six regions that the FDEP divides the State of Florida into, by county, were

considered as well. Both the 302 facilities and six regions are presented graphically in Figure 3,

and are pursuant to current FDEP license statuses. Their distribution amongst the six regions is

presented in Table 1. The wide variation amongst the regions, in terms of their facility

composition and generation rates, further corroborates the necessity of a generalized, human-

readable structured database. This database, combined with database-driven model compiling,

eliminates the need for hard-coding each distinct region, resulting in a single framework being

applicable to discrepant regions.

Region

Facilities (Count / Total Daily Capacity in Tons) Generation Units

(Count / Total Daily

Generation in Tons) Landfill

Waste-to-

Energy

Material

Recovery

Facility

Transfer

Station

Southeast 12 / 57,475 7 / 11,520 29 / 26,858 21 / 21,645 125 / 23,142

South 5 / 4,080 1 / 636 8 / 3,465 6 / 1,540 18 / 3,900

Southwest 12 / 13,220 5 / 9,322 21 / 8,985 13 / 13,100 78 / 18,535

Central 10 / 14,470 1 / 350 18 / 7,210 15 / 7,230 90 / 16,593

Northeast 11 / 14,720 1 / 200 21 / 11,840 37 / 7,860 88 / 9,127

Northwest 11 / 5,982 2 / 3,500 21 / 5,714 13 / 3,140 77 / 5,387

Table 1: Overview of Florida’s SWM Regions.

Figure 3: Statewide Facility Inventory and Multi-County Regions

However, in addition to the 302 processing facilities, the State of Florida also has over 10 million

unique service locations. Due to the dependence of SSR on collection mechanisms, and thus the

road network, generation units were defined at each distinct service location. The inventory of

generation units was thus derived from the property tax parcel records, obtained from the Florida

Department of Revenue. All inhabited parcels in each county were incorporated into the

structured database, and divided into single-family residential, multi-family residential, and

commercial, industrial, and institutional classes. Location data was incorporated into the

integrated GIS based on data obtained from the Florida Georelational Database.

In addition to this data, the total MSW generation of each class of generation units was

determined on a per-county basis, based on FDEP reports. This figure was aggregated based on

the number of generators of each class in the counties, to determine per-unit generation rates.

The composition of the waste stream from each generation unit class was also determined from

FDEP reports, and incorporated into the structured database. These figures varied significantly

both between generator classes and between regions, highlighting the necessity of per-county

analysis of waste composition. Appendix A presents the overall waste composition on a by-

county basis, highlighting these disparities. In figure 4, the generator composition, by class, is

displayed from selected counties, highlighting this variation. With this information, both the

quantity and composition of each generation unit’s waste stream can be determined.

Figure 4: Generation Unit Inventories of Selected Counties

The parameters and location of the generation units and processing and treatment facilities, while

crucial to modeling, is not sufficient to accurately model the real-world collection and transfer

mechanisms, which are highly dependent on the road network and routing. Therefore, in

addition to these nodes, information regarding the road network was needed. This was obtained

from the United States Census Bureau, through the TIGER/Line system. This data contained the

location and length of the 840,000 primary, secondary, and tertiary public roadways in the State

of Florida. In the integrated GIS, this data is combined with the generation and processing node

locations to develop a complete network dataset. Within this network dataset, network and

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

Alachua Hillsborough Broward Miami-Dade Orange Palm Beach

Single Family Multi-Family Commercial

spatial analysis algorithms can provide detailed and optimized routing information. Thus, in

figure 5, all of the components necessary for collection and transfer modeling are unified into a

single georelational tool, at the neighborhood scale: source nodes, processing nodes, and transfer

arcs. The quantity, density, and proximity of these entities underscores both the complexity of

the SSR systems under review and necessity of accurate georelational modeling.

Beyond the georelational organization of Florida’s SWM infrastructure, operational and

economic parameters are also crucial to the proposed framework. Along these lines, a survey of

all haulers operating in the state was carried out, seeking their service area, materials addressed,

and fees. This data, together with the processing and treatment facility cost and profit data

obtained from the earlier work by Dr. Celik and the research team, provided all cost and revenue

sources in the SSR system. A total of 500 documents were reviewed and 200 telephone calls

were made in the process of this data collection. A list of reviewed documents is presented in

Appendix B.

Therefore, the combination of generation unit, processing and treatment facility, and road

network data, from operational, economic, and environmental perspectives, in the structured

database provides a unified dataset for the complete SSR life-cycle. By maintaining this

information in a human-readable format, generality is achieved, as users may easily modify data

to reflect various perspective SSR systems or different geographic regions. Thus, the thorough

data collection phase provided the resources necessary both to accurately simulate diverse SSR

systems and to provide an adaptable and user-friendly resource to the end users.

Figure 5: Example Neighborhood-Level Roadway and Generation Unit View

PROGRESS AND THE FUTURE WORK

Task I: 95% Completed during this reporting period. Identification of sources of uncertainties in the single stream recycling and review of previously developed models. Background survey to develop a foundation for this study and for consideration by industry participants will be carried out. A review of existing models of SSR systems, considering the guiding objectives, issues addressed, geographic scale, stakeholders included, level of detail, and modeling techniques used will be conducted. Background on the nature of SSR systems, including key facility and fleet parameters, regulatory environment, economic and environmental concerns, historical performance, and key stakeholders will also be developed. Existing SSR programs in Florida will be assessed, including the inventory of facilities, fleet characteristics, and waste generation units. Environmental, economic, and operational parameters, constraints, objectives, and uncertainties of such components will be characterized and quantified. Available modeling approaches (system dynamics, discrete-event, agent-based) and optimization methods (meta-heuristic techniques) will be surveyed as well. Remaining work regards the economic aspects (fees) and service areas of haulers operating in the State of Florida.

Task II: Primary Task for Reporting Period II. Development of agent-based simulation model for Florida’s SSR programs.

a) Gathering of Historical Data: Historical data will be gathered to populate the database, providing data need for parameterization of system uncertainties and characteristics, and data for the operation of the integrated GIS system. The database and query structure will be developed at this point.

b) Model Development: The discrete-continuous, agent-based model of SSR programs will be developed. Interfacing of this model with the database and integrated GIS system will be established, and the operation of the GIS system will be developed. The embedded optimization mechanism will be developed, and its operation will be verified. Communication between all components will be standardized, and user interfaces will be prepared. The database will be populated with all gathered historical data.

c) Model Verification and Validation: The completed components will be run using data from an existing SSR program, and a performance evaluation will be carried out. Data from the framework will be compared with data from the real system, and the framework will be tuned as necessary to produce consistent and valid data.

Task III: Primary Task for Reporting Period III. Optimization of SSR systems under real-world conditions. The framework components will be used to optimize an existing SSR system. Optimization will be carried out with the intent of assisting the State of Florida best achieve its 75% recycling goal by the year 2020, at minimal cost. The following scenarios will be presented to the framework:

a) Minimize overall costs for Florida’s solid waste management and recycling program b) Minimize the environmental impact c) Maximize revenue obtained out of the program d) Maximize participation rates and the volume of materials recovered

Task IV: Primary Task for Reporting Period IV. Recommendations for the state of Florida and final documentation. The framework will be used to develop an optimal SSR system from the ground-up. Analysis will be carried out both with the framework confined to existing facilities and with the option to add facilities, and under each of the scenarios used in Phase III. The resources needed to implement an action plan in the State of Florida’s will be determined at this stage.

APPENDIX A: WASTE COMPOSITION BY COUNTY

County C&D Aluminum and

Plastic Metal Paper

Food

Waste

Yard

Trash Glass

Process

Fuel Commercial

Alachua 19.03% 0.44% 10.69% 15.28% 0.03% 26.08% 1.73% 0.09% 26.62%

Baker 0.00% 0.69% 37.46% 48.85% 1.58% 0.00% 0.04% 0.00% 11.38%

Bay 14.27% 1.87% 47.23% 35.80% 0.00% 0.00% 0.18% 0.00% 0.65%

Bradford 0.27% 1.25% 51.66% 10.18% 0.45% 0.00% 12.65% 0.00% 23.53%

Brevard 21.91% 0.86% 13.90% 12.00% 0.06% 23.20% 1.91% 0.00% 26.17%

Broward 27.38% 0.69% 25.49% 29.23% 0.00% 5.77% 3.77% 0.00% 7.67%

Calhoun 0.00% 0.11% 79.08% 4.64% 0.00% 0.00% 1.16% 0.00% 15.01%

Charlotte 28.70% 1.18% 23.98% 23.52% 0.25% 5.49% 5.98% 0.00% 10.88%

Citrus 5.63% 1.33% 38.34% 17.35% 0.08% 14.24% 2.10% 0.00% 20.93%

Clay 0.33% 0.29% 15.91% 14.01% 0.24% 32.61% 2.36% 0.00% 34.23%

Collier 23.14% 0.40% 10.84% 20.81% 0.06% 18.93% 4.28% 0.00% 21.54%

Columbia 0.00% 1.47% 44.03% 24.21% 0.44% 0.00% 0.03% 0.00% 29.82%

Desoto 0.00% 2.39% 16.52% 33.69% 0.00% 22.37% 0.00% 0.00% 25.02%

Dixie 0.00% 0.07% 77.16% 3.85% 0.00% 0.00% 8.73% 0.00% 10.18%

Duval 37.45% 1.25% 23.92% 18.35% 0.11% 3.33% 1.10% 3.62% 10.88%

Escambia 1.21% 2.82% 52.31% 16.68% 0.15% 8.73% 0.77% 0.00% 17.33%

Flagler 24.62% 0.37% 39.61% 24.11% 0.25% 0.00% 3.79% 0.00% 7.24%

Franklin 0.39% 0.26% 10.57% 7.38% 0.00% 36.11% 3.29% 0.00% 42.00%

Gadsden 0.16% 0.48% 87.85% 11.51% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Gilchrist 0.00% 2.68% 58.29% 23.92% 0.00% 0.00% 5.09% 0.00% 10.02%

Glades 0.00% 0.95% 82.14% 3.19% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 13.72%

Gulf 0.00% 3.01% 81.42% 4.37% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 11.20%

Hamilton 0.00% 1.83% 75.95% 9.36% 0.00% 0.00% 0.11% 0.00% 12.75%

Hardee 0.00% 14.90% 9.86% 13.51% 0.00% 30.79% 0.14% 0.00% 30.79%

Hendry 0.00% 1.85% 82.78% 13.43% 0.27% 0.03% 0.53% 0.00% 1.12%

Hernando 0.52% 1.07% 9.20% 35.22% 0.11% 18.78% 1.94% 0.00% 33.16%

Highlands 12.91% 1.87% 23.76% 56.53% 0.00% 0.00% 4.92% 0.00% 0.01%

Hillsborough 0.89% 0.70% 43.74% 14.91% 0.55% 4.89% 2.30% 9.02% 23.00%

Holmes 0.00% 0.81% 72.66% 20.14% 0.00% 0.00% 0.08% 0.00% 6.31%

Indian River 0.00% 0.59% 9.47% 12.17% 0.00% 9.24% 3.41% 27.11% 38.01%

Jackson 0.00% 0.53% 32.19% 66.49% 0.00% 0.00% 0.79% 0.00% 0.00%

Jefferson 1.03% 0.06% 53.36% 34.69% 0.00% 0.00% 7.30% 0.00% 3.55%

Lafayette 0.00% 0.00% 88.25% 5.97% 0.00% 0.00% 5.59% 0.00% 0.19%

Lake 23.11% 4.99% 19.02% 32.02% 0.17% 8.87% 1.81% 0.00% 10.02%

Lee 11.27% 0.84% 38.45% 16.53% 0.00% 12.34% 1.97% 0.00% 18.59%

Leon 45.57% 0.34% 10.54% 21.03% 0.06% 6.73% 2.45% 1.25% 12.04%

Levy 0.04% 0.86% 78.59% 15.25% 0.97% 0.00% 0.58% 0.00% 3.70%

Liberty 0.00% 2.08% 85.57% 0.07% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 12.28%

Madison 0.00% 1.60% 41.22% 7.06% 0.00% 17.37% 0.00% 0.00% 32.75%

Manatee 8.85% 0.26% 9.45% 17.13% 0.07% 17.71% 3.01% 11.85% 31.67%

Marion 0.13% 0.83% 53.84% 19.42% 0.00% 11.88% 0.55% 0.00% 13.35%

Martin 11.19% 1.02% 3.80% 20.41% 0.03% 29.90% 2.93% 0.00% 30.72%

Miami-Dade 3.73% 0.38% 20.59% 34.23% 0.00% 9.77% 2.81% 5.02% 23.47%

Monroe 29.52% 0.19% 0.02% 11.17% 0.00% 0.00% 4.35% 27.37% 27.37%

Nassau 31.67% 0.42% 38.20% 22.59% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 7.11%

Okaloosa 0.00% 0.75% 13.99% 16.40% 0.00% 31.54% 1.74% 0.00% 35.59%

Okeechobee 0.00% 0.54% 58.87% 6.55% 0.00% 16.65% 0.74% 0.00% 16.65%

Orange 21.01% 1.32% 16.76% 29.53% 3.37% 4.98% 4.52% 0.00% 18.50%

Osceola 2.27% 1.19% 22.23% 68.09% 0.00% 0.00% 1.30% 0.00% 4.92%

Palm Beach 14.67% 0.70% 17.10% 18.33% 0.00% 8.23% 1.68% 14.02% 25.28%

Pasco 28.46% 0.89% 17.80% 18.22% 0.00% 13.80% 3.15% 0.00% 17.67%

Pinellas 16.62% 0.40% 11.02% 14.85% 0.03% 25.82% 0.49% 0.00% 30.77%

Polk 0.56% 1.11% 33.87% 28.93% 0.16% 0.00% 3.11% 10.02% 22.23%

Putnam 0.99% 0.35% 40.89% 12.02% 0.19% 17.52% 3.03% 0.00% 25.02%

Santa Rosa 0.23% 0.31% 58.77% 18.36% 0.00% 8.64% 0.92% 0.00% 12.77%

Sarasota 40.56% 0.61% 13.31% 17.46% 0.59% 8.97% 6.25% 0.00% 12.25%

Seminole 26.87% 4.22% 5.90% 43.97% 0.17% 6.35% 5.28% 0.00% 7.25%

St. Johns 2.88% 0.33% 72.35% 22.08% 0.00% 0.00% 0.07% 0.00% 2.30%

St. Lucie 31.37% 0.47% 9.69% 11.18% 0.09% 22.07% 2.53% 0.00% 22.61%

Sumter 0.02% 4.13% 24.25% 56.63% 0.00% 0.00% 8.35% 0.00% 6.63%

Suwannee 0.00% 1.90% 71.05% 5.26% 0.00% 0.00% 0.16% 0.00% 21.64%

Taylor 0.59% 1.64% 54.85% 22.02% 0.00% 0.00% 0.20% 0.00% 20.71%

Union 2.68% 3.39% 64.00% 12.89% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 17.03%

Volusia 45.82% 1.30% 17.16% 27.90% 0.13% 0.21% 3.08% 0.00% 4.41%

Wakulla 10.26% 0.42% 25.44% 57.31% 0.59% 0.00% 0.94% 0.00% 5.04%

Walton 0.00% 0.40% 43.19% 19.46% 0.00% 15.16% 0.00% 0.00% 21.79%

Washington 0.00% 0.00% 80.98% 3.46% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 15.56%

APPENDIX B: SELECTED DOCUMENTS REVIEWED

1. Table 2A: MSW Collected by Generator Type in Florida By Descending Population Rank.

FDEP. 2010.

http://appprod.dep.state.fl.us/www_rcra/reports/WR/Recycling/2010AnnualReport/Appendix

A/2A.pdf

2. Table 5A: Final Disposition of Municipal Solid Waste in Florida By Descending Population.

FDEP. 2010.


A/5A.pdf

3. Table 12B: Multi-Family Participation in Recycling By Descending Population. FDEP. 2010.

4. http://appprod.dep.state.fl.us/www_rcra/reports/WR/Recycling/2010AnnualReport/Appendix

B/12B.pdf

5. Table 11B: Single-Family Participation in Recycling By Descending Population. FDEP.

2010.


B/11B.pdf

6. Table 13B: Commercial Participation in Recycling By Descending Population. FDEP. 2010.

7. Alachua County Website. Recycling

http://alachuacounty.us/Depts/PW/Waste/recycling/Pages/Recycling.aspx.

8. City of Archer Website. FAQ. http://www.archerfl.com/FAQs.htm

9. City of Alachua Website. http://www.cityofalachua.com/index.php/solid-waste

10. City of Hawthorne Website. Recycling and Yard Waste.

http://www.cityofhawthorne.net/Pages/HawthorneFL_DPW/Recycling

11. City of Micanopy Website. Town Services.

http://www.micanopytown.com/html/services.html

12. City of Newberry Website. Waste & Recycling Information.

http://www.ci.newberry.fl.us/waste-and-recycling-information/

13. Waste Pro of Florida, Inc. Florida-Alachua/Gainsville.

http://www.wasteprousa.com/serviceareas-fl-gainesville.shtml

14. City of Jacksonville. FAQ. http://www.coj.net/departments/public-works/solid-

waste/faqs.aspx#day

15. Waste Pro of Florida, Inc. Florida-Jacksonville. http://www.wasteprousa.com/serviceareas-fl-

jacksonville.shtml

16. Florida Recycling Availability by County and Municipality 2011. FDEP.

http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/publications/shw/recycling/2009AnnualReport

/10B.pdf

17. Bay County Online. Recycling Dropoff Sites. http://www.co.bay.fl.us/waste/dropoff.php

18. Brevard County Website. Recycling Information.

http://ww3.brevardcounty.us/swr/recycling.cfm

19. 18.Brevard County. Think Green.

http://ww3.brevardcounty.us/swr/pdf/final%20Waste%20Management%20Trifold%20PIP%

201.pdf

20. Waste Management. Cocoa Hauling. http://www.wm.com/facility.jsp?zip=32922

21. Broward County Website. All-In-One Recycling.

http://www.broward.org/WasteAndRecycling/Recycling/Pages/Default.aspx

22. Charlotte County Website. Solid Waste-Curbside Recycling Program.

http://www.charlottecountyfl.com/PublicWorks/SolidWaste/Recycling/

23. Citrus County Website. Recycling.

http://www.bocc.citrus.fl.us/pubworks/swm/recycling/materials_accepted.pdf

24. Collier County Website. Collier County Recycles.

http://www.colliergov.net/Index.aspx?page=3289

25. Sustainable Jacksonville.

http://www.meetup.com/sustainablejacksonville/pages/Duval_County_Recycling_Info/?nam

e=Duval_County_Recycling_Info

26. Flagler County Website. Recycling Information.

http://www.flaglercounty.org/index.aspx?NID=297

27. Hendry County Website. http://www.hendryfla.net/special/recycle.htm

28. Hernando County Board of County Commissioners. A Guide for Recycling Materials &

Drop off Sites.

http://www.hernandocounty.us/utils/PDF/recycle/Brochure%20RECYCLING.pdf

29. Hillsborough County Website. Curbside Recycling and Collection.

http://www.hillsboroughcounty.org/index.aspx?NID=1253

30. Indian River Board of Commissioners. http://www.ircwaste.com/Residential_Recycling.htm

31. Lake County Website. Hauler Information.

http://www.lakecountyfl.gov/departments/public_works/solid_waste/solid_waste_operations/

hauler_information.aspx

32. Lake County Website. Recycling.

http://www.lakecountyfl.gov/departments/public_works/solid_waste/solid_waste_programs/r

ecycling.aspx

33. Lee County Website. Your Garbage Company by Zipcode.

http://www3.leegov.com/gov/dept/SolidWaste/FindHauler/Pages/YourGarbageCompanyByZ

ipCode.aspx

34. Lee County Website. What to Recycle.

http://www.leegov.com/gov/dept/SolidWaste/Residents/Pages/RecycleableMaterials.aspx

35. Leon County Website.

http://cms.leoncountyfl.gov/Home/Departments/OfficeofResourceStewardship/SolidWaste/R

ecyclingandEducationalServices

36. Levy County Website. Recycling http://www.levycounty.org/cd_recycling.aspx

37. Manatee County Website. Manatee County Recycling Program.

http://www.mymanatee.org/home/government/departments/utilities/recycling.html

38. Marion County Website. Solid Waste Department Recycling Division.

http://www.marioncountyfl.org/solidwaste/divisions_recycling.aspx

1. 38.

http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Handlers/LibraryViewerDocumentRetriever.ashx?statrevid=

FS20110403.703&libroot=StatRevSiteLeaf&ViewFrom=StandAlone

39. http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/publications/shw/solid_waste/Rulemaking_62-

716/62-722_Draft_revision_21Jun12.pdf

40. Martin County Website.

http://www.martin.fl.us/portal/page?_pageid=351,1216760&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTA

L

41. http://geoweb.martin.fl.us/Solid_Waste/

42. Miami-Dade County Website. Recycling.

http://www.miamidade.gov/publicworks/recycling.asp

43. Miami-Dade County Website.

http://miami.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=miami&cdn=citiestowns&tm=4&gps

=340_14_1311_563&f=00&su=p284.13.342.ip_p554.23.342.ip_&tt=2&bt=0&bts=0&zu=htt

p%3A//www.co.miami-dade.fl.us/dswm/home.asp

44. Monroe County Recycling Brochure. http://www.monroecounty-

fl.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/1540

45. Monroe County Website. Solid Waste Management. http://www.monroecounty-

fl.gov/index.aspx?NID=69

46. Okaloosa County Online. Environmental Services Division Recycling.

http://www.co.okaloosa.fl.us/dept_pw_resources_recycle.html

47. Orange County Website. Water, Garbage & Recycling.

http://www.orangecountyfl.net/?tabid=371

48. Palm Beach County Website. Solid Waste and Recycling Collection Services.

http://www.swa.org/site/collection_service/collection_service.htm

49. Pasco County Website. Recycling. http://www.pascocountyfl.net/index.aspx?NID=181

50. Pinellas County Website. Recycling. http://www.pinellascounty.org/utilities/recycle.htm

51. Polk County Website. Recycling Services. http://www.polk-

county.net/subpage.aspx?menu_id=46&id=310

52. Putman County Website. Recycling. http://www.putnam-

fl.com/bocc/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=67&layout=blog&Itemid=

84

53. St. Johns County Website. Recycling. http://www.co.st-johns.fl.us/SolidWaste/Recycle.aspx

54. St. Lucie County Website. Residential Curbside Recycling.

http://www.stlucieco.gov/solid_waste/curb_recycle.htm

55. Santa Rosa County Website. Recycling Information Center.

http://www.santarosa.fl.gov/recycle/

56. Sarasota County Website. Recycling Guidelines.

https://www.scgov.net/ResidentialSolidWaste/Pages/ResidentialRecycling.aspx

57. Table 3B-1- Total Tons of MSW Materials Collected and Recycled in Florida Minimum 4

out of 8 Materials By Descending Population Rank. FDEP 2010.

58. Table 3B-2- Total Tons of MSW Materials Collected and Recycled in Florida Minimum 4

out of 8 Materials By Descending Population Rank. FDEP 2010.

59. Table 4B- Total Tons of Special Waste Materials Collected and Recycled in Florida By

Descending Population Rank. FDEP 2010.

60. Table 5B-1- Total Tons of MSW Materials Collected and Recycled in Florida By


61. Table 5B-2- Total Tons of MSW Materials Collected and Recycled in Florida By


62. Table 8B-1: Minimum Four out of Eight Materials Recycled in Florida By Descending

Population Rank. FDEP 2010.





65. Volusia County Website. Solid Waste and Recycling. http://volusia.org/recycle/

66. Google Maps.

http://maps.google.ca/maps?hl=en&cp=48&gs_id=0&xhr=t&q=waste+management,+Monro

e,+Florida,+United+States&qscrl=1&rlz=1T4TSCD_enCA497CA497&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_p

w.r_qf.&biw=1075&bih=625&ion=1&wrapid=tljp134737204369100&um=1&ie=UTF-

8&sa=N&tab=wl

67. Google Maps.




8&sa=N&tab=wl

68. Google Maps.




8&sa=N&tab=wl

69. Key's Sanitation Services. DexKnows.

http://www.dexknows.com/business_profiles/key_s_sanitary_svc-l910973819

70. 70.Republic Services of Volusia County. Contact Us.

http://www.republicservicesvolusiacounty.com/Pages/ContactUs.aspx

71. Lee County Website. Solid Waste Collection Area 6: Boca Grande.

http://www.leegov.com/gov/dept/solidwaste/FindHauler/Pages/Area6.aspx

72. Lee County Website. Solid Waste Collection Area 5.










77. Google Maps.

https://plus.google.com/118410972186027708792/about?gl=ca&hl=en#11841097218602770

8792/about?gl=ca&hl=en

78. Google Maps.



79. Google Maps.



80. Google Maps.



81. Google Maps.



82. Google Maps.



83. Collier County Website. Collier Recycling. http://www.colliergov.net/Index.aspx?page=3289

84. Google Maps.



85. Hernando Solid Waste and Recycling Division.

http://www.hernandocounty.us/utils/SolidWaste_Recycling/

86. Table 1A: County Municipal Solid Waste Collection Per Capita By Descending Population

Rank. 2010. FDEP.


A/1A.pdf

87. http://ww3.brevardcounty.us/swr/pdf/swagreement%20clean.pdf

88. http://www.cocoafl.org/index.aspx?NID=484

89. http://www.cityofcapecanaveral.org/vertical/sites/%7BCEAB0943-1F37-4E48-833E-

AFC3D9CA4058%7D/uploads/City_of_Cape_Canaveral_Single_Stream_Recycling_Progra

m_Updated_7-23-12.pdf

90. http://www.wasteprousa.com/serviceareas-fl-cocoa.shtml

91. http://www.cityofcocoabeach.com/FlashHomePages/residents_home.html

92. http://www.wasteprousa.com/locations/CF/grantvalkaria/

93. http://www.wasteprousa.com/locations/CF/grantvalkaria/regular-pickup-schedule/

94. http://www.indialantic.com/?page_id=198

95. http://www.indianharbourbeach.org/files/47244836.pdf

96. http://www.melbourneflorida.org/solid/

97. http://www.melbournebeachfl.org/Pages/MelbourneBeachFL_PublicWorks/recycling

98. http://www.melbournevillage.org/solid-waste-pickup.html

99. http://www.palmbayflorida.org/finance/ucs/sanitation/index.html

100. http://www.cityofrockledge.org/Pages/RockledgeFL_PublicWorks/recycling

101. http://www.satellitebeachfl.org/Documents/HOME%20-%20WM%20Svs%20Info(1).dot

102. http://www.titusville.com/SectionIndex.asp?SectionID=53

103. http://www.titusville.com/Page.asp?NavID=942

104. http://www.westmelbourne.org/index.aspx?NID=468

105. http://www.irshores.com/Recycling-Calendar-for-2008.html

106. http://www.townoforchid.com/Trash_and_Recycling.html

107. http://www.covb.org/index.asp?Type=B_LIST&SEC={0A007DC4-4151-4F67-9008-

5073DD43CB2C}

108. http://www.stlucieco.gov/solid_waste/curb_recycle.htm

109. http://www.stlucieco.gov/solid_waste/waste_hauler.htm

110. http://www.cityoffortpierce.com/Public%20Works/solidwaste.html

111. http://ap3server.martin.fl.us:7778/portal/page?_pageid=351,530089&_dad=portal&_sche

ma=PORTAL

112. http://www.cityofstuart.com/index.php/garbage/residential

113. http://co.okeechobee.fl.us/solidwaste

114. http://fl-monroecounty.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/Home/View/1540

115. http://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/index.aspx?NID=69

116. http://www.veoliaes.com/content/veolia/en/locations/islamorada.html

117. http://www.keycolonybeach.net/garbage.html

118. http://www.keywestcity.com/egov/apps/services/index.egov?path=details&action=i&id=

73

119. http://www.mysebring.com/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={44F0B714-8122-4680-

8751-FE5EA5B113B1}

120. http://www.hcbcc.net/departments/solid_waste/garbage_collection_schedule.php

121. http://www.charlottecountyfl.com/PublicWorks/SolidWaste/

122. http://www.colliergov.net/index.aspx?page=3289

123. http://www.colliergov.net/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=45441

124. http://www.balharbourgov.com/government/departs.html

125. http://www.bayharborislands.org/content.aspx?id=30

126. http://www.biscayneparkfl.gov/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={767F18F2-0285-

49F9-8F3D-7B60942A6FF1}

127. http://www.citybeautiful.net/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=7078

128. http://www.cutlerbay-fl.gov/garbage.php

129. http://www.cityofdoral.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=152&Ite

mid=346

130. http://www.goldenbeach.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69&Itemi

d=116

131. http://www.hialeahfl.gov/dep/waste/recycling/curbside_recycling_collection.aspx

132. http://www.cityofhomestead.com/index.aspx?nid=220

133. http://www.keybiscayne.fl.gov/index.php?submenu=PublicWorks&src=gendocs&ref=So

lidWaste_Recycle_CHOICE2012&category=Public%20Works#garbage

134. http://www.miamigov.com/SolidWaste/pages/garbage/Garbage.asp

135. http://www.miamibeachfl.gov/publicworks/sanitation/scroll.aspx?id=27294

136. http://www.nbvillage.com/Pages/NorthBayFL_DPW/TrashCollection

137. http://www.northmiamifl.gov/departments/publicworks/sanitation.aspx

138. http://www.palmettobay-fl.gov/content/garbage-and-trash-collection

139. http://www.southmiamifl.gov/index.php?submenu=PubWorkEng&src=gendocs&ref=Sol

idWasteDivision&category=PubWorkEng

140. http://www.townofsurfsidefl.gov/Pages/SurfsideFL_PublicWorks/solidwaste.pdf

141. http://www.swa.org/site/collection_service/collection_service.htm

142. http://www.jupiter.fl.us/Engineering/Garbage-Recycling.cfm

143. http://www.boynton-beach.org/government/departments/solid_waste/index.html

144. http://mydelraybeach.com/community-improvement/residential-garbage-services

145. http://www.ci.greenacres.fl.us/dept_public_works/solid_waste_collection.htm

146. http://www.townoflakeclarkeshores.com/service/garbage-service

147. http://www.lakeworth.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={1C83E6F9-9583-4022-

BF07-6B1C156E1775}

148. http://www.lantana.org/page.asp?PageId=614

149. http://www.loxahatcheegroves.org/index.php?go=pages.page&pageId=56

150. http://www.manalapan.org/index.aspx?nid=685

151. http://www.village-npb.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={DCB0081E-4DB3-

4D85-81B4-5D0A0D9581BC}

152. http://www.oceanridgeflorida.com/Other/New-Resident-Information-0312.pdf

153. http://www.cityofpahokee.com/Public%20Works/Public%20Works.htm

154. http://www.townofpalmbeach.com/WebFiles/Public%20Works/Garbage%20&%20Recyc

ling%20Schedule.PDF

155. http://www.pbgfl.com/content/74/2118/default.aspx

156. http://www.palmbeachshoresfl.us/TrashAndRecyclingSchedule

157. http://www.villageofpalmsprings.org/sanitation-recycling.htm

158. http://www.tequesta.org/index.aspx?nid=81

159. http://www.ci.wellington.fl.us/departments/solid-waste.html

160. http://www.fortmyersbeachfl.gov/index.aspx?nid=233

161. http://www.mysanibel.com/Departments/Public-Works-Including-Utility-and-Parks-

Maintenance/Solid-Waste-Information/How-to-Process-Garbage

162. http://www.broward.org/WASTEANDRECYCLING/UNINCORPORATEDAREAS/Pag

es/ServiceAreaMapsandProviders.aspx

163. http://www.coopercityfl.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={65742175-503D-43DE-

9C0C-492EF106A1DE}&DE={D4D97244-57CB-400E-8B27-C1D16C932BCE}

164. http://www.coralsprings.org/recycling/index.cfm?CFID=9423108&CFTOKEN=2377255

5

165. http://www.davie-fl.gov/Pages/DavieFL_Programms/garbage/index

166. http://www.deerfield-beach.com/index.aspx?NID=227

167. http://www.fortlauderdale.gov/public_services/trash/Residential_Solid_Waste_Services_

Guide.pdf

168. http://www.hallandalebeach.org/index.aspx?NID=204

169. http://www.townofhillsborobeach.com/images/File/2012/Miscellaneous/Choice%20Flyer

.pdf

170. http://www.hollywoodfl.org/index.aspx?NID=421

171. http://www.lauderdalebythesea-fl.gov/town/recycle.html

172. http://lauderhill-fl.gov/garbage.asp

173. http://www.broward.org/WasteAndRecycling/Recycling/Documents/recycling.pdf

174. http://www.ci.miramar.fl.us/publicworks/solidwaste/index.html

175. http://www.nlauderdale.org/garbage_and_recycling/index.php

176. http://www.cityofparkland.org/index.aspx?NID=342

177. http://www.ppines.com/information/trash.html

178. http://www.plantation.org/Public-Works/recycling/index.html

179. http://www.southwestranches.org/Public_Works/public_works_waste.html

180. http://www.westonfl.org/Departments/PublicWorks/GarbageRecycle.aspx

181. http://www.clewiston-fl.gov/department/division.php?fDD=11-25

182. http://www.crystalriverfl.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={D28F7F66-8C1A-

4CE7-90AE-477271537248}&DE={188B9191-2C78-498D-A8F3-57643D3D0911}

183. http://www.inverness-fl.gov/index.aspx?nid=33

184. http://womacksanitation.com/County%20Map%20no%20Name.pdf