observation question hypothesis test hypothesis result (new hypothesis) conclusion leads...
TRANSCRIPT
The Nature of Science
ObservationQuestionHypothesis Test HypothesisResult (new hypothesis)Conclusion
Leads too…..Scientific Theories (widely tested and accepted hypothesis) and Laws (what happens over and over again) Paradigm Shift-new information or ideas
disproved, overthrow a well-accepted scientific theory
Since 1973-129 people were found innocent from death row, additionally 10 were already put to death
How Valid Are The Results?
Science cannot always yield “absolute truth” to the theories or laws provided. But they can:
1) Disprove ideas, theories, or laws
2) Establish that ideas, theories, or laws have a high validity or probability of being true
Consensus Science
Frontier Science
Consist of theories and laws that are widely
accepted in the scientific community
“Breakthroughs” – a tentative hypothesis
and controversial data & models
Junk SCIENCE
Scientific Reasoning and Creativity
Inductive reasoning Involves using specific observations and
measurements to arrive at a general conclusion or hypothesis.
Bottom-up reasoning going from specific to general.
Deductive reasoning Uses logic to arrive at a specific conclusion. Top-down approach that goes from general to
specific.
A system is a set of components that function and interact in some regular and theoretically understandable manner.
SYSTEMS:
Key components
flows (throughputs)
inputs &
outputs
Feedback loops are when outputs of energy fed back into a system cause the system to do more of what it was doing (positive) or (negative)
Homeostasis!
Accelerates Change
1 + 1 = 5???
Synergy = when processes & feedbacks in a system interact to amplify the results
Time Delays: very complex systems can show dramatic time delays between the input of a stimulus and the response.
Time delays can cause a problem to build up slowly until the system reaches a threshold level and there is a fundamental breakdown in the system.
Feedback Loops:
Negative feedback can take so long that a system reaches a threshold and changes. Prolonged delays may prevent a negative
feedback loop from occurring. Processes and feedbacks in a system can
(synergistically) interact to amplify the results. E.g. smoking exacerbates the effect of
asbestos exposure on lung cancer.
TIME TRAVEL BACK TO CHEMISTRYTypes of structure and matter
Elements/CompoundsAtoms/molecules
Ions/pHChemical Formulas/organics
Outer electrons are known as valence electrons.
Valence electrons are available in bonding with other atoms.
Many of the things you are familiar with are carbon compound (sugar, plastics, vitamins, most compounds in your body)
Almost all of them (except CH4) have between 2 - 1,000’s of carbons attached by covalent bonded to each other and one or more of the following atoms: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, and fluorine.
Synthetic or Natural
Hydrocarbons: methane (CH4), propane(C3H8), butane(C3H10)
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: DDT, many insecticides, PCB’s, solvents such as chloroform
Carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen covalently bonded (sugars) Cellulose, Glucose, Starches
Chlorofluorocarbons – CFC’s ; Freon (CCl2F)
MONOMERS
POLYMERS
make
AMINO ACIDS
NUCLEOTIDES
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
SO…What inorganic compounds are important in the ecosystem?
WATER!! Carbon Monoxide (CO)
NaCl, Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Nitric Oxide (NO) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Ammonia (NH3)