overview of ancient egypt early inhabitants (neolithic's) called the land kemet renamed egypt...
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Overview of Ancient Egypt Early inhabitants (Neolithic's) called the
land Kemet Renamed Egypt by the Greeks
The Nile River Valley (annual floods) World’s Longest River – flows from South
to North
Two Kingdoms by 4,000 B.C. Lower Kingdom in the North Upper Kingdom in the South 3000 B.C. – Narmer invaded Lower
Egypt Marked the first Egyptian Dynasty
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The Old Kingdom (2700-2200 B.C.) Established a theocracy (god-king) Built pyramids to honor god-kings
(mummification) The Middle Kingdom (2050-1700 B.C.)
Egypt was reunited after a time of upheaval The capital was moved to Thebes Were invaded by the Hyksos (from Western
Asia) The New Kingdom (1600-1200 B.C.)
Egyptians overthrew the Hyksos – led by Ahmose
Kings began to use the title Pharaoh
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Hatshepsut (1480 B.C.) - female pharaoh Ruled because her son was too young to rule Extensive building projects
Thutmose III (Hatshepsut’s son) Expanded the Dynasty to include Syria Made an “empire” for Egypt – cultural
diffusion Amenhotep: (1370 B.C.) – wife Nefertiti
Decided to make Egypt monotheistic (Aton) Changed his name to Akhenaton Moved the capital to central Egypt
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• Tutankhamen (King Tut)– The boy king– Moved the capital back to Thebes
• Ramses II (“the Great”)– Fought the Hittites for control of Syria– A.D. 1995, a tomb was uncovered that held 50 of Ramses 52
sons– Egypt weakened after Ramses’ death• Invasions by the Libyans and Kushites
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Social Order Upper class; middle class; lower class Women's’ rights improved btwn. Old & New
Kingdoms Religion: polytheistic (other than
Akhenaton) Gods were depicted as part human part animal
Writing System Hieroglyphics: carved picture symbols Hieratic: cursive for everyday use Rosetta Stone: part Greek and part Egyptian Book of the Dead
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Strip of land that stretched from the Med. Sea to the Persian Gulf
Mesopotamia: “the land between the rivers”
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Settled in Mesopotamia in 3500 B.C. Built the world’s first cities (Ur, Uruk,
Eridu) Built ziggurats – temples in each city-state
only priests could enter the temples Government: each city was independent
A military leader was chosen to lead/protect 2700: military leaders were viewed as kings Leaders served as king and high priest The legal systems were not clear or consistent
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Roles of Men and Women Men had ultimate authority over families Women possessed very few rights (buy/sell
prop.) Writing System
Cuneiform: pictograms on wet clay Gilgamesh was written @ 1850 B.C.
Religion: each god was over a natural force The gods were viewed as unpredictable/angry
Inventions: The wheel, 12 mo. Calendar, arch, and sundial Developed bronze and metal plow
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Invaders dreamt of controlling an empire Sargon I and the Akkadians
Came to power in the 2300s B.C. United the Mesopotamian city-states
Hammurabi’s Babylonian Empire Amorites overran Sumerian centers (Babylon) Hammurabi became the dominant ruler Increased Babylon's prosperity Law Code: “Made Justice Appear in the Land”
Law covered the entire region 282 sections on Daily Life Clear punishment for crimes
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Babylonian Society Upper Class: Kings, priests, nobles Middle Class: artisans, merchants,
scribes, farmers Lower Class: slaves (from war/had not
paid debts) Borrowed ideas and techniques from
Sumerians Writing system, farming techniques, & religion
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Larger than both Sumer and Egypt Located in South Asia Reached its height @ 2500 – 1500 B.C. Used the natural boundaries of the
Himalayas and Hindu Kush Seasonal “Monsoons” affect the
climate Winter temps of 70º; Summer temps of
100º Flooding of the Rivers enriches the soil
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Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations
Centrally planned cities A citadel, city laid out in a grid
Language and Religion Written records (pictograms) Animal/human deities
Collapse Flooding and violent invasion
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Zhong Guo – “Middle Kingdom” Isolated from much of the world
Shang Dynasty (1700-1000 B.C.) Myths (Creation and founding
individuals) Early Religion – leaders were both
pol./relig. polytheistic
Achievements: metal workings, silk cloth Mandate of Heaven:
Justified rulers’ authority If a ruler governed improperly, they lost
the mandate