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ANNUAL REPORT2012-13

AICRPDA

All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland AgricultureCentral Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture

Santhoshnagar, Hyderabad-500059

All India Coordinated Research Projectfor Dryland Agriculture

ANNUAL REPORT2012-13

Central Research Institute for Dryland AgricultureSanthoshnagar, Hyderabad-500059

2013

Annual Report 2012-13. All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture,Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Indian Council of Agriculture Research,Hyderabad 500 059, AP., India. p. 361.

Edited byDr.B. VenkateswarluDr P.K. MishraDr. Ch. Srinivasa RaoDr.GR. Maruthi SankarDr.G. Ravindra Chary

Compiled byDr.GR. Maruthi SankarDr.G. Ravindra CharyDr (Smt) A. Girija

Technical AssistanceA GirijaVijendra S. BaviskarG. MallikarjunaKumara B.H.N Rani

Manuscript ProcessingN. Lakshmi Narasu

Administrative SupportN. Manikya RaoS. Sankar Reddy

Published byDr.B. VenkateswarluDirectorCentral Research Institute for Dryland AgricultureSanthoshnagar, Hyderabad-500059(O) 040-24530177. (R ) 040-24532262Fax: 040-24531802E-mail: [email protected]

Preface

All India Coordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA) has beencarrying out location research on rainfed agriculture with 22 network centers and 8 OperationalResearch Projects (ORPs) for the last four decades. Efforts by network centers have resulted ingeneration of site specific technologies in the areas of rainwater management, cropping systems,drought tolerant varieties, integrated nutrient management, energy management strategies, alternateland use options and farming systems for stabilized productivity and income. In addition, the ORPsare addressing technology refinement through approach, evaluation and demonstration of the rainfedtechnologies for ensuring wider adoption.

The Annual Report (2012-13) of AICRPDA is a comprehensive document with compiledinformation based on 310 on-station and 128 on-farm trials across rainfed rice, maize, oilseeds, cottonand nutritious cereals based production systems. This report contains salient findings of on-stationexperiments and technologies assessed and upscaled under on-farm situations in various productionsystems. I hope the information contained in this report is useful to all the research institutes,agricultural universities and other stakeholders including NGOs involved in transfer of rainfedtechnologies.

I am grateful to Dr.S. Ayyappan, Director General, ICAR and Secretary, DARE and Dr AK.Sikka, DDG (NRM) for their guidance, support and encouragement in implementing this projectsuccessfully. I am also thankful to Dr.B. Mohan Kumar, ADG (Agronomy & AF) for his support tothe Project.

The contributions and cooperation by the Chief Scientists, Scientists from the net workcenters and ORPs and also help extended by authorities of the respective State AgriculturalUniversities/ICAR Institutes/personnel from State Line Departments, NGOs, etc., and ultimatelyfarmers are well acknowledged.

I wish to compliment the efforts of Dr G. Ravindra Chary, Principal Scientist (Agronomy)and Dr GR. Maruthi Sankar, Principal Scientist (Agril. Statistics) for coordination, monitoring andevaluation of the technical program during the period in compilation and synthesis of data generatedfrom AICRPDA network centers.

I acknowledge Dr (Smt) A. Girija for data tabulation and analysis, Smt N. Lakshmi Narasufor secretarial help, Sri P. Prakash Babu, Sri D. Roop Kumar and Sri V.Venunath for administrativehelp.

(Ch. Srinivasa Rao)Project Coordinator (Dryland Research)

CRIDA, Hyderabad

CONTENTS

Sr.No. Particular Page No.

Executive Summary 1-6

1. Introduction 7-11

2. Resource Characterization 12-22

3. Salient Achievements

3.1 Rice based production system 23-67

3.2 Maize based production system 68-97

3.3 Oilseed based production system

3.3.1 Groundnut based production system 98-113

3.3.2 Soybean based production system 114-134

3.4 Cotton based production system 135-155

3.5 Nutritious Cereals based production system

3.5.1 Sorghum based production system 156-194

3.5.2 Pearlmillet based production system 195-225

3.5.3 Fingermillet based production system 226-235

4. Operational Research Project 236-293

5. Publications 294-311

6. Technologies Generated, Refined and Upscaling 312-314

7. Scientists as Resource Persons 315-320

8. Workshops/Trainings 321-331

9. Documentation of ITKs 332-335

10. Resource Generated, Linkages Developed and Consultancy Provided 336-341

11. Honors/ Awards 342-343

12. Visitors 344-353

13. Project Team of AICRPDA 354-359

14. Budget position 360

15. Acronyms 361

AICRPDA Annual Report 2012-13

1

Executive Summary

The All India Co-ordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture has a network of 22 centersrepresenting arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid and per-humid climates with diverse bio-physical and socio-economic settings of the rainfed agro-ecologies of the country. The project has a mandate to generate locationspecific technologies through on station research focusing on rain water management, integrated nutrientmanagement, energy management, cropping systems, participatory varietal selection, alternate land use and farmingsystems in rainfed rice, maize, sorghum, pearlmillet, fingermillet, cotton, groundnut and soybean based productionsystems. The resultant technologies are subsequently assessed on farmers fields through 8 Operational Researchprojects. The outreach programs like Frontline demonstrations (FLDs) on pulses and oilseeds, on-farm trials are alsobeing undertaken. A total of 310 experiments were conducted with 19.7% of rain water management, 21.3% ofINM, 8.4% energy management, 12.98% cropping systems, 26.1% participatory varietal selection, 0.7% integratedweed management, 3.6% alternate land use, 4.2% integrated farming system, 1.6% On farm trials, 1.0 % ofResource characterization and 1.0% of other experiments across the production systems. These include 76experiments on rice based production system (Biswanath Chariali, Chianki, Faizabad, Jagdalpur, Phulbani, andVaranasi); 40 on maize based production system (Arjia, Ballowal-Saunkri and Rakh Dhiansar); 14 on fingermilletbased production system (Bangalore); 36 on pearlmillet based production system (Agra, Hisar and S.K.Nagar);39 on sorghum based production system (Bijapur and Solapur); 37 on soybean based production system (Indore andRewa); 35 on groundnut based production system (Anantapur and Rajkot); 33 on cotton based production system(Akola, Kovilpatti and Parbhani). Under ORP a total of 128 trails were conducted with 17% of rain watermanagement, 13.3% of INM, 9.4% energy management, 19.5% cropping systems, 18% participatory varietalselection, 1.6% alternate land use, 0.8% of resource characterization, 4.7% of integrated farming system, 8.6% oftechnology up-scaling, 6.3% of HRD and 6.3% of other trails. The salient findings from the research during 2012-13are summarized below:

Rainwater Management

At Faizabad, paired row sowing of pigeonpea on ridge and rice in furrow was superior with maximum riceequivalent yield of 6119kg/ha, net returns of Rs. 41190/ha, BC ratio of 3.06 and RWUE of 7.06 kg/ha/mmas compared to sole rice.

At Jagdalpur, an evaluation of raised and sunken bed method for different crops, rice performed betterunder half feet excavation with FYM and silt application as compared to under one feet excavation.

At Phulbhani, with supplemented irrigation from harvested rainwater continuous furrow method wassuperior compared to skip furrow and no irrigation methods resulting with radish yield (22595 kg/ha) withBC ratio (3.95). The plastic mulch was superior compared to organic mulch and no mulch with maximumincome of Rs 18720/ha and BC ratio of 4.60.

At Varanasi, late sowing of pearlmillet was superior under drought condition situation with maximum grainyield of 2000kg/ha. The foliar application with 2% urea + 2% Kcl + 2% agromin + 6% Kaolin+ 0.4%Selenium was best with a net returns of Rs 10084/ha and 1.84 BC ratio for mustard crop followed by2% urea + 2% KCl+ 2% Agromin with with the yield of 782 kg/ha.

At Arijia, maximum grain yield of maize (4082 kg/ha) was obtained with one irrigation of 5 cm duringdryspell than unirrigated (224 kg/ha).

At Rajkot, ploughing alternate year upto 30 cm in set row gave seed cotton yield of 849 kg/ha and stalkyield of 828 kg/ha.

At Bijapur, the effect of set furrow cultivation with crop residues on pigeonpea, set furrow with RI +gliricidia was superior with maximum yield of 501 kg/ha.


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At Hisar, intra-plot rainwater harvesting and in-situ moisture conservation, maximum pearlmilletequivalent yield of 2860 kg/ha was observed with green gram under 75% slope and 2/3rd donor area and thelowest pearlmillet equivalent yield of 1526 kg/ha was obtained by pearlmillet under 1.5% slope donorarea.

Cropping System

At Biswanath Chariali, maximum toria grain yield of 756kg/ha, RWUE of 1.35kg/ha/mm were attained andseed were treated with 1% KH2PO4.

At Ballowal Saunkhri, seed soaking and two spray 1000 ppm with thiourea at maximum tillering andbooting stage recorded maximum wheat yield of 2531 kg/ha, and RWUE of 15.28 kg/ha/mm.

At Rakh Dhiansar, 2 rows of maize + 2 rows of cowpea gave maximum maize equivalent yield of 3043kg/ha and was 9.5% higher over sole maize (2780 kg/ha).

At Anantapur, maximum pod yield (1093 kg/ha) was recorded with cv. K-6 when sown on 16th July,followed by Narayani (1000 kg/ha) sown on the same date and lowest yield was attained by TMV-2(549 kg/ha) when sown on 26th June during 2012.

At Indore, contingent crop production practice of 20 % higher seed rate the maximum greengram normalcrop equivalent yield (1455 kg/ha) and RWUE (1.58 kg/ha/mm) was attained.

At Rewa, chickpea + linseed intercropping system (4:2) gave maximum chickpea equivalent yield of 1118kg/ha with BC ratio of 2.49 and followed by chickpea + linseed (6:4) with 1102 kg/ha and 2.46respectively.

At Rajkot, groundnut-pearlmillet has given highest yields of groundnut (161 kg/ha pod and 1806 kg/haof haulm yield ) compared to other cropping sequences tested with groundnut.

At Akola, soybean + pigeonpea (4:2) intercropping system recorded significantly highest soybeanequivalent yield of 3704 kg / ha ( 1894 kg/ha of soybean + 1552 kg/ha of pigeonpea) and RWUE of 3.31for soybean and 2.71 for pigeonpea; The selenium spray @ 30g/ha (20-25 and 65-75 DAS) recordedmaximum seed cotton yield of 1187 kg/ha with RWUE of 1.80 kg/ha/mm.

At Kovilpatti, plant geometry of 75x45 cm cotton recorded maximum seed cotton yield of 329 kg / ha withgross income of Rs.14792 and BC ratio of 0.97.

At Parbhani, maize + soybean 45/75 cm (2:2) gave maximum maize equivalent yield of 6663 kg / ha andRWUE of 6.93 kg/ha/mm. Bt cotton, 90x60 cm plant geometry gave maximum yield of 1423 kg / ha andRWUE of 2.52 kg/ha/mm while 180 x 30 cm gave lowest of 1258 kg / ha and RWUE of 2.23 kg/ha/mm.

At Bijapur, Bt cotton + chilli in the same row + onion (2:4) was superior with significantly higherpigeonpea equivalent yield of 2518 kg/ha and onion rabi sorghum was the second best system withpigeonpea equivalent yield of 2360 kg/ha.

At Solapur, pigeonpea + soybean (1:3) gave maximum LER of 1.61 compared to sole pigeonpea. At SK Nagar, maize + castor (1:1) recorded maximum maize equivalent yield of (3508 kg/ha) and lowest

by maize + pigeonpea (1:1) system with maize equivalent yield of 2030 kg/ha.

At Bangalore, a study on the performance of intercrops in nipped castor sole castor recorded significantlyhigher yield of 717 kg/has compared to castor in intercropping system.

Nutrient Management

At Biswanath Chariali, maximum rice equivalent yield of 2789kg/ha with gross returns of Rs. 20130/ha andBC ratio of 2.00 were attained by application of 75% RDF+ vermicompost @ 5t/ha; The foliar applicationof K, maximum grain yield of 575kg/ha and BC ratio of 2.16 were attained by 100% NP+75% K asbasal+2% KCl before flowering + 2% KCl at silica formation.

At Faizabad, maximum chickpea seed yield of 1796kg/ha and straw yield of 2715kg/ha were attained byapplication of 50 kg DAP/ha as basal + 50kgDAP/ha as foliar in splits at 45 and 60 DAS+PSB.


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At Jagdalpur, maximum grain yield of rice 4818kg/ha and straw yield of 6604kg/ha, RWUE of 3.16kg/ha/mm with energy productivity of 0.52kg/MJ were attained by adopting line sowing behindplough +100% RDF + FYM @1t/ha.

At Phulbani, maximum grain yield of 2092kg/ha and RWUE of 1.77kg/ha/mm were attained by applicationof 100% [email protected]/ha; The application of 100% RDF+Ca as PMS @5q/ha was superior withcorn yield of 1905 kg/ha.

At Arjia, maximum seed yield of blackgram (1382 kg/ha) was obtained by 25 kg N through FYM and 25kg N through inorganic fertilizer and 30 kg P2O5 in maize based production system.

At Akola, application of 50% N through fertilizers+50% N through FYM/ha along with 100% PK recordedhighest seed cotton yield of 1074 kg/ha and 315 kg/ha of green gram and 2.21 kg/ha/mm of RWUE.

At Kovilpatti, the maximum cotton seed yield of 170 kg/ha was recorded by recommended NPK+pulsehaulm residue+TNAU bio mineralizers. The application of 80 kg N (Urea) + 40 kg P (DAP)+40 kg K(MOP)+25 kg ZnSO4 recorded maximum maize seed yield of 238 and 243 kg/ha in vertisols and alfisolsrespectively.

At Bijapur, 100% RDF + Zn @ 10 kg/ha + Fe @ 50 kg/ha was superior with maximum rabi sorghum grainyield of 2374 kg/ha

At Solapur, 25 N kg/ha (crop residue)+25 kg N/ha (Leucaena) was superior with maximum grain yield of1650 kg/ha and B:C ratio of 3.21; The foliar spray of 1% DAP at 35 and 55 DAS gave significantly highergrain yield of 1437 kg/ha and stover yield of 3498 kg/ha of sorghum.

At Hisar, enhanced application of N from 40 to 60 kg/ha along with P and K increased grain yield ofpearlmillet significantly.

At SK Nagar, ZnSo4 spray@ 0.5%+FeSO4 spray @ 0.5% gave maximum seed yield of 1137 kg/ha, B:Cratio of 3.02 and RWUE of 1.15 kg/ha/mm.

At Bangalore, fingermillet + pigeonpea (8:2) system with 155, 45 and 203 kg NP2O5 and K2O /ha fortargeted yield approach (4.0 t/ha) recorded higher fingermillet grain yield of 2123 kg/ha with yield increaseof 33% over traditional fertilizer recommendation.

Energy Management

At Ballowal Saunkhri, conventional tillage + interculture with 100% recommended N through inorganicsource recorded maximum maize yield of 2986 kg/ha. The laser leveling (flat) recorded maximum maizeyield of 3787 kg/ha, BC ratio of 2.55 and RWUE of 11.15 kg/ha/mm. Effect of rotavator and INM onmaize-wheat system, highest grain yield in maize (3538 kg/ha) was observed with conventional tillage +8- kg/ha N through urea.

At Indore, low tillage + 4 t/ha straw + hand weeding gave maximum soybean seed yield of 1757 kg/ha, BCratio of 3.99 and RWUE of 1.91 kg/ha/mm.

At Akola, conventional tillage (ploughing after every three years + interculture + hand weeding) recordedhigher sorghum yield of 2157 kg/ha and on par with low tillage (50% of CT+herbicides) 2117 kg/ha.

At Parbhani, conventional tillage recorded maximum seed cotton equivalent yield of 1297 kg/ha (881 kg/haof cotton, 895, 1067 kg/ha of soybean and 576 kg/ha of pigeonpea).

In a study of tillage practices for important cropping systems at Parbhani, sorghum+pigeonpea system gavemaximum seed cotton equivalent yield of 1684 kg/ha and BC ratio of 2.14.

At SK Nagar, sowing with roto till drill gave maximum cluster bean seed yield of 485 kg/ha, RWUE of0.77 kg/ha/mm, followed by strip till drill.

Evaluation of Improved Varieties

At Jagdalpur, maximum grain yield of 3687 kg/ha with straw yield of 3019 kg/ha were attained with uplandrice variety of JDP-383.


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At Phulbani, the maximum tuber yield of 7083kg/ha with marketable tubers of 85% were attained byKufribahar variety.

At Parbhani, pigeonpea (PT-11-38), sorghum (Yashodax655) and cotton (MCA 7301) were recordedmaximum yield and RWUE.

At Bijapur, Jatropha (Soud Utnoor), horsegram (CRHG-9), mothbean (IC-100938) were sunflower(KBSH-44) genotypes were was superior with local cultivars.

In an evaluation of 20 genotypes of rabi sorghum for grain yield of fodder yield at Solapur, rabi sorghum(RSV-1345), pigeonpea (BDN-2008-7), chickpea (AKG-1108), horsegram (SHG-0628-4) and mothbean(MB-13) were superior with a significantly higher yield.

At Hisar, pearlmillet (HMS-55AxHFPT-2-11-130), greengram (MH-912), castor hybrid (AVHT-II),mustard (RH-923) and chickpea (MLT-1) were recorded highest yield and RWUE.

At SK Nagar, pearlmillet (GHB-558), mothbean (GM-22) and clusterbean (GG2) were performed betterand gave significantly yield.

Integrated Weed Management

At Indore Fluazifop-p-Buty l 2.5% EC + Fomesafon 12.5% EC @ 125 g + 125 g ai/ha applied as early postemergence (20 DAS) found to be best for controlling weeds in soybean as it recorded lowest weed index of1.19% and higher seed yield of 1729 kg/ha and RWUE of 2.15 kg/ha/mm.

Alternate Land Use System

At Varanasi, custard apple based and guava based agri- horti systems were tested in combination withgreengram, pearlmillet and maize under custard apple based systems maximum gross income of Rs.62400/ha, net income of Rs. 46200/ha, BC ratio of 3.85 from fruit yield of 2600 kg/ha and sesame yield of390 kg/ha were attained by custard apple +sesame system.

At Arjia, developing silvipastoral systems, mud ball/pallet seed sowing gave significantly higher grassyield of 1517 kg/ha, net returns of Rs 2195/ha, B:C ratio of 1.93 and RWUE of 2.93 kg/ha/m.

At Hisar, silvi-pasture system among kharif crops, pearlmillet gave maximum grain yield of 785 kg/ha,followed by castor with 570 kg/ha.

Integrated Farming Systems

At Kovilpatti recorded a total income of Rs. 1, 43,970/ha a loss of Rs 10,425/ha in case of cropping alone,thus an additional net income of Rs. 62,445/ha was received from other components like mulch animalsand goat rearing.

At Solapur, in kharif, rabi and summer season, maximum gross income of Rs 26197/ha with B:C ratio of1.37 were attained from the component of crops under horticulture. Gross income of Rs 1, 34,558/ha withB:C ratio 1.33 were attained from all the components of crops, horticulture, dairy farming, goat rearing,poultry farming and border plantations.

At Hisar, different vegetable crops raised with harvested rainwater under drip irrigation system. Onion gave238 kg/ha of yield, tomato (189 kg/ha); Spinach 137 kg/ha and fenugreek (Menthi) gave highest yield of305 kg/ha.

Operational Research Projects

At Arjia, in-situ moisture conservation model in maize + blackgram (2:2), the improved practice ofperipheral bunding, deep ploughing chiseling, tillage operation against the slope, sowing against the slope,


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soil mulching and ridge sowing (30 DAS) performed better in farmers fields. Foliar spray of thiourea @500 ppm at pre-flowering and 50% at silking stage gave higher maize straw yield 1533 kg/ha, followed byfoliar spray of brossinosteriod @ 400 ppm at knee height stage (1383 kg/ha) as compared to control (1183kg/ha).

At Ballowal Saunkhri, ridge sowing with tied method was superior with maximum grain yield of 3333kg/ha, RWUE of 6.65 kg/ha/mm compared to flat sown method.

At Anantapur, Pendimethalin as pre-emergence herbicide was used in groundnut on a day after sowing @1liter/acre mixing with sand gave mean yield of 524 kg/ha with gross returns of Rs. 31048/ha, net returnsof Rs. 16498/ha and BC ratio of 2.1.

At Ballowal Saunkhri, wheat + raya (LM-619) intercropping system was superior with maximum wheatequivalent yield (WEY) of 2893 kg/ha, net returns of Rs.29852/ha and BC ratio of 2.47.

At Bangalore, fingermillet + pigeonpea (8:2) was superior which gave maximum grain and straw yield of2060 kg/ha and 4110 kg/ha and pigeonpea yield of 208 kg/ha as well as fingermillet equivalent yield of2476 kg/ha and BC ratio of 3.38.

At Solapur, sunflower (Bhanu) + pigeonpea (Vipula) (2:1) was superior with maximum grain yield of 420+ 580 kg/ha, net monetory returns of Rs. 17800/ha and BC ratio of 2.80.

At Arjia, the improved practice together with ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha gave maximum stover yield of 1467kg/ha, gross income of Rs 4400/ha and BC ratio of 0.38.

At Ballowal Saunkhri, application of 75% inorganic + 25% organic N treatment was superior which gavemaximum maize grain yield of 3900 kg/ha, net returns of Rs.42432/ha and BC ratio of 2.72.

At Banglore, application of 50% N through FYM + 50% N and 100% PK (inorganic source) + ZnSO4 @12.5 kg/ha + Borax @ 10 kg/ha + bio-fertilizer was superior with maximum grain and straw yield offingermillet of 2210 kg/ha and 3920 kg/ha, pigeonpea yield of 144 kg/ha. The application of SSNM + Zincsulphate @ 12.5 kg/ha + Borax @ 10 kg/ha + Bio-fertilizer was superior which gave maximum pod andhaulm yield of groundnut .

At Chianki, MTU-7029 variety with application of recommended dose of fertilizer practice in NPK(120:60:40) was superior which gave maximum rice grain and straw yield of 4002 kg/ha and 4935 kg/ha,net returns of Rs. 35394/ha, RWUE of 3.41 kg/ha/mm and BC ratio of 2.57.

At Hisar, application of 20 kg N/ha + Azotobacter was superior with pearlmillet grain and stover yields of1852 kg/ha and 5422 kg/ha, net returns of Rs. 13904/ha and BC ratio of 1.86.

At Solapur, application of potash was superior with maximum mean grain yield of 725 kg/ha and BC ratioof 1.62 compared to without potash application with grain yield of 563 kg/ha and BC ratio of 1.48.

At Anantapur, the mechanization gave mean pod yield of 585 kg/ha with gross returns of Rs. 34597/ha, netreturns of Rs. 20047/ha and BC ratio of 2.3 as compared farmers practice.

At Ballowal Saukhri, rotavator proved to be superior with maximum grain yield of wheat 2475 kg/ha, netreturns of Rs. 22990/ha, RWUE of 18.98 kg/ha/mm and BC ratio of 2.15.

At Ballowal Saunkhri, maize ( JH 3459), raya (RLM-619), sesame ( RT-346), pearl millet (FBC-16) andchickpea (PBG-I) were superior with maximum grain yield, net returns, RWUE and BC ratio compared tolocal variety.

At chianki, the farmers cash in hand increased to Rs 50,000/- (in four years). The cropping intensityincreased from 110 to 113%, while HYV replacement rate raised from 50% to 60%.

At Arjia, RT-46 variety was superior and gave maximum seed and straw yield of 102 kg/ha and 222 kg/ha,net returns of Rs. 2720/ha and BC ratio of 1.2 compared to the farmers practice. CSV-15 sorghum varietywas superior with maximum grain and straw yield of 1100 kg/ha and 3400 kg/ha, net income ofRs.11390/ha and BC ratio of 2.01 compared to the farmers practice.


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At Ballowal Saunkhri, in maize the improved practice was superior which gave maximum grain yield of3830 kg/ha, net returns of Rs. 40436/ha, RWUE of 8.25 kg/ha/mm and BC ratio of 2.59 compared tofarmer practice. wheat, the improved practice gave superior maximum grain yield of 2267 kg/ha, netreturns of Rs.22296/ha and BC ratio of 2.08, compared to farmers practice. In raya with two differentgrowing methods, the improved practice was superior which gave maximum grain yield of 765 kg/ha, netreturns of Rs. 8965/ha, RWUE of 7.43 kg/ha/mm and BC ratio of 1.64, compared to farmers practice. Ingobhi sarson, the improved practice was superior which gave maximum grain yield of 712 kg/ha, netreturns of Rs. 11799/ha, RWUE of 9.08 kg/ha/mm and BC ratio of 2.07, compared to farmers

Monitoring and evaluation

The EFC of AICRPDA for XII FYP was prepared. The financial, physical and technical progress ofAICRPDA program and NICRA program (technology demonstration) across AICRPDA centres wasmonitored.

Linkages and Collaborations

AICRPDA Network centers worked in close collaboration with the respective State AgriculturalUniversities (research, teaching and extension), ICAR/National Institutes State and Central Govt.Departments, ATMA, KVKs, NGOs and other stakeholders in the areas of research, training, extension andeducation and also providing the technical support on rainfed farming and watershed development etc. withstate/national agencies. Under NICRA, AICRPDA centers established Custom Hiring Centers and alsoestablished village level institutions i.e. Village Climate Risk Management Committees and Custom HiringManagement Committee for enhancing adaptive capacity of the farmers to local climatic/ weathervulnerabilities.

Publications

Overall 245 publications were contributed by AICRPDA team comprising of 70 research papers, 139papers in conferences, 27 books/bulletins/reports and 94 popular articles during the year. The scientistsgave 55 Radio talks and 32 Television talks and 20 lectures delivered during 2012-13.

HRD, Impact and upscaling of rainfed technologies

Scientists from AICRPDA centres participated in various training programmes conducted at CRIDA andother state and national organizations. On-farm trails/ demonstrations on proven rainfed technologies couldenhance the productivity of rainfed crops, particularly in TSP (Tribal subplan), ORP and NICRA adoptedvillages.

Budget

The total budget allocated for 22 network centers of AICRPDA for the period 2012-13 was Rs. 1857 lakhsand at Rs. 243 lakhs was allocated for 8 Operational Research Project centers.


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1. Introduction

Rainfed Agriculture occupies 55.3 percent (about 78 mha) of the total cultivated area in thecountry and plays an important role in Indian economy, supports 82 percent of rural poor in thecountry. The rainfed areas are spread out across arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions.Agriculture in rainfed areas continues to be a gamble and rainfed farmers face many uncertainties likeaberrant weather, lack of timely inputs and credit leading to low and unstable productivity andprofitability of crops. The inherent risks are high because rain is not dependable in timing and amount.The soils in the rainfed region are degraded and poor in fertility, farmers economy is fragile with littleresilience. The holdings are small and scattered, drought is a common phenomena in these areas whichresult in low yield and crop failures. The impending effects of climate change will further add thedimension of urgency to rainfed agriculture as the problems of poverty, hunger and resourcedegradation are likely to be exacerbated if appropriate measures are not initiated.

To meet these challenges, the All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture(AICRPDA) initiated research to generate location specific technologies focusing better crop withevery rain drop, through a network of 25 centers situated across the diverse agro-climatic region ofthe country. The prioritized research programs undertaken were in the themes of rainwatermanagement, integrated nutrient management, energy management, cropping systems, participatoryvarietal selection, alternate land use and integrated farming systems.

The designated mandate is

Mandate To optimize the use of natural resources, ie., rainfall, land and water, and minimize soil and water

loss and degradation of environment;

To evolve simple technologies to substantially increase crop productivity and viability; To increase stability of crop production over years by providing improvements in natural resources

management, crop management systems and alternate crop production technologies matchingweather aberrations;

To develop alternate and sustainable land use systems; and To evaluate and study transferability of improved dryland technology to farmers fields.

The project has an unique feature in its multi-disciplinary approach and on-farm participatoryresearch along with outreach programs like frontline demonstrations, on-farm trials etc. Along withthis, for assessment and refinement of location specific technologies generated at 25 Research Stations,8 Operational Research Projects (viz., Anantapur, Arjia, Ballowal Saunkhri, Bangalore, Hisar, Indore,Ranchi and Solapur) conduct on-farm participatory research in farmers fields. Following the newparadigm of agro-ecosystems based research initiated during National Agricultural Technology Project(NATP), these 25 centers are now undertaking research in 8 production systems, viz., rainfed rice (6centers), sorghum (4 centers), pearlmillet (4 centers), fingermillet (1 center), maize (3 centers), cotton(3 centers), groundnut (2 centers) and soybean (2 centers) with Project Coordination unit at CRIDA,Hyderabad. The location of centers, ORPs and Organogram of AICRPDA is shown in Figure 1.


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In 2012-13, 310 experiments were conducted at Research Stations under different productionsystems and theme areas, out of which 66 (21.3%) were on integrated nutrient management, 61(19.7%) on rain water management; 26 (8.4%) on energy management; 40 (12.9%) on croppingsystems; 81 (26.1%) on participatory varietal selection; 2 (0.7%) on integrated weed management; 11(3.6%) on alternate land use and 13 (4.2%) on farming systems. For technology refinement, 5 (1.6%)on-farm trials, other 8 (2.6%) and 20 (5.1%) under NICRA were also conducted. 128 on-farmparticipatory research trials were conducted at 8 ORP centers.

Research Centers and Operational Research Project Centers ofAll India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA)

Voluntary Centers Main Centers Sub-Centers OperationalResearchProjects

Main Centers Sub-Centers

Bellary(CS&WCRTI)

Akola(Dr.PDKV)

FaizabadNDUA&T)

Anantapur(ANGRAU)

Varanasi (BHU) Agra (BichipuriCollege

Jhansi(IGFRI)

Anantapur(ANGRAU)

Rakh Dhiansar(SKUA&ST_J)

Arjia(MPUA&T)

Jodhpur (CAZRI) Arjia(MPUAT)

BallowalSaunkhri (PAU)

BallowalSaunkhri(PAU)

Bangalore(UAS_B)

Bangalore(UAS_B)

Chianki (BAU)

Fig.1. Location of AICRPDA Network Centers


9

Biajpur(UAS_D)

Hisar (CCSHAU)

BiswanathChariali(AAU)

Indore(RVSKVV)

Chianki(BAU)

Solapur(MPKV)

Hisar (CCSHAU)Indore(RVSKVV)Jagdalpur(IGAU)Kovi8lpatti(TNAU)Parbhani(MAU)Phulbani(OUA&T)Rajkot (JAU)Rewa(JNKVV)SK Nagar(SDAU)Solapur(MPKV)

The AICRPDA Network centers have been included in the National Initiative on ClimateResilient Agriculture (NICRA) Project of ICAR for taking up demonstration and research activities atvarious dryland centers in a network mode. Accordingly, the following centers have been identified indifferent states of India. The demonstration components of NICRA have been finalized in these centersin a participatory mode.

Location of NICRA Projects under AICRPDA NetworkState/SAU/ICAR

Name of theCenter

Name of the Villages Districts Domain Districts

AndhraPradesh(ANGRAU,Hyderabad)

Anantapur 1. Aminabad2. Girigetla

Kurnool Anantapur andKurnool

Assam (AAU,Jorhat)

BiswanathChariali

3. Chamua Lakhimpur Sonitpur,Lakhimpur,Dhemaji andDarrang

Chattisgarh(IGKVV,Raipur)

Jagdalpur 4. Tadpal5. Gumiapad6. Pahkapal

Bastar Bastar, Dantewada,Bijapur andNarayanpur

Gujarat (GAU,Rajkot)

Rajkot 7. Pata Meghapar Jamnagar Rajkot, Jamnagar,Surendranagar,Amreli andBhavnagar


10

Gujarat(SK-DAU, SKNagar)

SK Nagar 8. Dholia9. Kalimati10. Chandanki

BanaskanthaMehasana

Banaskantha,Mehsana,Sabarkantha,Kutch, Patan andGandhinagar

Haryana(CCS HAU,Hisar)

Hisar 11. Budhsheli12. Charnod13. Balawas

Bhiwani Hisar, Bhiwani,Fatehbad andMehendragarh

Jammu &Kashimir(SKUA&T,Jammu)

RakhDhi9ansar

14. Khaner Rakh Dhiansar Jammu, Samba,Kathua, Udampurand Rushia

Jharkhand(BAU, Ranchi)

Chianki 15. Kumbhi-Pankheta Garhwa Palamu, Garhwa,Latehar, Chatra,Lordaga, Simdigaand Bhumla

Karnataka(UAS,Bengaluru)

Bengaluru 16. Chikkamaranahalli(i) Chikkamaranahalli

colony(ii) Chickaputtyanapalya(iii) Hosapalya(iv) Mudalapalya

BengaluruRural

Tumkur,Bengaluru rural,Bengaluru urban,Ramanagar, Kolarand Chickballapur

Karnataka(UAS_Dharwad)

Bijapur 17. Kaulagi Bijapur Bijapur, Bagalkot,Gadag, Koppal,Bellary, Dharwad,Belgaum, Raichurand Davangere

MadhyaPradesh(JNKVV,Jabalpur)

Rewa 18. Patauna Rewa Rewa, Jabalpur,Panna, Singraouli,Satna, Katni, Seoniand Sidhi

MadhyaPradesh(RVSKVV,Gwalior)

Indore 19. Ningmoti Indore Indore, Dhar,Ratlam, Dewas,Ujjain, Shajapur,Mandsour,Neemuch, Jhabuaand Rajgarh

Maharashtra(Dr.PDKV,Akola)

Akola 20. Warkhed21. Belura

Akola Akola, Buldana,Washim,Amaravati andYavatmal

Maharashtra(MAU,Parbhani)

Parbhani 22. Pangri Parbhani Aurangabad, Jalna,Parbhani, Singole,Nanded,Osmanabad andLathur


11

MaharashtraMPKV, Rahuri1

Solapur 23. Raleras Solapur SXolapur,Ahmednagar,Dhule, Pu7ne,Nasik, Satara,Aurangabad,Jalgaon,Nandoorbar,Sangli, Beed andKolhapur

Orisa (OUA&T,Bhubaneswar)

Phulbani` 24. Budhadani Kandamal Kandhamal,(Phulbani),Hoshiarpur,Gurdaspur andRoopnagar (Ropar)

Rajasthan(MPUA&T,Udaipur)

Arjia 25. Kocharia26. Mandpiya27. Sola ka kheda28. Lapsiya29. Taraka kheda

BhilwaraRajsamand

Bhilwsara,Chittorgarh,Rajsamand,Udaipur and Serohi

Tamil Nadu(TNAU,Coimbatore)

Kovilpatti 30. Nakkalamuthanpatti31. Kalugachalipuram

TuticorinThoothukkudi

Toothukudi,Tirunelveli,Virudhanagar andMadurai

Uttar Pradesh(NDUA&T,Faizabad)

Faizabad 32. Hardoia Faizabad Faizabad,Ambedkarnagar,Barabanki,Jaunpur, SultanpurBasti and Gonda

Uttar Pradesh(RBS College,Agra)

Agrta 33. Nagla Duleh khan Agra Agra, Aligarh,Etah, Firozabad,Hatraspur, Mathuraand Mainpuri

Uttar Pradesh(BHU _Varnaasi)

Varanasi 34. Terha Saraya Mirzapur Varanasi,Mirzapur,Sonebhadra,Chordoli and SantRabidash Nagar

Uttar Pradesh Jhansi 35. Kadesara Kala Lalitpur --


12

2. Resource Characterization

The AICRPDA network centers are located across arid, semiarid (dry and moist), sub-humid andclimates. In India, dry semi-arid areas form 12% of geographical area and receive a mean annual rainfallranging from 275.6 to 1910 mm with a growing season of 75-199 days. The wet semi-arid region constituting25.9 % of geographical area receives mean annual rainfall ranging from 750 1100 mm with a growing seasonup to 120 days. The crops and cropping systems are quite diverse in the semi-arid part of the country dependingon the length of growing season. Sorghum, cotton, soybean, groundnut and pulses are major crops grown in thiszone. The dry sub-humid areas constitute 21.1% of geographical area and receive a mean annual rainfall rangingfrom 1100 1600 mm. The high rainfall in these areas provides opportunities for water harvesting which can belinked with advantage to control water congestion of soil on one hand and runoff driven soil erosion, on theother.

In India, the rainfed areas have been divided into five major production systems to critically analyzethe crop and are specific problems and potentials. These are i) coarse cereals based, ii) groundnut based, iii)rainfed rice based, iv) cotton based and v) soybean based.

The coarse cereal based production system covers 34 districts located mostly in the western and centralparts of the country and the semi-arid hot high lands of the Deccan Plateau. The important crops grown in theseregions are sorghum, pearlmillet, maize, pigeonpea and other pulses, cotton and groundnut. The area receives amean annual rainfall of 648 mm with available water capacity (AWC) of 50-200 mm/meter.

The groundnut based production system is located in western plains, central high lands, semi-aridDeccan Plateau and Eastern Chats. It covers 16 districts mainly in the States of Gujarat, Karnataka and AndhraPradesh. The mean annual rainfall is 684 mm with 90-150 days of growing season. Saline and alkalinevertisols and alfisols are present in the area with an AWC of 50-150 mm/meter. Other important corps are rice,cotton and pulses.

The rainfed rice based production system is distributed in northern plains, Chattisgarh, Mahanadi basinand sub-humid eastern plateau mainly in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissacovering 34 districts. The area receives a mean annual rainfall of 1166 mm with 120-210 days of growingseason. Alfisols, inceptisols, entisols and related red soils dominate the zone with 50-200 mm/meter AWC.Besides rice, other important crops grown are wheat, groundnut and sugarcane.

The cotton based production system is located mostly in Deccan Plateau and hot semi-arid peninsularparts. The area receives a mean annual rainfall of 793 mm with 120-150 days of growing season. The dominantsoils are vertisols with 100-250 mm/meter AWC. The other associated crops grown in the production systemare sorghum, pigeonpea and groundnut.

The soybean based production system is mainly confined to the states of Madhya Pradesh and UttarPradesh in the central high lands, Malwa-Gujarat plains and Kathiawar peninsula. It covers 18 districts. Theother important crops grown are wheat, chickpea and sorghum. The mean annual rainfall is 1058 mm with120-180 days of growing season. The soils are mainly vertisols and related vertitic soils with 120 o 250 mm/meterAWC.

Weather DataThe network centers are basically engaged in collection, compilation and interpretation of weather data

like air temperature (oC), sun-shine (hr/day), wind speed (km/h), PET (mm), rainfall (mm) etc. The watersurplus (mm) and water deficit (mm) from this information is also calculated for interpretation of theexperimental results. The details are given in Table-1.


13

Table 1. Climate during SW monsoon (June September) in AICRPDA centers

CentreAESR Air

temperature(oC)

Sun-shine

(hr/day)

Windspeed

(km/h)

PET(mm)

Rainfall(mm)

Watersurplus(mm)

Waterdeficit(mm)

Max MinAgra 4.1 35.3 26.7 6.4 4.0 598 651 0 152Akola 6.3 32.8 24.2 4.9 8.6 604 925.8 0 49Anantapur 3.0 34.0 21.5 8.2 10.8 641 595.6 0 312Arjia 4.2 42.4 17.4 7.4 - 1681 593 125 655Bangalore 8.2 27.8 19.3 4.5 10.7 503 504.3 0 60Bellary 3.0 32.0 23.8 5.8 9.9 659 0 337Bijapur 3.0 31.0 21.6 6.7 9.4 622 575.9 0 228SK Nagar 5.2 30.2 18.7 8.3 5.2 572 1067.7 161 88Faizabad 9.2 30.8 19.1 7.3 - 1482 696.5 255 69Hisar 2.3 37.5 26.3 9.7 5.9 769 0 459BallowalSaunkhri

9.1 30.5 16.4 7.9 2.3 739 817.2 0 155

Indore 5.2 30.7 22.5 4.7 16.3 616 874 70 0Jhansi 4.4 34.5 26.1 6.6 5.0 619 50 0Kovilpatti 8.1 36.7 24.7 6.6 14.5 812 240.6 0 631Phulbani 12.1 36.6 23.5 7.5 6.8 478 912 609 0Rajkot 2.4 33.7 24.5 5.7 17.7 738 1144.5 0 157Rakh Dhiansar 14.2 29.0 17.3 5.0 - 700 1090.1 - 0Ranchi 12.3 30.4 22.7 4.3 4.3 455 597 0Rewa 10.3 31.4 19.1 8.4 4.6 688 584.3 173 74Solapur 6.1 32.3 22.3 4.6 8.6 589 666.1 0 67Varanasi 4.2 34.4 26.6 5.8 5.2 577 698.6 190 0

Rainfall situation during 2012

Rice based production systemAt Biswanath Chariali, a rainfall of 220 mm in April, 169 mm in May, 444 mm in June, 300 mm in

July, 324 mm in August and 298 mm in September was received. A total rainfall of 1521 mm was received in2012.

At Chianki, there was a rainfall of 1302 mm against a normal of 1180 mm. There was a rainfall of 126,406, 402 and 258 mm against a normal of 157, 375, 304 and 203 mm in June, July, August and Septemberrespectively.

Faizabad received a rainfall of 792 mm against a normal of 981 mm during 2012. There was a rainfallof 22.5 mm in June, 283 mm in July, 284 mm in August against a normal of 133, 288 and 300 mm respectively.

At Jagadalpur, a rainfall of 157 mm was received in June, 400 mm in July, 487 mm in August and 425mm in September. A total rainfall of 1115 mm was received in 2012.

At Phulbani, there was above normal rainfall of 1696 mm compared to a normal of 1407 mm. Therewas a rainfall of 181 mm in June against a normal of 189 mm, 384 mm in July against normal of 350 mm, 510mm in August against a normal of 383 mm and 290 mm in September against a normal of 228 mm.

At Varanasi, there was a rainfall of 736 mm was received against a normal rainfall of 1082 mm. 78.5mm rainfall received in June month. There was a rainfall of 317, 149 and 140 mm was received in July, Augustand September against a normal of 86.8, 293.3, 336.9 and 227.5 mm respectively.

Maize based production systemAt Arjia, a rainfall of 722 mm was received against a normal of 565 mm in 2012. June received a

rainfall of 24.9 mm against a normal of 73.5 mm, while July received 127 mm against 303 mm, August received248.8 mm against 138.8 mm and September received 109 mm against normal of 96.6 mm.

At Ballowal Saunkhri, an annual rainfall 625 mm was received against a normal of 1081 mm. Therewas a rainfall of 11 mm in June, 152 mm in July, 235 mm in August, and 99 mm in September against a normalrainfall of 108, 288, 304 and 161 mm respectively.


14

At Rakh Dhiansar, a rainfall of 1424 mm was received in 2012 against normal rainfall of 1148 mm. Amonthly rainfall of 13, 315, 583 and 224 mm against a normal rainfall of 91, 323, 334 and 137 mm in June,July, August and September respectively was received.

Groundnut based production systemAt Anantapur, a rainfall of 466 mm was received against a normal of 570 mm in 2012. June received

32 mm against a normal of 56 mm, while July received 110 mm against 74.7 mm, August received 67 mmagainst 85.2 mm, September received 81 mm against 136 mm and October received 44 mm against 102 mm.There was a rainfall of 35.2 mm in May against a normal of 51 mm, while there was a rainfall of 37 mm inNovember against a normal of 34.6 mm.

At Rajkot, an annual rainfall 405 mm was received against a normal of 590 mm in 2012. There was arainfall of 97, 46, 27 and 236 mm in June, July, August and September against a normal of 97.2, 22.2, 165.6 and73.9 mm respectively.

Soybean based production systemIndore received an annual rainfall of 1022 mm against a normal rainfall of 958.0 mm in 2012. A

rainfall of 34 mm in June, 410 mm in July, 239 mm in August and 175 mm in September was received against anormal of 120.8, 260.8, 225.4 and 247.5 mm respectively. There was no rainfall in October and Novemberagainst a normal of 40 and 18 mm respectively.

At Rewa, a rainfall of 1340mm was received against a normal of 1087.2 mm in 2012. There was arainfall of 549 mm in July, 470 mm in August and 238 mm in September against a normal rainfall of 308.8,337.4 and 199.1 mm respectively. There was a rainfall of 21 mm in October and no rainfall in Novemberagainst a normal of 32 and 10 mm respectively.

Cotton based production systemAt Akola, a total rainfall 701 mm was received against a normal of 812 mm in 2012. There was a

rainfall of 111, 271, 106 and 154 mm in June, July, August and September against a normal of 151.7, 209, 206and 111 mm respectively.

At Kovilpatti, a rainfall of 393 mm was received against a normal of 738 mm in 2012. There wasrainfall of 188 mm against a normal of 185.7 mm in October, 25.2 mm against 154.7 mm in November and 15.4mm against 58.9 in December under North-East monsoon. August received a rainfall of 15 mm against anormal of 35, while September received a rainfall of 4.6 mm against a normal of 75 mm.

At Parbhani, an annual rainfall of 688 mm was received against a normal of 963.0 mm in 2012. Therewas a monthly rainfall of 82.5 mm in June, 231.3 mm in July, 71.1 mm in August, 244.1 mm in September and49 mm in October and 4.2 mml in November during 2012.

Sorghum based production systemAt Bijapur, a normal rainfall 526 mm was received against a normal of 595.1 mm in 2012. There was a

rainfall of 26, 72.4, 60, 87.4 and 179.6 mm against a normal of 86.0, 72.9, 78.1, 151.6 and 96.2 mm in June,July, August, September and October respectively.

At Solapur, there was a rainfall of 661 mm against a normal of 721.4 mm. A rainfall of 70.7, 83.5,96.4, 155.4 and 141.5 mm was received against a normal of 107.1, 115.8, 139.6, 172.7 and 97.9 mm in June,July, August, September and October respectively.

Pearlmillet based production systemAt Agra, there was a rainfall of 731 mm against a normal of 663 mm in 2012. 4.5 mm rainfall received

in June against a normal of 51.5 mm. July received 199.8 mm against a normal of 238.6 mm while Augustreceived 325.9 mm against a normal of 207.2 mm and September received 149.5 mm against a normal of 89.8mm. There was no rainfall in October and November against a normal of 24.0 and 2.0 mm respectively.

At Hisar, a rainfall of 330 mm was received against a normal of 412.0 mm 2012. A monthly rainfallof 14.3, 63.8, 176.5 and 18.6 mm was received in June, July, August, and September against a normal of 47.4,122.4, 125.6 and 40.4 mm respectively.


15

At SK Nagar, an annual rainfall of 628 mm was received against a normal of 806.0 mm in 2011.There was a rainfall of 38 mm in the month of June against a normal of 87.3 mm. There was a rainfall of 171.3,225.9 and 191.8 mm in July, August and September against a normal of 278.2, 275.4 and 142.0 mmrespectively.

Fingermillet based production systemAt Bangalore, there was a rainfall of 26.6mm in June, 97.2 mm in July, 100.1 mm in August, 29.2 mm

in September and 64.2 mm in October against a normal of 81.7, 103, 129, 203.2 and 173.9 mm respectively.There was an annual rainfall of 572 mm against a normal of 923.1 mm in 2012.

Production-system-wise and center-wise rainfall data is given in Table-2.

2.2 SoilsThe soils of rainfed regions are characterized by low organic matter, alkaline to slightly acidic reaction

on CaCO3 accumulation in the upper of 150 cm of soil, weak to moderate profile development, coarse tomedium texture and low biological activity. The AICRPDA centers have been located at each of these soil types(Table-3). Except vertisols, most of the soils are coarse textured and are poor in retaining rain water andnutrients. The crops grown on these soils are normally prone to drought and nutrient deficiencies. Due to loworganic matter content, particle aggregation is inadequate. High friability makes the soils prone to erosion. Theinfiltration rate of water is low both in vertisols and alfisols due to swelling of clay in the former and crustformation in the latter. With the exception of some vertisols, which are rich in bases, the rainfed soils aregenerally low in fertility because of poor organic matter content and their origin from nutrient poor base.


13

Table 2. Production system wise and month wise Rainfall of AICRPDA centres during 2012Centre Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TotalRice Based Production systemBiswanath Chariali 12.8 2.8 39.6 219.6 168.8 444.2 300.4 324.1 297.6 149.2 0 5.6 1965Chianki 51.4 0 0 3.9 0 126 405.7 402.1 258.2 23 86.6 0 1357Faizabad 64.6 17.2 4.2 0 0 22.5 282.5 284.4 203 0 0 0 792.4Jagadalpur 39.4 0 1.8 87.7 25.8 157.2 399.8 486.7 424.8 54.4 20.9 0 1699Phulbani 142 1 0 21 0 181 384.1 510.3 290.4 136.8 29 0 1696Varanasi 28.2 0 6.4 10.3 0 78.5 317.1 149.2 139.7 6.4 0 0 736Maize Based Production systemArjia 0 0 0 27.2 33.4 24.9 127.1 302.6 109.3 0.8 0 0 625Ballowal Saunkhri 48.2 11.8 5.3 37.6 1.1 10.6 152.2 235 99.2 1.9 0 22 625Rakh Dhiansar 94.3 35.3 28.9 46.4 9.2 13.1 314.8 583.4 223.7 0.2 5.4 69.2 1424Fingermillet Based Production systemBangalore 0 0 0.4 8.6 84.4 26.6 97.2 100.1 29.2 64.2 150 11.2 572Pearlmillet Based Production systemAgra 42 0 0 9.3 0 4.5 199.8 325.9 149.5 0 0 0 731Hisar 7.2 0 0 26.9 15.6 14.3 63.8 176.5 18.6 7.3 1 6.2 337.4SK Nagar 0 0 0 0 0 38 171.3 225.9 191.8 1.2 0 0 628Sorghum Based Production systemBijapur 0 0 0 67.5 7.8 26 72.4 60 87.4 179.6 24.8 0 526Solapur 0 0 0 12.3 20.4 70.7 83.5 96.4 155.4 97.9 21.6 6 564.2Soybean Based Production systemIndore 0 0 0 0 83.7 34.4 490 239.1 174.7 0 0 0 1021.9Rewa 32.4 0 17.8 0 0 4.9 549 469.8 237.6 21.2 0 7.4 1340Groundnut Based Production systemAnantapur 0 0 2.6 28.6 35.2 31.8 109.6 66.6 81.4 43.8 36.8 9.4 445.8Rajkot 96.7 45.5 26.7 236 0 0 0 404.9Cotton Based Production systemAkola 6.2 0 0 0.7 10.1 111 270.7 106 154 42.4 0 0 701.1Kovilpatti 0.8 1.8 6.4 101.8 32.4 0 1.8 15 4.6 187.7 25.2 15.4 392.9Pharbani 0 0 0 0.6 5.4 82.5 231.3 71.1 244.1 49 4.2 0 688.2


14

Table 3. Major characteristics of soils of dryland research centers in India

Center AESR Climate pH (1:2) /Electrical

conductivity(ds m-1)

Organiccarbon

(%)

Phosphate& potashcontent(kg/ha)

Probabledeficiencyof other

nutrients

Meanannualrainfall(mm)

AlfisolsAnantapur 3.0 Arid

(AWC 5-6 cm)6.0-7.0

0.03-0.050.25-0.30 10-15

50-200Zinc 466

Hyderabad 7.0 Semi-arid(AWC 5-13 cm)

5.5 6.50.05-0.20

0.50-0.75 8-12180-250

Sulphur,calcium,zinc, boron,molybdenum

750

Bangalore 8.2 Semi-arid(AWC 5-13 cm)

5.5-6.50.05-0.20

0.50-0.75 8-12180-250

Sulphur,calcium,zinc, boron,molybdenum

787

AridisolsJodhpur 2.1 Arid

(AWC 5-9 cm)7.5-8.0

0.15-0.200.15-0.22 12-18

280-400Zinc 380

Hisar 2.3 Arid (AWC 5-9cm)

7.5-8.00.15-0.20

0.15-0.22 280-400 275.6

SK Nagar 2.3 Semi-arid (AWC10-15 cm)

7.5-8.00.05-0.08

0.25-0.30 20-35125-200

915.3

InceptisolsAgra 4.1 Arid

(AWC 5-6 cm)7.5-8.0

0.75-0.900.20-0.38 15-25

250-350538

BallowalSaunkhri

9.1 Dry Sub-humid(AWC 20-25 cm)

7.5-8.00.75-0.90

0.20-0.38 15-25250-350

1436.7

Varanasi 9.2 Dry sub-humid(AWC 20-25 cm)

7.0-7.50.05-0.30

0.10-0.25 15-3580-150

1213.5

RakhDhiansar

14.2 Dry sub-humid(AWC 20-25 cm)

7.0-7.50.05-0.30

0.10-0.25 15-3580-150

1275

OxisolsPhulbani 12.2 Moist sub-humid

(AWC 12-24 cm)5.0-6.0

0.02-0.300.30-0.45 10-25

200-3501337

Ranchi 12.3 Moist sub-humid(AWC 12-24 cm)

5.0-6.00.02-0.30

0.30-0.45 10-25200-350

Calcium 1382.6

Vertic InceptisolsRajkot 2.4 Arid

(AWC 9-11 cm)7.5-8.0

0.15-0.200.50-0.70 25-30

350-4251142.2

Jhansi 4.4 Semi-arid(AWC 10-12 cm)

7.8-8.50.25-0.40

0.40-0.60 8-15500-650

936

Kovilpatti 8.1 Semi-arid(AWC 10-12 cm)

7.8-8.50.25-0.40

0.40-0.60 8-15500-650

Sulphur,calcium

787.6

VertisolsAkola 6.3 Semi-arid

(AWC 18-40 cm)7.5-8.5

0.20-0.350.20-0.35 20-40

500-800825

AWC Available Water Capacity


15

Rice Based Production System

Normal = 1865Actual = 1965



Fig-1. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Biswanath Chariali

Fig-2. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Chianki

Fig-3. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Faizabad


16




Fig-5. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Phulbani

Fig-4. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Jagdalpur

Fig-6. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Varanasi


17

Maize Based Production System




Fig-7. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Arjia

Fig-8. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Ballowal Saunkhri

Fig-9. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Rakh Dhiansar


18

Fingermillet Based Production System

Pearlmillet Based Production System




Fig-10. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Bangalore

Fig-11. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Agra

Fig-12. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Hisar


19

Sorghum Based Production System




Fig-13. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at SK. Nagar

Fig-14. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Bijapur

Fig-15. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Solapur


20

Soybean Based Production System



Fig-16. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Indore

Fig-17. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Rewa


21

Groundnut Based Production System



Fig-18. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Anantapur

Fig-19. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Rajkot


22

Cotton Based Production System




Fig-20. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Akola

Fig-21. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Kovilpatti

Fig-22. Normal & actual (2012) monthly rainfall at Parbhani


23


3.1 Rice Based Production System

3.1.1 Rainwater management

At Biswanath Chariali, in a study on agro-climatic resource characterization and crop planning of Sonitpurdistrict, it is observed that there was a gap between cultivation of crops and agro-met advisory services. Since,there was a wide variation of occurrence of rainfall during the year and also in different years. Therefore, 40years rainfall data of Sonitpur district of Assam will be analysed to determine rainfall probability and based on itcrop planning for the whole year will be done (Figures)..

0100200300400500

Jan

Feb

0

50

100

150

200

30.4 43.8

PET

(mm

)

Fig-23. Actual and assured rainfall at 30%, 40% and 75% probability levels at differentmonths

Fig-24. Monthly Potential Evaporation of Biswanath Chariali


23





Feb

Mar

Apr

il

May

June July

Aug

Sep

t

Oct

Nov

Actual 30% 50% 75%

30.4 43.868

94.6

132.9159.2 165156.5

135.9

88.5

52.1




23





Nov

Dec

75%

88.5

52.1 41.7




24

Fig-25. Weekly yield of Tea during 2012 Biswanath Chariali

At Faizabad, paired row sowing of pigeonpea on ridge and rice in furrow was superior with maximum riceequivalent yield of 6119 kg/ha, net returns of Rs. 41190/ha, BC ratio of 3.06 and RWUE of 7.06 kg/ha/mm ascompared to sole rice with lowest yield of 1227 kg/ha, BC ratio of 0.82 and RWUE of 1.50 kg/ha/mm(Table.4).

Table-4. In-situ moisture conservation in rice pigeonpea intercropping system Faizabad

Treatments Seed yieldof rice/

pigeonpea(kg/ha)

Riceequivalent

yield(kg/ha)

Cost ofcultivation

(Rs/ha)

Grossreturns(Rs/ha)

Netreturns(Rs/ha)

BCratio

RWUE(kg/ha/mm)

Sole pigeonpea 1261 3811 12500 38110 25600 3.05 4.22Sole rice 1227 1227 15000 12270 (-) 4730 0.82 1.50Pigeonpea + rice (1:2) 1066

(1042)*4271 18500 42710 24210 2.31 4.62

Pigeonpea + rice (1:2)(ridge - furrow sowing)

1439(1406)*

5756 20000 57560 37560 2.88 6.52

Paired row sowing ofpigeonpea on ridge andpaddy in furrow

1536(1512)*

6119 20000 61190 41190 3.06 7.06

SEm () - 158 - - - - -

CD (5%) - 488 - - - - -

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Yiel

d(q/

ha)

Standard Meteorological Week

Weekly yield (q/ha) of Tea under different microclimate during 2012

Under Arecanut(T1) Without shade(T2) Under Rubber(T3) Normal shade tree(T4)


25

Intercrop yield

Fig-26. Paired row sowing of pigeonpea on ridges and rice in furrows - Faizabad

In an assessment of bund height and 3 dates of sowing of rice at Faizabad, 10 cm height was superior withmaximum grain yield of 2630 kg/ha, straw yield of 3080 kg/ha, output energy of 79661 MJ/ha and RWUE of4.09 kg/ha/mm. Among dates of sowing, sowing on 5th July was efficient with maximum grain yield of 2630kg/ha straw yield of 3250 kg/ha, output energy of 78760 MJ/ha and RWUE of 4.00 kg/ha/mm (Table-5).

Table -5. Enhancing water productivity in rice by optimizing bund height and dates of sowing - Faizabad

Treatments Grainyield

(kg/ha)

Strawyield

(kg/ha)

Totalinput

energy(MJ/ha)

Energyproductivity

(kg/MJ)

Output energy (MJ/ha) RWUE(kg/ha/mm)

Grain Straw Total

Bund heightB1 (5.0 CM) 2287 2686 7955.0 0.3 33619 33575 67194 3.56B2 (7.5 CM) 2500 2950 7957.3 0.3 36750 36875 73625 3.89B3 (10.0 CM) 2630 3280 7959.6 0.3 38661 41000 79661 4.09SEm () 80 77 - - - - - -CD (5%) 239 230 - - - - - -

Date of sowingD1 (5

th July) 2630 3250 7957.3 0.3 38135 40625 78760 4.00D2 (12

th July) 2477 2951 7957.3 0.3 35917 36888 72805 3.97D3 (19

th July) 2310 2715 7957.3 0.3 33495 33938 67433 3.82SEm () 80 77 - - - - - -CD (5%) 239 230 - - - - - -

At Jagdalpur, in an evaluation of raised and sunken bed method for different crops, rice performed better underhalf feet excavation with one feet excavation FYM and silt application with grain yield of 24-56 kg/ha andRWUE of 1.61 kg/ha/mm was recorded as compared to FYM, where in rice yield of 1824 kg/ha with RWUE of1.98 kg/ha/mm was recorded. However, sesame and sorghum performed relatively better under one feetexcavation with yield of 663 and 365 kg/ha and RWUE of 0.40 and 0.24 kg/ha/mm respectively (Table-6).


26

Table-6. Evaluation of Raised and Sunken Bed technique of in-situ moisture conservation for uplandfarming - Jagdalpur

Treatments Mean yield (kg/ha) & RWUE (kg/ha/mm)Plant

height (cm)No. oftillers

Panicle length(cm)

Grain yield(kg/ha)

RWUE(kg/ha/mm)

feet excavationRice (FYM & tank silt) 107.0 4.2 18.5 2456 1.61Rice (Control) 106.2 3.7 18.3 2248 1.48Sesame 122.9 12.3 49.3 587 0.39Sorghum 247.4 7.7 22.9 321 0.21

1 feet excavationRice ( FYM & tank silt) 106.4 3.8 18.2 1833 1.20Rice (Control) 106.1 3.7 18.1 1824 1.98Sesame 136.5 11.3 70.7 663 0.40Sorghum 230.3 7.3 20.9 365 0.24

In an assessment of micro site improvement for moisture conservation for mango at Jagdalpur, U shaped pitsfound superior with maximum plant height of 159.29 cm, plant girth of 10.05 cm. However semi- circular bundswere also superior for attaining maximum canopy spread for 21.66 cm in East-West direction and 18.23 cmNorth-South direction (Table-7).

Table-7. Evaluation of microsite improvement structures for establishing mango orchard - Jagdalpur

Treatments Plantheight(cm)

Plantgirth(cm)

Canopy (cm)East-West

North -South

Semi circular bunds 103.3 7.1 21.7 18.2

Trapezoidal bunds 144.3 8.0 9.1 9.8

U shaped pits 159.3 10.0 13.9 15.3

Continuous Contour Trenches 156.6 8.4 18.4 15.9

Staggered Contour trenches 152.7 7.3 17.5 14.9E-W: East-west; N-S: North-south

Under midland (Mal) situation at Jagdalpur, chickpea attained yield of 746 and 688 kg/ha with RWUE of 0.86and 0.80 kg/ha/mm in two farmers field. The field pea gave yield of 714 kg/ha with RWUE of 0.83 kg/ha/mm inone farmer field. Under low land (Gabba) situation, chickpea attained yield of 821and 797 kg/ha with RWUE of1.43 and 14.39 kg/ha/mm respectively in two farmers fields. Field pea attained yield of 810 kg/ha with RWUEof 1.41 kg/ha/mm in one farmer field (Table-8).

Table-8. Catchment-storage-commend relationship for the farming situation of bunded midland (Mal)and lowland (Gabbar) (Area 1.5 acre) for use of harvested rainwater Jagdalpur

Midland (Mal) farming situationName of Farmers Crops Yield (kg/ha) RWUE (kg/ha/mm) Nitrogen fixation (kg)Lakshman/Ramu Chickpea 746 0.9 16.4Sampat/ Ramu Chickpea 688 0.8 15.9Lakhmu/Sampat Field pea 714 0.8 16.0

Lowland (Gabbar) farming situationName of Farmers Crops Yield (kg/ha) RWUE (kg/ha /mm) Nitrogen fixation (kg)Suckchand/Mosu Chickpea 821 1.4 18.9


27

Somnath/Samdhu Chickpea 797 1.4 18.0Lachmani/Samdhu Field pea 810 1.4 17.4

At Jagdalpur, after rice among different vegetable crops were cultivated by giving supplemental irrigation forthe harvested rainwater, maximum yield of 37423 kg/ha and RWUE of 23.29 kg/ha/mm were attained bybottle gourd. Pumpkin was the second best with yield of 20526 kg/ha and RWUE of 12.78 kg/ha/mm. Tindagave lowest yield of 5982 kg/ha and RWUE of 3.72 kg/ha/mm (Table-9).

Table-9. Efficient utilization of harvested rainwater for cultivation of vegetable crops after rice Jagdalpur

Fig-28. Performance of vegetable crops under supplemental irrigation

At Jagdalpur, after rice mulching with rice straw enhanced the yields of wheat, sweetcorn, sunflower andvegetable crops as compared to no mulching (Table-10).

Table-10. Productivity and economics of rice-based cropping system under different mulches JagdalpurTreatments Yield (kg/ha)

Treatments Fruit yield (kg/ha) RWUE(kg/ha/mm)

Bottle gourd 37423 23.29Pumpkin 20536 12.78Watermelon 12634 7.86Sponge gourd 8885 5.53Tinda 5982 3.72CD (5%) 545 -SEm () 175 -CV (%) 20.5 -

Fig-27. Crop grown under catchment - storage command relations


27











27











28

Without mulch With Mulch

Wheat 3426 3168Sweetcorn 4886905 4321429Sunflower 1877 1937Bottle gourd

25774 27619Tomato 20536 2381CD (5%) NS 250081SEm () 27191 83406

Among different methods adopted for utilization of conserved water for different vegetable crops at Phulbani,continuous furrow method was superior compared to skip furrow and no irrigation methods. The maximumradish equivalent yield of 41429 kg/ha was attained in radish with continuous furrow irrigation while maximumgross income of Rs. 290000/ha, net income (Rs. 240000/ha) and BC ratio of 5.80 were attained by yam bean(Table-11).

Table-11. Evaluation of efficient utilization of harvested rainwater for vegetable crops PhulbaniTreatments Yield

(kg/ha)Gross

returns(Rs/ha)

Netreturns(Rs/ha)

BCratio

REY(kg/ha)

% increase inREY over

No irrigationCrop IrrigationRadish Continuous furrow 22595 158165 118165 3.95 22595 86

Skip furrow 21214 148498 111498 4.01 21214 75No irrigation 12143 85001 51001 2.50 12143 -

Cauliflower Continuous furrow 6607 165175 115175 3.30 23596 101Skip furrow 5714 142850 95850 3.04 20408 74No irrigation 3286 82150 38150 1.87 11735 -

Yambean Continuous furrow 14500 290000 240000 5.80 41429 105Skip furrow 12107 242140 195140 5.15 34592 71

No irrigation 7083 141660 97660 3.22 20238 -Okra Continuous furrow 6714 100710 58710 2.40 14388 55


REY: Radish equivalent yield

Among different mulches evaluated for four vegetable crops at Phulbani, plastic mulch was superior comparedto organic mulch and no mulch. The plastic mulch gave maximum gross income of Rs. 239200/ha, net incomeof 187200/ha, BC ratio of 4.60 and radish equivalent yield of 34171 kg/ha from yambean crop. The lowest gross

Fig-29. Performance of bottle gourd with mulching - Jagdalpur


28



25774 27619Tomato 20536 2381CD (5%) NS 250081SEm () 27191 83406



(kg/ha)Gross

returns(Rs/ha)

Netreturns(Rs/ha)

BCratio

REY(kg/ha)












28



25774 27619Tomato 20536 2381CD (5%) NS 250081SEm () 27191 83406



(kg/ha)Gross

returns(Rs/ha)

Netreturns(Rs/ha)

BCratio

REY(kg/ha)












29

income of Rs.80190/ha, net income of Rs.46190/ha BC ratio of 2.36 and radish equivalent yield of 11456 kg/hawere attained without any mulch by evaluating okra (Table-12).

Table-12. Effect of mulching on yield of vegetable crops under rainfed condition Phulbani

Treatments Yield(kg/ha)

Grossreturns(Rs/ha)

Netreturns(Rs/ha)

BCratio

Radishequivalent

yield (kg/ha)Crop mulching

Radish Plastic mulch 20514 143598 101598 3.42 20514Organic mulch 19466 136262 99262 3.68 19466No mulch 14705 102935 68935 3.03 14705

Cauliflower Plastic mulch 6096 152400 100400 2.93 21770

Organic mulch 4993 124825 77825 2.66 17834No mulch 4156 103900 59900 2.36 14841

Yambean Plastic mulch 11960 239200 187200 4.60 34171Organic mulch 11133 222660 175660 4.74 31810

No mulch 8322 166440 122440 3.78 23778

Okra Plastic mulch 6537 98055 56055 2.33 14007Organic mulch 6184 92760 55760 2.51 13252No mulch 5346 80190 46190 2.36 11456

Among different drought management practices evaluated at Varanasi, late sowing of pearlmillet was superiorunder drought conditions with maximum gross returns of Rs.41000/ha, net returns of 27900/ka and BC ratio of2.91 from grain yield of 2000 kg/ha (Table-13).

Table-13. Drought management practices for mitigating droughts Varanasi

SM: Soil mulch LSI: Life sowing irrigation, GF: Grain filling, PI: Panicle initiationLSD: Late season drought

Sprays of nutrient/chemicals evaluated for mustard, maximum net returns of Rs.10084/ha with BC ratio of 1.84,RWUE of 7.81 kg/ha/mm from seed yield of 897 kg/ha were attained by 2% urea + 2% KCL + 2% agromin +6% Kaolin+ 0.4% Selenium. Application of 2% urea + 2% KCL + 2 % agromin was the second best with theyield of 782 kg/ha net returns of Rs. 7486/ha, BC ratio of 1.62 and RWUE of 5.87 kg/ha/mm (Table-14).

TreatmentsYield (kg/ha) Gross

returns(Rs/ha)

Netreturns(Rs/ha)

BCratioGrain Straw

Control 1457 2331 19378 4778 1.33SM 1083 1624 14078 (-) 523 (-) 1.04LSI (PI) 1500 2295 19635 5035 1.355SM + LSI (PI) 1580 2605 21245 6645 1.46LSI (GF) 1500 2220 19410 4810 1.33SM + LSI (GF) 1525 2455 20328 5728 1.39Rice + blackgram(Ridge furrow system)

2000 2400 24200 9600 1.66

Pearlmillet (Late sowing) 2000 8500 41000 27900 2.91

CD (5%) 537 - - - -


30

Table-14 . Response of mustard to foliar spray of nutrients/ chemicals for minimizing drought impact Varanasi

TreatmentsPlantheight(cm)

Branches/plant(No.)

Siliqua/plant(No.)

Yield(kg/ha)

Netreturns(Rs/ha)

BCRatio

RWUE(kg/ha/mm)

Control (No spray) 120.46 8.46 107.8 448 621 0.94 6.73

Water spray (2) 123.8 5.86 107.86 508 600 1.05 7.96

2% Urea 124.6 7 123.33 681 4841 1.40 6.73

2% KCL 121.2 6.93 104.73 515 5845 1.48 6.73

2% Agromin 123.06 6.93 111.26 741 6446 1.53 9.70

6% Kaolin 127.66 8 133.13 513 834 1.07 6.27

0.4% Selenium 133.33 5.73 120.8 540 1463 1.12 7.94

T3 + T4 + T5 120.06 5.26 92.86 782 7486 1.62 5.87

T6 + T7 120 4.73 86.6 550 1723 1.14 6.32

T8 + T9 127.66 6.86 176.4 897 10084 1.84 7.81

CD (5%) NS NS NS NS - - NS

CV % 7.3 29.9 31.3 26.9 - - 26.9

Among different vegetable and flower crops assessed with supplemental irrigation from the harvested rainwaterat Varanasi, bottle gourd was superior with maximum net returns of Rs.164530/ha, BC ratio of 5.88 from yieldof 19253/ha. Okra was the second best crop with net returns of Rs.43076/ha, BC ratio of 2.72 from yield of5673 kg/ha. However, viz; brinjal, tomato, chillis and marigold failed due to severe moisture stress as a result ofnon availability of harvested water (Table-15).

Table-15. Performance of high value crops under supplemental irrigation - Varanasi

* : Crop failed

Treatments Yield(kg/ha)

Gross return(Rs/ha)

Net return(Rs/ha)

BCratio

Crop(s)Okra 5673 68076 43076 2.72

Bottle gourd 19253 192530 164530 5.88Brinjal* - - - -Tomato* - - - -Chilli* - - - -Marigold * - - - -


31

Fig-30. Performing bottle gourd with supplemental irrigation - Varanasi

Among different foliar sprays evaluating in chickpea at Varanasi, maximum seed yield of 1519 kg/ha, stalkyield of 3210 kg/ha, net returns of Rs. 46157/ha, BC ratio of 4.39, were attained with application of 2% urea +6% Kaolin + 0.4% Selenium. 2% urea spray was the second best with seed yield of 1420 kg/ha, stalk yield of3040 kg/ha, net returns of Rs.42680/ha and BC ratio of 4.14 (Table-16).

Table-16. Effect of foliar sprays on the performance of rainfed chickpea Varanasi

TreatmentsSeed yield

(kg/ha)Stalk yield

(kg/ha)

Grossreturns(Rs/ha)

Netreturns(Rs/ha)

BCRatio

Control 1019 2135 40032 27032 3.08Water spray 1185 2378 46239 33039 3.502% urea spray 1420 3040 56280 42680 4.146% kaolin spray 1231 2630 48513 34913 3.570.4% Selenium 1259 2700 49647 36047 3.65Combined application of all nutrients(urea, KCL, kaoline and selenium

1519 3210 59757 46157 4.39

C D (5%) 153 - - - -CV (%) 11.7 - - - -

In an assessment of varieties of pea together with supplemental irrigation from harvested rainwater at Varanasi,AP-3 variety was superior with maximum seed yield of 2119 kg/ha and RWUE of 21.20 kg/ha/mm. Amongirrigation treatments, supplemental irrigation at flowering stage gave maximum seed yield of 2207 kg/ha withRWUE of 22.15 kg/ha/mm while minimum yield of 1553 kg/ha with RWUE of 15.27 kg/ha/mm were recordedwith no irrigation (Table-17).

Table-17. Catchment-Storage-Command relationship for enhancing water productivity - Efficientutilization of harvested water for growing pea - Varanasi

Treatments Seed yield(kg/ha)

Cost ofcultivation

(Rs/ha)

Mean yield(2 years)(kg/ha)

RWUE

(kg/ha/mm)

A. Pea variety (Main plot)V1 Malavia-15 1766 15300 1713 17.54V2 AP-3 2119 17622 2063 21.20S.Em () 78 - - -C.D.(5%) NS - - -C.V(%) - - - -


32

Among 5 vegetables evaluated in rabi season at Jagdalpur, maximum gross returns of Rs. 99773/ha, net returnsof Rs. 57275/ha and BC ratio of 2.35, RWUE of 10.23 kg/ha/mm from yield of 4989 kg/ha of cauliflower.Cabbage was the second best crop with the gross returns of Rs. 82820/ha, net returns of Rs.44210/ha and BCratio of 2.15, RWUE of 11.33 kg/ha/mm from yield of 5521 kg/ha. Brinjal attained the lowest gross returns ofRs. 45803/ha, net returns of Rs. 4544/ha and BC ratio of 1.11, RWUE of 16.78 kg/ha/mm from yield of 9161kg/ha in the study (Table-18).

Table-18. Design, development and evaluation of indigenous micro-irrigation systems specific tohomestead gardens in rabi Jagdalpur

TreatmentsYield

(kg/ha)RWUE

(kg/ha/mm)

Cost ofcultivation

(Rs/ha)

Grossreturns( Rs/ha)

Netreturns(Rs/ha)

BCRatio

Cabbage 5521 11.33 38610 82820 44210 2.15Cauliflower 4989 10.23 42498 99773 57275 2.35Tomato 10177 18.64 43310 81413 38104 1.88Brinjal 9161 16.78 41260 45803 4544 1.11Cowpea 5256 10.78 27314 52560 25246 1.92SEm () 692 - - - - -CD (5%) 209 - - - - -CV (%) 5.2 - - - - -

Fig-31. Indigenous Micro-irrigation Systems specific to homestead gardens during Rabi - Jagdalpur

At Jagdalpur, bottle gourd was profitable with indigenous micro-irrigation system for use of harvested rainwaterwith yield of 26800 kg/ha, gross returns of Rs.160800/ha, net returns of Rs.117902/ha, BC ratio of 3.75 andRWUE of 30.20 kg/ha/mm compared to this tomato crop attained yield of 28200 kg/ha with gross returns ofRs.141000/ha, net returns of Rs. 97890/ha, BC ratio of 3.27 and RWUE of 31.77 kg/ha/mm in the study(Table-19).

B. Supplemental Irrigation (sub plot)T1 - No irrigation 1553 14960 - 15.27T2- Supplemental irrigation at flowering 2207 16300 - 22.15T3- Supplemental irrigation at podding 2069 16340 - 20.70Mean 1943 - - -S.Em () 94 - - -CD (5%) 308 - - -CV (%) 11.9 - - -


33

Table-19. Model of indigenous micro-irrigation system for use of harvested rainwater for vegetablecultivation round the year in lowland farming situation Jagdalpur

Name of vegetableYield

(kg/ha)

Grossreturns(Rs/ha)

Cost of cultivationincluding micro-irrigation

system (Rs/ha)

Netreturns(Rs/ha)

BCratio

RWUE(kg/ha/mm)

Bottle gourd 26800 160800 42898 117902 3.75 30.20

Tomato 28200 141000 43110 97890 3.27 31.77

3.1.2 Cropping systems:

In a study on seed priming effect of toria at Biswanath Chariali, maximum seed yield of 756 kg/ha, RWUE of1.35 kg/ha/mm with BC ratio of 1.34 were attained when seeds were treated with 1% KH2PO4. Treating of seedswith 1% NaCl gave second best seed yield of (676 kg/ha) with RWUE of 1.26 kg/ha/mm and BC ratio of 1.25.The dry seeding of toria gave lowest yield of 579 kg/ha with RWUE of 1.03 kg/ha/mm and BC ratio of 1.06(Table-20).

Table-20. Effect of seed priming on growth and yield of toria Biswanath Chariali

In Biswanath Chariali an intercropping studies with sesame, greengram and blackgram crops, maximum netreturns of Rs.49861/ha with BC ratio of 5.20 and RWUE of 2.72 kg/ha/mm from sesame equivalent yield of1543 kg/ha along with LER of 1.60 were attained by the system of sesame + greengram (1:1). The solegreengram gave the second best net returns of 48416/ha and BC ratio of 4.62, RWUE of 3.72 kg/ha/mm fromsesame equivalent yield of 1545 kg/ha. The sole sesame gave lowest net returns of Rs.15985/ha and BC ratio of2.61, RWUE of 1.56 kg/ha/mm from sesame equivalent yield of 648 kg/ha (Table-21).

Table-21. Performance of sesame based intercropping systems - Biswanath Chariali

Treatments Grain yield (kg/ha) SEY(kg/ha)

RWUE(kg/ha/mm)

LER COC(Rs/ha)

NR( Rs/ha)

BCratioSesame Intercrop

Sesame Sole 648 --- 648 1.56 1.00 9935 15985 2.61Green gram -- 882 1545 3.72 1.00 13384 48416 4.62Black gram -- 980 1102 2.65 1.00 12837 31243 3.43S + GG (1:1) 542 667 1543 3.72 1.60 11859 49861 5.20S + GG (2:1) 532 554 1353 3.26 1.45 11085 43035 4.88S + GG (2:2) 553 525 1247 3.00 1.45 11859 39101 4.30S + GG (3:1) 473 434 1123 2.71 1.22 10997 33923 4.08S + BG (1:1) 518 825 1446 3.48 1.64 11586 46254 4.99S + BG (2:1) 570 567 1208 2.91 1.44 10992 37328 4.39S + BG (2:2) 439 896 1448 3.49 1.59 11586 46334 4.99S + BG (3:1) 532 472 1062 2.56 1.30 10860 31620 3.91

CD (5%) 118 153 253S: Sesame, GG: Greengram, BG: Blackgram, SEY: Sesame equivalent yield, COC: Cost of cultivation,

TreatmentsPlant

population/m2

Plantheight(cm)

Siliquae/plant

Testweight

(g)

Grainyield

(kg/ha)

RWUE(kg/ha/m

m)

Dura-tion

% increaseover drysowing

BCratio

Water Soaked 71 85 78 2.0 616 109 100 6.4 1.11

0.1% KOH 74 97 80 1.8 698 130 90 20.6 1.29Vermiwash 64 105 107 2.0 653 116 98 12.8 1.091% KCL 69 93 101 2.1 608 117 104 5.0 1.701%KH2PO4 73 107 120 2.9 756 135 93 30.6 1.341%Nacl 62 80 105 27 676 126 106 16.8 1.25Diathane M-45 68 89 102 2.8 611 109 98 5.5 1.09Dry seeding 69 79 109 2.4 579 103 97 - 1.06CD (5%) - NS NS NS 492 - - -


34

NR: Net returns, LER: Land equivalent ratio

In a comparative study of rice-based double cropping systems at Biswanath Chariali, maximum rice equivalentyield of 8963 kg/ha, net returns of Rs.40823/ha, BC ratio of 1.84 and RWUE of 1.41 kg/ha/mm of rice cropwere attained under rice-potato sequence. Rice-rajmah was the second best sequence with rice equivalent yieldof 6160 kg/ha, net returns of Rs. 38618/ha, BC of 2.71 and RWUE of 1.41 kg/ha/mm from rice crop. Rice-buckwheat gave the lowest rice equivalent yield of 2311 kg/ha with net returns of Rs. 2708/ha, BC of 1.13 andRWUE of 1.35 kg/ha/mm from rice crop (Table-22).

Table-22. Evaluation of rice - based double cropping systems under rainfed upland situationof Assam Biswanath Chariali

TreatmentsSeed yield (kg/ha)

REY(kg/ha)

Cost ofcultivation

(Rs/ha)

Netreturns(Rs/ha)

BCratio

RWUE(kg/ha/mm)

Rice Rabicrops

Rice Rabicrops

Rice Toria 1352 555 2717 23607 3493 1:15 1.36 99.10Rice Lathyrus 1325 562 2334 20607 2693 1:13 1.33 46.83Rice Pea 1374 507 2337 21972 1428 1:06 1.38 42.25Rice - Lentil 1216 667 2416 23582 518 1:02 1.22 119.00Rice - Linseed 1310 473 2491 22762 2138 1:09 1.36 39.40Rice - Buckwheat 1352 1070 2311 20392 2708 1:13 1.35 88.80Rice - Mustard 1367 722 3245 23457 8943 1:38 1.37 60.18Rice - Niger 1330 523 2663 20027 6573 1:33 1.33 43.61Rice - Chickpea 1354 380 2341 21182 2218 1:10 1.36 31.62Rice- Rajmah 1361 1200 6160 22482 38618 2:71 1.37 100.00Rice- Potato 1400 8000 8963 48777 40823 1:84 1.41 666.00Rice- Horsegram 1334 357 2408 20228 3872 1:19 1.35 13.51CD (5%) 1.01 - 396 - - - - -

REY: Rice equivalent yield

Among different combinations of rice varieties and maize populations for intercropping compatibility atChianki, maximum rice grain yield of 2266 kg/ha, maize grain yield of 633 kg/ha, with additional yield of 3172kg/ha were attained with Vandana variety of rice and 25% population of maize. The second best rice yield of2233 kg/ha with maize yield of 461 kg/ha and straw yield of 3126 kg/ha were attained by Vandana variety ofrice with 20% population of maize under intercropping systems (Table-23).

Table-23. To assess the compatibility for intercropping of popular maize and rice varieties- Chianki

Treatments Grainyield

(kg/ha)

Strawyield

(kg/ha)

Plantheight(cm)

1000 grainweight (gm)

Rice (Vandana) + maize (25% population) 2266(633)

3172 104.1(159)

25.0

Rice (BVD-109) + maize (25% population) 2050(600)

2870 107.0(176)

24.1


3126 103.8(167)

25.0


2846 107.2(185)

25.5


3050 104.0(190)

24.8


35


2738 106.5(172)

24.5


3045 103.5(107)

24.5


2654 106.1(156)

23.8

Figures in parenthesis- maize yield

Among different rabi crops evaluated at Chianki, under zero tillage conditions, maximum wheat equivalentyield of 2627 kg/ha was attained by chickpea, followed by wheat with yield of 2363 kg/ha toria gave lowestwheat equivalent yield of 467 kg/ha (Table-24).

Table-24. Performance of rabi crops after rice under zero tilled condition under medium landsituation Chianki

TreatmentsPlantheight(cm)

No of productive tillers (wheat)/capitulla (safflower)/ capsule

(linseed)/Siliqua (toria and mustard)/pods (chickpea) and pea (per m2)

Testweight

(g)

Yield(kg/ha)

Wheatequivalent

yield(kg/ha)

Wheat 86.6 146.3 33.5 2363 2363Pea 34.1 29.3 25.5 1164 1779Chickpea 30.5 193.5 22.8 976 2627Niger 45.5 189.0 6.4 364 756Safflower 73.0 38.2 8.5 1048 1451Mustard 95.1 30.4 4.1 375 729Toria 68.1 28.4 5.5 243 467Linseed 32.3 38.4 8.9 381 498SEm () - - - 53 69CD (5% ) - - - 161 198CV (%) - - - 11.9 9.1

In an assessment of planting techniques for pigeonpea, okra, cowpea and their intercropping systems atVaranasi, raised bed system gave maximum pigeonpea equivalent yield of 2615 kg/ha compared to flat bedpaired system with 2364 kg/ha. Among

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