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  • - Photocatalytic Degradation of Lindane in Potable Water Systems Amanda M. Nienow *,+, Irene C. Poyer*, Juan Cesar Bezares-Cruz*, Inez Hua*, Chad Jafvert*
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Photocatalytic Degradation of Lindane in Potable Water Systems Amanda M. Nienow *,+ , Irene C. Poyer*, Juan Cesar Bezares-Cruz*, Inez Hua*, Chad Jafvert* *Civil and Environmental Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 + Advanced Concepts and Technologies, International, Waco, TX 76710 OH • QUANTIFICATION • Lindane was analyzed on a Varian CP3800 Gas Chromatograph with Electron Capture Detection (GC/ECD). Compound separation was on a J&W Scientific DB5 (30m x 0.32mm x 0.25um film thickness). Helium carrier gas, Nitrogen makeup gas – flow rate ~2 mL/min. • Chloride was analyzed on a Dionex DX600 Ion Chromatography with Suppressed (ASRS Ultra 4mm) Conductivity Detection. IonPac AS17 analytical and AG17 guard columns for compound separation with a flow rate of 1.10 mL/min using a potassium hydroxide (KOH) eluent gradient of 5 mM to 35 mM over 18 min. ANALYTICAL METHODS KEY FINDINGS/CONCLUSIONS 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 5 10 15 20 25 Tim e /m in 2 H yd ro xyterep h th alic A cid C onc m M 1 m M H2O2 5 m M H2O2 10 m M H2O2 0 m M H2O2 [H 2 O 2 ] 0 (mM) 2-HTA (mM) [OH • ] Mi n (mM) [OH • ] Ma x (mM) 0 0.000 7 0.0007 0.002 1 0.435 0.435 1.24 5 0.683 0.683 1.95 10 0.345 0.345 0.99 MONITORING BY-PRODUCTS 1.Lindane is almost completely mineralized after 45 minutes of irradiation at 254 nm (with a photon flux of 7 10 -6 einstein/sec) to form chloride ions and small organic acids. 2.Lindane does not degrade via direct photolysis or by reaction with H 2 O 2 or O 3 alone. 3.The optimal conditions for removal of Lindane by UV/H 2 O 2 are a near- neutral pH, ~1 mM H 2 O 2 , and minimal amounts of dissolved organic matter. 4.H 2 O 2 photocatalysis is a viable pathway for degrading and removal of organic contaminants from potable water. ENVR 195 Terephthalic acid is commonly used in sonolysis to determine the concentration of OH • [1]. In the presence of the radical, terephthalic acid is transformed into 2- hydroxyterephthalic acid, a compound that fluoresces when excited at 315 nm. Terephthalic acid solutions, with the addition of H 2 O 2 , were irradiated and the products were detected with a SLM-Aminco Bowman Series 2 Luminescence Spectrophotometer. The concentration of 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid was then used to determine the OH • concentration. Irradiated solutions with 5 mM H 2 O 2 produced the highest OH • concentrations. The slower rate with higher H 2 O 2 additions is likely due to recombination of OH • . -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 0 10 20 30 40 Tim e /m in ln (Lindane / m M) pH 7 pH 3 pH 11 No Buffer(pH ~5) No Buffer(pH ~9) Initial pH k (min - 1 ) t ½ (min) 3 0.124 8.65 5* 0.188 5.33 7 0.175 5.51 9* 0.055 12.6 11 0.028 27.0 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Tim e /m in ln (Lindane / m M) no H 2O 2 no H A /FA 11.4 m g/L TotalH A and FA 19.2 m g/L TotalH A and FA Natural Organic Matter k (min - 1 ) None 0.582 10 mg/L IHSS Suwannee River Humic Acid 0.106 10 mg/L IHSS Suwannee River Fulvic Acid 0.166 • The fastest photodegradation reaction rates occurred between pH ~5 and pH 7, conditions most closely simulating those of natural groundwater. • At pH 9, completed without buffer, the pH dropped throughout the course of the reaction. Due to the change in pH, the observed reaction rate under these conditions is not necessarily first order. • At pH 11, Lindane undergoes hydrolysis. However, hydrolysis rate constants are an order of magnitude lower than the rate constants obtained in these experiments, suggesting that the PCO rate constants can be accurately determined by preparing basic solutions of Lindane immediately prior to use. (Note: Upon sitting for several days, hydrolysis products were observed in the basic Lindane solutions). • Humic and fulvic acids slow the photodegradation of lindane; at 19.2 mg/L total humic and fulvic acids, the reaction is just slightly faster than the direct photolysis of lindane. • Humic acid has a larger effect on the rate constant than fulvic acid. • Light attenuation and the scavenging of OH • by the humic and fulvic acids are the major causes of the drop in reaction rate constants. Note: [2] and 1. pH 2. Natural Organic Matter (as Humic and Fulvic Acids) • Complete dechlorination of the parent compound was confirmed and quantitated based on the known moles of Lindane and the expected moles of chloride. • The formation of an unidentified organic acid was observed during chloride analysis and suggests incomplete carbon mineralization. • pH dropped significantly suggesting formation of H + . • Additional experiments with longer exposure time are scheduled. * No buffer 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 10 20 30 40 50 Tim e /m in [Lindane]and [C l - ]/ m M 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 pH [Lindane]/uM C l-/uM pH Calculated M ax [C l - ](from C 0 ) s mgOC L OH DOM k 4 10 54 . 2 s mgC L OH Lind k 3 10 2 . 4 REFERENCES/ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS References: [1] Mason, T.J., Lorimer, J.P., Bates, D.M., Zhao, Y. “Dosimetry in sonochemistry: the use of aqueous terephthalate ion as a fluorescence monitor.” Ultrason. Sonochem., 1994, 1(2), S91-94. [2] Larson, R. A., Zepp, R. G., “Reactivity of the carbonate radical with aniline derivatives.” Environ. Tox. Chem., 1988, 7, 265-274. [3] Haag, W. R., Yao, C. C. D., “Rate constants for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with several drinking water contaminants.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 1992, 26, 1005-1013. Acknowledgements : Advanced Concepts and Technologies, International and TARDEC (U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center) for funding, and Dr. Changhe Xiao for assisting with organic synthesis and luminescence spectrophotometer analysis. A Rayonet RPR-100 Photochemical Reactor (right) is used to irradiate the aqueous samples. The reactor uses up to 16 lamps with a wavelength of 254 nm. Eight lamps were used in the experiments presented here. The photon flux, determined by chemical actinometry, is 7 10 -6 einstein/sec. A 660 mL quartz tube is placed inside the photochemical reactor. Aqueous solutions of Lindane (~ 0.1 mg/L or 4 mg/L) are added to the tube and irradiated for up to 20 minutes. Some solutions were buffered to pH values of 2.8, 7, or 11.2 with phosphate buffers. 5 mL of solution is removed at a series of reaction times and the contents are either extracted with an organic solvent (for analysis) or sacrificed to measure the pH of the solution. The concentration of the residual parent compound is determined through gas chromatographic analysis. Identification of by- products was accomplished by ion chromatography. Top View EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Rayonet RPR-100 Reactor EFFECT OF VARYING H 2 O 2 CONCENTRATION 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 [H 2 O 2 ]/m M k/ m in -1 0.26 uM Lindane 13 uM Lindane • The optimal H 2 O 2 concentration with both 0.26 mM and 13 mM Lindane was between 1 mM and 5 mM, which correlates well with the formation of OH • . • The drop in rate constants at higher H 2 O 2 concentrations is likely due to recombination of OH • , also observed in the terephthalic acid experiments (see OH • Quantification Box). OH O H light UV 2 2 2 OH O 3 HO 2 O 2 HO 2 H O 2 O 2 O 3 O 2 O 3 O 3 H HO 3 HO 3 O 2 OH OH O 3 HO 2 O 2 Increased terrorist activity in the United States and throughout the world has prompted concern over the security of the nations water sources, purification and distribution systems from possible chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) and/or toxic industrial chemicals and material (TICs /TIMs) contamination. Technologies, such as reverse osmosis (RO), used in water purification systems for monitoring and providing safe drinking water are effective for most compounds at normal operating conditions, but there are a number of CBRN agents as well as toxic industrial chemicals and materials (TICs and TIMs) that are not effectively removed by reverse osmosis (RO). The most promising removal technology to use in-line as a replacement for current polishing technologies have been identified and include photochemical processes, such as photocatalytic oxidation (PCO). These technologies will have the benefit of enhancing performance, reducing the logistical support requirements and potentially enabling continuous polishing treatment of the RO product water, thus reducing the risk of exposure to CBRN, TICS and TIMS. PCO can be broadly divided into direct or indirect photolysis, and homogeneous (single phase - UV/H 2 O 2 or UV/O 3 ) or heterogeneous (two or more phases, e.g., UV/TiO 2 ) systems. Direct photolysis requires target contaminants to possess a chromophore (a functional group on the molecule) which directly absorbs light and reacts. However, molecules without chromophores may participate in secondary photochemical reactions based on their interactions with free-radicals. In the case of H 2 O 2 , free-radicals can be generated during photolysis with UV light to produce a highly reactive hydroxyl radical (•OH) : Similarly, O 3 can decompose via photolysis or acid-base reactions. The aqueous O 3 reaction mechanism varies with pH (more alkaline systems favor ozone decomposition) and as a result produces several different free- radicals: The efficacy of engineered photochemical processes for destroying or transforming chemical agents in a homogeneous system (UV/H 2 O 2 or UV/O 3 ) has been investigated. Preliminary investigative work was completed on the degradation rates of the chlorinated pesticide lindane, one of the most stable toxic industrial chemicals (TICs). Results presented here are for lindane degradation via UV/H 2 O 2 testing effects of: 1.H 2 O 2 concentrations between 0 and 20 mM 2.pH 2.8, 5, 7, 9 or 11.2 3.Suwannee River Humic and Fulvic Acids (IHSS) INTRODUCTION Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Lindane TESTING EFFECTS OF pH and NOM

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  • -Photocatalytic Degradation of Lindanein Potable Water SystemsAmanda M. Nienow*,+, Irene C. Poyer*, Juan Cesar Bezares-Cruz*, Inez Hua*, Chad Jafvert**Civil and Environmental Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907+Advanced Concepts and Technologies, International, Waco, TX 76710OH QUANTIFICATIONKEY FINDINGS/CONCLUSIONSMONITORING BY-PRODUCTSLindane is almost completely mineralized after 45 minutes of irradiation at 254 nm (with a photon flux of 7 10-6 einstein/sec) to form chloride ions and small organic acids. Lindane does not degrade via direct photolysis or by reaction with H2O2 or O3 alone.The optimal conditions for removal of Lindane by UV/H2O2 are a near-neutral pH, ~1 mM H2O2, and minimal amounts of dissolved organic matter. H2O2 photocatalysis is a viable pathway for degrading and removal of organic contaminants from potable water. ENVR 195Terephthalic acid is commonly used in sonolysis to determine the concentration of OH [1]. In the presence of the radical, terephthalic acid is transformed into 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid, a compound that fluoresces when excited at 315 nm. Terephthalic acid solutions, with the addition of H2O2, were irradiated and the products were detected with a SLM-Aminco Bowman Series 2 Luminescence Spectrophotometer. The concentration of 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid was then used to determine the OH concentration.Irradiated solutions with 5 mM H2O2 produced the highest OH concentrations. The slower rate with higher H2O2 additions is likely due to recombination of OH.The fastest photodegradation reaction rates occurred between pH ~5 and pH 7, conditions most closely simulating those of natural groundwater. At pH 9, completed without buffer, the pH dropped throughout the course of the reaction. Due to the change in pH, the observed reaction rate under these conditions is not necessarily first order. At pH 11, Lindane undergoes hydrolysis. However, hydrolysis rate constants are an order of magnitude lower than the rate constants obtained in these experiments, suggesting that the PCO rate constants can be accurately determined by preparing basic solutions of Lindane immediately prior to use. (Note: Upon sitting for several days, hydrolysis products were observed in the basic Lindane solutions). Humic and fulvic acids slow the photodegradation of lindane; at 19.2 mg/L total humic and fulvic acids, the reaction is just slightly faster than the direct photolysis of lindane. Humic acid has a larger effect on the rate constant than fulvic acid. Light attenuation and the scavenging of OH by the humic and fulvic acids are the major causes of the drop in reaction rate constants. Note: [2] and [3].

    1. pH2. Natural Organic Matter (as Humic and Fulvic Acids)Complete dechlorination of the parent compound was confirmed and quantitated based on the known moles of Lindane and the expected moles of chloride.The formation of an unidentified organic acid was observed during chloride analysis and suggests incomplete carbon mineralization. pH dropped significantly suggesting formation of H+.Additional experiments with longer exposure time are scheduled.* No bufferREFERENCES/ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSReferences: [1] Mason, T.J., Lorimer, J.P., Bates, D.M., Zhao, Y. Dosimetry in sonochemistry: the use of aqueous terephthalate ion as a fluorescence monitor. Ultrason. Sonochem., 1994, 1(2), S91-94.[2] Larson, R. A., Zepp, R. G., Reactivity of the carbonate radical with aniline derivatives. Environ. Tox. Chem., 1988, 7, 265-274.[3] Haag, W. R., Yao, C. C. D., Rate constants for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with several drinking water contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1992, 26, 1005-1013.Acknowledgements: Advanced Concepts and Technologies, International and TARDEC (U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center) for funding, and Dr. Changhe Xiao for assisting with organic synthesis and luminescence spectrophotometer analysis. A Rayonet RPR-100 Photochemical Reactor (right) is used to irradiate the aqueous samples. The reactor uses up to 16 lamps with a wavelength of 254 nm. Eight lamps were used in the experiments presented here. The photon flux, determined by chemical actinometry, is 7 10-6 einstein/sec.

    A 660 mL quartz tube is placed inside the photochemical reactor. Aqueous solutions of Lindane (~ 0.1 mg/L or 4 mg/L) are added to the tube and irradiated for up to 20 minutes. Some solutions were buffered to pH values of 2.8, 7, or 11.2 with phosphate buffers.

    5 mL of solution is removed at a series of reaction times and the contents are either extracted with an organic solvent (for analysis) or sacrificed to measure the pH of the solution. The concentration of the residual parent compound is determined through gas chromatographic analysis. Identification of by-products was accomplished by ion chromatography.Top ViewEXPERIMENTAL METHODSRayonet RPR-100 ReactorEFFECT OF VARYING H2O2 CONCENTRATIONThe optimal H2O2 concentration with both 0.26 mM and 13 mM Lindane was between 1 mM and 5 mM, which correlates well with the formation of OH.The drop in rate constants at higher H2O2 concentrations is likely due to recombination of OH, also observed in the terephthalic acid experiments (see OH Quantification Box).

    Increased terrorist activity in the United States and throughout the world has prompted concern over the security of the nations water sources, purification and distribution systems from possible chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) and/or toxic industrial chemicals and material (TICs /TIMs) contamination. Technologies, such as reverse osmosis (RO), used in water purification systems for monitoring and providing safe drinking water are effective for most compounds at normal operating conditions, but there are a number of CBRN agents as well as toxic industrial chemicals and materials (TICs and TIMs) that are not effectively removed by reverse osmosis (RO). The most promising removal technology to use in-line as a replacement for current polishing technologies have been identified and include photochemical processes, such as photocatalytic oxidation (PCO). These technologies will have the benefit of enhancing performance, reducing the logistical support requirements and potentially enabling continuous polishing treatment of the RO product water, thus reducing the risk of exposure to CBRN, TICS and TIMS. PCO can be broadly divided into direct or indirect photolysis, and homogeneous (single phase - UV/H2O2 or UV/O3) or heterogeneous (two or more phases, e.g., UV/TiO2) systems. Direct photolysis requires target contaminants to possess a chromophore (a functional group on the molecule) which directly absorbs light and reacts. However, molecules without chromophores may participate in secondary photochemical reactions based on their interactions with free-radicals. In the case of H2O2, free-radicals can be generated during photolysis with UV light to produce a highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH) :

    Similarly, O3 can decompose via photolysis or acid-base reactions. The aqueous O3 reaction mechanism varies with pH (more alkaline systems favor ozone decomposition) and as a result produces several different free-radicals:

    The efficacy of engineered photochemical processes for destroying or transforming chemical agents in a homogeneous system (UV/H2O2 or UV/O3) has been investigated. Preliminary investigative work was completed on the degradation rates of the chlorinated pesticide lindane, one of the most stable toxic industrial chemicals (TICs).

    Results presented here are for lindane degradation via UV/H2O2 testing effects of:H2O2 concentrations between 0 and 20 mM pH 2.8, 5, 7, 9 or 11.2Suwannee River Humic and Fulvic Acids (IHSS)INTRODUCTIONTESTING EFFECTS OF pH and NOM

    [H2O2]0 (mM)2-HTA (mM)[OH]Min (mM)[OH]Max (mM)00.00070.00070.00210.4350.4351.2450.6830.6831.95100.3450.3450.99

    Initial pHk (min-1) t (min)30.1248.655*0.1885.3370.1755.519*0.05512.6110.02827.0

    Natural Organic Matterk (min-1)None0.58210 mg/L IHSS Suwannee River Humic Acid0.10610 mg/L IHSS Suwannee River Fulvic Acid0.166

    Chart1

    -0.7455808636-0.0051-0.6989710667-1.0577785595

    14.370943628564.30322750861.7827807581-0.9698355466

    54.7262334008186.143874769218.265060241-0.7939495207

    137.1464251165312.295488523479.6264180811-0.5301204819

    258.10887345464.4377803184132.0483686571-0.1783484302

    435.4394512356683.3301380705344.79219066050.7010816991

    1 mM H2O2

    5 mM H2O2

    10 mM H2O2

    0 mM H2O2

    Time / min

    2 Hydroxyterephthalic Acid Conc / mM

    Sheet1

    uMPeak Area

    232.5

    450.9

    8110.99

    14179.67

    20231.88

    1 mM H2O2DilutedActual

    TimeUndilutedDilutedCon / uMCon / uM

    03.55-0.7455808636-0.7455808636

    1175.4414.370943628514.3709436285

    368.64.975112127354.7262334008

    6153.812.4678568288137.1464251165

    10106.7048.3260926919258.10887345

    20171.7514.0464339108435.4394512356

    5 mM H2O2DilutedActual

    TimeUndilutedDilutedCon / uMCon / uM

    011.97-0.0051006947-0.0051

    178.55.845747955364.3032275086

    3204.4516.9221704336186.1438747692

    6126.5810.0740480169312.2954885234

    10149.212.0633189693464.43778031840-0.53-1.0577785595

    20213.8517.7488347551683.33013807051-0.02-0.9698355466

    30.58-0.7939495207

    62.18-0.5301204819

    104.64-0.1783484302

    2011.430.7010816991

    10 mM H2O2DilutedActual

    TimeUndilutedDilutedCon / uMCon / uM

    04.08-0.6989710667-0.6989710667

    132.31.78278075811.7827807581

    3219.7218.26506024118.265060241

    694.347.238765280179.6264180811

    10148.5312.0043971506132.0483686571

    20138.511.122328731344.7921906605

    Sheet1

    6/22/06

    2-Hydroxyterephthalic Acid Conc (uM)

    Peak Area

    Standard Curve for Dosimetry

    Sheet2

    Time / min

    2-Hydroxyterephthalic Acid Conc / uM

    Dosimetry Experiments with 5 mM H2O2

    Sheet3

    Time / min

    2-Hydroxyterephthalic Acid Conc. / uM

    Dosimetry Experiments with 10 mM H2O2

    Time / min

    2 Hydroxyterephthalic Acid Conc / uM

    Dosimetry Experiments with 1 mM H2O2

    -0.7455808636-0.0051-0.6989710667-1.0577785595

    14.370943628564.30322750861.7827807581-0.9698355466

    54.7262334008186.143874769218.265060241-0.7939495207

    137.1464251165312.295488523479.6264180811-0.5301204819

    258.10887345464.4377803184132.0483686571-0.1783484302

    435.4394512356344.79219066050.7010816991

    1 mM H2O2

    5 mM H2O2

    10 mM H2O2

    0 mM H2O2

    Time / min

    2 Hydroxyterephthalic Acid Conc / uM

    Dosimetry Experiments

    Chart1

    -1.4775627567-1.293575759-1.4146621545-1.3354617211-1.5179120899

    -1.7074658886-1.3565114631-1.547212832-1.4453176508-1.5438135418

    -1.9249781452-1.4531283662-1.6437228127-1.6544142942-1.5856685991

    -2.2661521965-1.7349791905-1.634553146-2.3416640857-1.765414866

    -2.8493925942-2.0361922142-1.8488515799-2.8076140415-2.076750048

    -3.8219705545-2.7105806029-2.0781329217-3.9798737588-2.6267558089

    -4.9885688557-3.8169043951-2.4027071748-4.9272345161-3.1903967491

    -5.2943402025

    pH 7

    pH 3

    pH 11

    No Buffer (pH ~5)

    No Buffer (pH ~9)

    Time / min

    ln (Lindane / mM)

    Sheet1

    Exp 21 - pH 7, 20 mM H2O2, 0.25 uM LindaneExp 14 - pH 3, 20 mM H2O2, 0.25 uM LindaneExp 47 - pH 9, 20 mM H2O2, 0.25 uM Lindane, No buffer

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]pHTime (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]pHTime (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]pH

    00.2282-1.47756275676.8700.2743-1.2935757592.7600.2191690148-1.51791208999.03

    20.1813-1.70746588866.8720.2576-1.35651146312.7320.213565107-1.54381354187.6

    40.1459-1.92497814526.8740.2338-1.45312836622.7340.204810811-1.58566859915.84

    70.1037-2.26615219656.8770.1764-1.73497919052.7370.1711157816-1.7654148668.93

    100.0579-2.8493925942100.1305-2.03619221422.74100.1253368899-2.0767500488.46

    150.0219-3.8219705545150.0664981865-2.71058060292.75150.0723126783-2.62675580896.85

    200.0068154114-4.9885688557200.0219957859-3.81690439512.78200.0411555393-3.19039674916.58

    pH for complete mineralization5.43pH for complete mineralization2.76300.0050199254-5.29434020256.41

    pH for complete mineralization5.45

    Exp 24 - pH 11, 20 mM H2O2, 0.25 uM LindaneExp 16 - no buffer, ~pH 5, 20 mM H2O2, 0.25 uM Lindane

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]Time (min)pHTime (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]pH

    00.2430076986-1.4146621545010.5500.2630366978-1.33546172115.04

    40.2128403698-1.547212832210.5920.2356712035-1.44531765085.1

    80.1932592335-1.6437228127410.6140.1912040122-1.65441429425.03

    120.195039506-1.634553146710.6370.0961674741-2.34166408575.16

    180.1574178444-1.84885157991010.65100.0603488105-2.80761404155.53

    250.1251636846-2.07813292171510.74150.0186879984-3.97987375885

    350.0904726961-2.40270717482010.82200.0072465157-4.92723451614.82

    pH for complete mineralization5.41pH for complete mineralization4.88

    pH at complete mineralization

    C6H6Cl6+7H2O2 --> 2H2O + 6CO2 + 16H+ + 6Cl-

    1. [H+]int = 10-pH

    2. [H+]prod = 16 * [Lindane]

    3. [H+]final = [H+]int + [H+]prod

    4. pH = -log([H+]final)

    ExppHkwieghtedkunweighted

    1430.08010.1235

    2170.12570.175

    24110.02570.0276

    1650.13010.1883

    Sheet1

    pH 7

    pH 3

    pH 11

    No Buffer (pH ~5)

    No Buffer (pH ~9)

    Time / min

    ln (Lindane / mM)

    Sheet2

    Sheet3

    Chart1

    -1.4205597053-1.3042913475-1.5290032402-1.2644151182

    -1.5287568968-2.5139788606-1.9302821116-1.3325497256

    -1.5032614081-3.4849827266-1.6261157273-1.2667361607

    -1.3908744369-5.3488849428-1.9407131559-1.6471673764

    -1.4772342707-6.9632114343-2.5390133977-1.6505614454

    -1.6151260707-9.161589747-3.9846856295-1.9979637478

    -1.5082484572-5.4495502828-2.8527073554

    no H2O2

    no HA/FA

    11.4 mg/L Total HA and FA

    19.2 mg/L Total HA and FA

    Time / min

    ln (Lindane / mM)

    Sheet1

    L26: 1 mM H2O2, no HA/FAExpWeighted kUnweighted k

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]260.58210.3950

    00.2713647702-1.3042913475330.07100.1936

    20.0809455267-2.5139788606340.05300.0742

    40.0306542879-3.4849827266350.10580.1178

    70.0047534484-5.3488849428360.16610.1969

    100.0009460535-6.9632114343

    200.0001049958-9.161589747

    L33: 1 mM H2O2, 11.4 ppm HA and FAL10(2): 0 mM H2O2, 0 ppm HA and FA

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    00.216751609-1.529003240200.2415787661-1.4205597053

    20.1451072563-1.930282111620.2168050109-1.5287568968

    40.196692098-1.626115727340.222403627-1.5032614081

    70.143601503-1.940713155970.2488575992-1.3908744369

    100.078944248-2.5390133977100.228268144-1.4772342707

    150.0185982902-3.9846856295150.1988655977-1.6151260707

    200.0042982372-5.4495502828200.2212972503-1.5082484572

    L34: 1 mM H2O2, 19.2 ppm HA and FA

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    00.2824044211-1.2644151182

    20.2638037758-1.3325497256

    40.2817497085-1.2667361607

    70.1925946849-1.6471673764

    100.1919421133-1.6505614454

    150.1356111408-1.9979637478

    200.0576879275-2.8527073554

    L35: 1 mM H2O2, 10 ppm HA

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    00.2852825443-1.2542752061

    10.2452981902-1.4052807056

    20.1976444072-1.6212857863

    40.2025052947-1.596989246

    60.1606041186-1.8288128327

    80.1128734743-2.1814877842

    100.0782724075-2.5475601324

    L36: 1 mM H2O2, 10 ppm FA

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    00.2775291889-1.281829166

    10.2830653425-1.2620775159

    20.2528038339-1.375141451

    40.1473576434-1.9148926989

    60.1180662142-2.1365096747

    80.0662101099-2.7149221097

    100.0425184215-3.1578178503

    Sheet1

    no HA/FA

    11.4 ppm HA/FA

    19.2 ppm HA/FA

    10 ppm HA

    10 ppm FA

    Time / min

    ln (Lindane / mM)

    Sheet2

    no H2O2

    no HA/FA

    11.4 ppm HA/FA

    19.2 ppm HA/FA

    Time / min

    ln (Lindane / mM)

    Sheet3

    no H2O2

    no HA/FA

    10 ppm HA

    10 ppm FA

    Time / min

    ln (Lindane / mM)

    Chart1

    19.5995535361.8086687954147.4454878469.17

    21.03545651818.5976571656147.4454878469.12

    19.168774699726.58662023067.12

    15.689744698733.27788371158.7

    13.62809361449.66134096168.32

    8.8052250393105.50297619296.64

    5.0120602387111.62649610575.96

    0.2358294242154.65334794334.21

    Calculated Max [Cl-] (from C0)

    [Lindane] / uM

    Cl- / uM

    pH

    Time / min

    [Lindane] and [Cl-] / mM

    pH

    Sheet1

    8/16/06File Name:0

    Photocatalytic Reaction of Lindane with Hydrogen Peroxide

    Experimentor(s)Amanda Nienow

    Page in Logbook117

    Date of Experiment7/18/06

    Date of GC Analysis7/19/06

    Reactor and Vessel UsedSm Reactor/ 660mL TubeFW = 290.83 g/mol

    Volume of H2O2 added1 mL

    [H2O2] mM20Exp L49: 13 uM Lindane, 20 mM H2O2, pH 9 (no buffer)

    [TIC/TIM] uM13

    Water Type 1-4Nanopure

    HCl Added Conc & VolN/A

    NaOH Added Conc & Vol0.5 mL, 0.3M

    pH9.17

    Dilution Ratio (Solvent/Sample)3:20

    SolventHexane

    Collection Times min0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30

    TimepHTimepH

    Co10.19108.32

    09.17156.64

    29.12205.96

    47.12454.21

    78.7

    Sample NameFile NameModePeak AreaRTSample IDRxn Time[Lind]Hex[Lind]H20Lindane mM

    lind std 1d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 1,7-19-06,12;15;59 pm.RPBC31409438.0140

    lind std 1ad:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 1a,7-19-06,12;32;12 pm.RPBC14429458.0183

    lind std 2d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 2,7-19-06,12;48;26 pm.RPBC7567278.0302

    lind std 3d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 3,7-19-06,1;04;41 pm.RPBC4543348.0372

    lind std 4d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 4,7-19-06,1;20;58 pm.RPBC1789588.0457

    lind std 5d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 5,7-19-06,1;37;12 pm.RPBC611178.0507

    lind std 6d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 6,7-19-06,1;53;27 pm.RPBC283858.0552

    L49 Cod:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 co,7-19-06,2;25;58 pm.RPBA10918838.0242Co0.08597428086.304780588721.6785771368

    L49 2d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 2,7-19-06,2;42;11 pm.RPBA11154228.0218t=0 DC00.0878277296.440700124322.1459276013

    L49 4d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 4,7-19-06,2;58;29 pm.RPBA12377298.0225t=2 DC20.09745811647.146928538424.5742479743

    L49 6d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 6,7-19-06,3;14;44 pm.RPBA11187338.0243t=4 DC40.08808843536.459818590822.2116652022

    L49 8d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 8,7-19-06,3;30;59 pm.RPBA11354528.0275t=7 DC70.08940488046.556357896422.5436093127

    L49 10d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 10,7-19-06,3;47;14 pm.RPBA11728928.0207t=10 DC100.09235288596.772544965223.2869544586

    L49 12d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 12,7-19-06,4;03;28 pm.RPBA10731138.0237t=15 DC150.0844963416.196398342921.3059118486

    L49 14d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 14,7-19-06,4;19;41 pm.RPBA9404058.0270t=20 DC200.07404698445.430112191118.6710868585

    L49 1d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 1,7-19-06,5;08;25 pm.RPBA9871698.0197t=000.07772915675.700138154919.599553536

    L49 3d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 3,7-19-06,5;24;39 pm.RPBA10594918.0240t=220.08342375216.117741819121.035456518

    L49 5d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 5,7-19-06,5;40;53 pm.RPBA9654728.0255t=440.07602074655.574854745919.1687746997

    L49 7d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 7,7-19-06,5;57;07 pm.RPBA7902448.0257t=770.0622233884.563048450715.6897446987

    L49 9d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 9,7-19-06,6;13;22 pm.RPBA6864058.0313t=10100.05404716093.963458465813.628093614

    L49 11d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 11,7-19-06,6;29;37 pm.RPBA4434928.0308t=15150.03492032182.56082359828.8052250393

    L49 13d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 13,7-19-06,6;45;53 pm.RPBA2524428.0372t=20200.01987714741.45765747925.0120602387

    L49 15d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\l49 15,7-19-06,7;02;09 pm.RPBA118788.0337t=30450.00093526730.06858627150.2358294242

    lind std 3d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 3,7-19-06,4;35;55 pm.RPBCC4865908.0348lind std 30.0383138352

    lind std 5d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 5,7-19-06,7;18;22 pm.RPBCC555108.0438lind std 50.0043708276

    lind std 1ad:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 1a,7-19-06,10;16;42 pm.RPBCC17626548.0193lind std 1a0.1387904289

    lind std 4d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 4,7-20-06,12;58;56 am.RPBCC1408178.0363lind std 40.0110878549

    lind std 2d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 2,7-20-06,3;41;45 am.RPBCC11141018.0197lind std 20.0877237141

    lind std 6d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 6,7-20-06,6;08;13 am.RPBCC513388.0332lind std 60.0040423265

    lind std 1d:\irene\act_i\lindane\07-19-06_ecd\lind std 1,7-20-06,6;24;27 am.RPBCC30671208.0115lind std 10.2415033808

    Standards

    (Used the average of both standard curves)Peak AreaX*Y

    Standard CurveConc (mg/L)3140943763249.149X2Y21 par reg

    lind std 10.2431442945175462.1120.05904998655229292493086127.23095892

    lind std 1a0.121675672746009.00160.0147865620820902730251544333.62668562

    lind std 20.060845433416583.1910.00369664572635752529772166.813342808

    lind std 30.03651789582201.18340.00133225206419383556463554.090246916

    lind std 40.012361117297.028620.0001512932025965764156211.37835718

    lind std 50.004862838555.350750.0000236196373528768961722.5446191784

    lind std 60.001950.000003802580570822524765.2185200407

    1 parameter regression

    2 parameter regressionSum (X*Y) =1003857.01637

    slope =12768053.3439145Sum (X2) =0.0790431621

    intercept =-11164.6198509042Sum (Y2) =12763235300037

    correl =0.9990921964slope=12700112.0615593

    r=0.9994459627

    Materials:1) deionized water (R/O water from a Barnstead Nanopure system)2) Buffer or recipe water3) Hexanes (Mallinkrodt)4) Rayonet Photoreactor (RPR100)5) 254 UV lamps6) Lindane (gamma HCH)7) Hydrogen Peroxide (30% wt)

    Procedure:1) ____ lindane added to ____ mL water and mixed on a bench top shaker for several days. 2) This gives a concentration of Lindane of: (1.0 mL)*(3040.0 mg / L) / 500 mL = ~ 6.08 mg / L3) 25 mL aliquots of the solution were transfered to a series of six 30 mL centrifuge tubes. Tubes were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for a period of 45 minutes and 10 mL of the supernatant were transfered to amber vials and stored at room temperature. (Lindane Solution). 4) 5 mL of saturated lindane solution added to a 500 mL volumetric flask. 11.4 mg/L HA&FA added to the flask, and diluted to mark with pH 7 phosphate buffer.5) Reaction sample preparation: To quartz tube (660 mL) i) 500 mL of Lindane/Buffer Solution ii) 50 uL - 1 mL of Hydrogen peroxide (see above for exact amount (30% by wt in water) To give final experimental concentrations listed above.6) Reaction sample preparation: To quartz tube (660 mL) i) 500 mL of Lindane/Buffer Solution ii) 50 uL - 1 mL of Hydrogen peroxide (see above for exact amount (30% by wt in water) To give final experimental concentrations listed above.7) Samples were irradiated @ 254 nm in 660 mL quartz tubes with 8 lamps in the Rayonet reactor. See above for time points collected.8) Immediately removing aliquots from the reaction vessel, the entire sample was extracted with hexane. See above for dilution ratio for extraction.9) ~1 mL of solution was taken for gc analysis.

    GC Methods (fast method)GC: Varian CP3800Column: J&W DB5HT 30m x 0.25mm (narrowbore) x 25umInjector: 250oC; splitless; purge valve open after 0.25min; split flow @ 25ml/min; constant column flow at 2.0ml/min Detector: Electron Capture; 320oCVolume injected: 1ulTemperature Ramp: 60oC,hold 1min;ramp to 240oC @ 20oC/min, hold 1 min ; total programme = 11minAll standards were prepared using glass volumetric flasks/stoppers and brought to volume in Hexane solvent. Standard Stock (SS) solution = 3040.0 mg/L. Working Standard Stock (WSS) solution = 60.8mg/L. Working Standard Curve made from independent dilutions of the WSS.Source of the standards: Supelco; Lot No LB31307; Rec'd 10/11/05; Exp June 2008; Stored at room temp.

    Water Types and Preparation1) pH 3 phosphate buffer8 liters of pH 3 phosphate buffer was prepared by adding 2.3 mL H3PO4 and 6.312 g KH2PO4 to deionized water in a large carboy. The carboy was then filled to the 8-L mark with deionized water. The ionic strength of the buffer is 0.01 M. The concentration of the buffer is: i) KH2PO4 = 0.00577 M ii) H3PO4 = 0.00423 M 2) pH 7 phosphate buffer8 liters of pH 7 phosphate buffer was prepared by adding 4.20 g K2HPO4 and 2.93 g KH2PO4 to deionized water in a large carboy. The carboy was then filled to the 8-L mark with deionized water. The concentration of the buffer is: i) KH2PO4 = 0.00269 M ii) K2HPO4 = 0.00230 M 3) pH 11 phosphate buffer8 liters of pH 11 phosphate buffer was prepared by adding 5.398 g Na3PO4 and 10.759 g K2HPO4 to deionized water in a large carboy. The carboy was then filled to the 8-L mark with deionized water. The ionic strength of the buffer is 0.01 M. The concentration of the buffer is: i) K2HPO4 = 0.00589 M ii) Na3PO4 = 0.00411 M

    4) Recipe water (without HCl for pH adjustment) 8 liters of pH 7 recipe water was prepared by adding the appropriate mass of each compound to ~4 L. After all of the compounds were added and dissolved, the carboy was then filled to the 8-L mark with deionized water. The concentrations of the salts in the recipe water are: i) MgSO4 = 200 mg/L ii) NaHCO3 = 125 mg/L iii) FeSO4*7H2O = 0.61 mg/L iv) Ca(NO3)2 = 3.90 mg/L v) KHCO3 = 50 mg/L vi) CaCO3 = 180 mg/L vii) Humic acid = 20 ppm

    At time of use, enough HCl (or NaOH) was added to change the pH to the desired range. The concentration of HCl was such that the volume added was minimal. The concentration and volume added are noted in each experiment file.

    Sheet1

    standards

    samples

    Conc (mg/L)

    Peak Area

    Sheet2

    20 mM H2O2, DC

    20 mM H2O2, RXN

    Reaction Time / min

    [Lindane] / uM

    Sheet3

    Sample IDRxn TimeLindane mMCl- mMpHArea (OA)

    Co21.67857713683.2685808276147.4454878460

    t=0 DC022.14592760132.9036028196147.44548784670

    t=2 DC224.57424797435.1340239799

    t=4 DC422.21166520225.3367895399

    t=7 DC722.54360931278.3782729403

    t=10 DC1023.28695445863.5930057237

    t=15 DC1521.30591184865.863979996

    t=20 DC2018.67108685856.9183609081

    t=0019.5995535361.80866879549.170.117

    t=2221.03545651818.59765716569.120.482

    t=4419.168774699726.58662023067.120.757

    t=7715.689744698733.27788371158.70.617

    t=101013.62809361449.66134096168.320.613

    t=15158.8052250393105.50297619296.640.966

    t=20205.0120602387111.62649610575.960.985

    t=30450.2358294242154.65334794334.211.301

    0.5186077474

    Comments: Measured the pH at each time point - dropped from 9.17 to 4.21 over 45 minutes.

    Sheet3

    Calculated Max [Cl-] (from C0)

    [Lindane] / uM

    Cl- / uM

    pH

    Time / min

    [Lindane] / uM

    pH

    L49: pH 9, No buffer, 1 mM H2O2

    Calculated Max [Cl-] (from C0)

    [Lindane] / uM

    Cl- / uM

    Unknown O.A.

    Time / min

    [Lindane] / uM

    IC Area (uS*min)

    L49: pH 9, No buffer, 1 mM H2O2

    Calculated Max [Cl-] (from C0)

    [Lindane] / uM

    Cl- / uM

    pH

    Time / min

    [Lindane] and [Cl-] / mM

    pH

    MBD00029DED.unknown

    Chart4

    0.00444308270.0120677401

    0.41040.2756219323

    0.46530.4184

    0.58210.2928

    0.29020.2255

    0.1420.132

    0.12570.0695

    0.117

    0.26 uM Lindane

    13 uM Lindane

    [H2O2] / mM

    k / min-1

    0.26 uM Lindane

    L10, 0 mM H2O2, pH 7, 0.26 uM LindaneExp #H2O2kweightedkunweighted

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]10(2)00.00440.0046

    00.2128998499-1.5469334122290.250.41040.4708

    20.2209-1.5102297243280.50.46530.5008

    40.2222-1.50437081452610.58210.3950

    60.2356-1.44575996712750.29020.3533

    80.2223381273-1.503555959918100.14200.2749

    21200.12570.1750

    L29, 0.25 mM H2O2, pH 7, 0.26 uM Lindane17250.11700.1286

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    00.2691841432-1.3123595862

    10.1763515702-1.7352757186

    20.1245482068-2.0830624352

    40.0499623792-2.9964849719

    60.018473167-3.9914360318

    80.0069762412-4.9652450103

    100.0024432562-6.0144236312

    L28, 0.5 mM H2O2, pH 7, 0.26 uM Lindane

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    00.2373160617-1.4383624326

    10.1405074397-1.9624948403

    20.0982386273-2.3203557872

    40.0367228319-3.3043565936

    60.0133603223-4.315465984

    80.0051274751-5.273141932

    100.0014378551-6.5446028106

    L26, 1 mM H2O2, pH 7, 0.26 mM Lindane

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    00.2713647702-1.3042913475

    20.0809455267-2.5139788606

    40.0306542879-3.4849827266

    70.0047534484-5.3488849428

    100.0009460535-6.9632114343

    L27, 5 mM H2O2, pH 7, 0.26 mM Lindane

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    00.2717577181-1.302844352

    20.1564069052-1.8552943007

    40.087401704-2.4372404997

    70.0290050269-3.5402861232

    100.0104380788-4.5622947328

    150.0011321897-6.7836017465

    200.000304936-8.0954085712

    L18, 10 mM H2O2, pH 7, 0.26 mM Lindane

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    00.2430918639-1.4143158662

    20.2064650063-1.577624342

    40.1579406359-1.8455360386

    70.0858839349-2.4547584881

    100.0396010967-3.2288984667

    150.0081379722-4.8112142515

    200.0009913666-6.9164261304

    L21, 20 mM H2O2, pH 7, 0.26 mM Lindane

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    00.2282-1.4775627567

    20.1813-1.7074658886

    40.1459-1.9249781452

    70.1037-2.2661521965

    100.0579-2.8493925942

    150.0219-3.8219705545

    200.0068154114-4.9885688557

    L17, 25 mM H2O2, pH 7, 0.26 mM Lindane

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    00.2233875303-1.4988472116

    20.2050662401-1.5844222294

    40.1356282776-1.9978373884

    70.1008937127-2.2936876655

    100.0750484716-2.5896210867

    150.0396066623-3.2287579358

    200.0165056631-4.1040517399

    0.26 uM Lindane

    [Lindane]0 = 0.26 mM

    0 mM H2O2

    0.25 mM H2O2

    0.5 mM H2O2

    1 mM H2O2

    5 mM H2O2

    10 mM H2O2

    20 mM H2O2

    25 mM H2O2

    Time / min

    ln ([Lindane] / uM)

    Chart1

    [H2O2] / mM

    k / min-1

    13 uM Lindane

    0.01206774010.0044430827

    0.27562193230.4104

    0.41840.4653

    0.29280.5821

    0.22550.2902

    0.1320.142

    0.06950.1257

    0.117

    [Lind]0 = 0.26 uM

    13 uM

    0.26 uM

    [H2O2] / mM

    k / min-1

    Sheet3

    L43, 0.5 mM H2O2, pH 7, 13 uM LindaneExp #H2O2kweightedkunweighted

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]4800.01210.0120

    015.24870422722.724494530743(2)0.50.27560.2189

    211.48056310062.44065544034110.41840.3167

    413.29216355092.58717465494250.29280.3117

    712.42629419412.519814727138100.22550.2530

    1012.05358500582.489362126537200.13200.1307

    159.38621794712.239242437539300.06950.0752

    209.30976595972.2310639524

    L41, 1 mM H2O2, pH 7, 13 uM Lindane

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    011.4194690592.4353197109

    25.10256277031.6297429175

    42.00822521210.697251353

    70.4923458075-0.7085739486

    100.1102575452-2.20493633

    150.0400788203-3.2169072562

    200.0292156968-3.5330491508

    L42, 5 mM H2O2, pH 7, 13 uM Lindane

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    013.12257647642.574334142

    27.49815647752.0146571873

    44.16123562041.4258120543

    71.42758172070.3559819083

    100.474260697-0.7459981148

    150.0753725616-2.5853119743

    200.0374025189-3.2860172258

    L38, 10 mM H2O2, pH 7, 13 uM Lindane

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    011.8068243572.4686776996

    19.15062690762.2138223914

    27.43727451652.0065044533

    45.0774996961.6248189546

    72.21007404230.7930260183

    101.15126842830.1408643157

    150.2483632436-1.3928629127

    L37, 20 mM H2O2, pH 7, 13 uM Lindane

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    010.47578055632.3490659791

    110.72587989562.372659503

    28.28453759132.1143908366

    46.23013185411.829397497

    74.53429516981.5116696514

    102.88937106431.0610388536

    151.57364746210.4533961491

    L39, 30 mM H2O2, pH 7, 13 uM Lindane

    Time (min)Lind (uM)ln [Lind]

    012.81407905052.5505444923

    111.53792295592.4456392584

    210.77386190622.3771230069

    410.5871953462.3596452847

    78.40205531362.1284763561

    105.76990206471.7526551072

    154.14874651221.4228062434

    Sheet3

    [Lindane]0 = 13 mM

    0.5 mM H2O2

    1 mM H2O2

    5 mM H2O2

    10 mM H2O2

    20 mM H2O2

    30 mM H2O2

    Time / min

    ln ([Lindane] / mM)

    [H2O2] / mM

    k / min-1


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Senator Sean Nienow Called For An Investigation Into Failed E-Tab Revenue Estimates Provided By The Dayton Administration

Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidance Manual for the Final ...jafvert/GEP_EEE/guide_lt2_uvguidance.pdf · ultraviolet disinfection guidance manual for the final long term 2 enhanced surface

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JESSICA BOATWRIGHT (VIRGINIA TECH) KURT STEPHENSON, PHD (VIRGINIA TECH) KEVIN BOYLE, PHD (VIRGINIA TECH) SARA NIENOW (NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT

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CONTENTS · 2015-03-11 · By Eduardo Serantes, Director of Electronic Warfare, TECNOBIT 75 EMERGENCY LIGHTING HELPS MARINES EGRESS TO SAFETY By Matt Nienow, Booz Allen Hamilton Engineering

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Seasonal Evolution of Supra-glacial Lakes at the Margins of the Greenland Ice Sheet Malcolm McMillan 1, Peter Nienow 1, Andrew Shepherd 1 & Toby Benham

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Vicki Parry (1), Peter Nienow (1), Douglas Mair (2), Julian Scott (3), Duncan Wingham (4)

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Hospital Value-Based Purchasing Update Jim Poyer Director, OCSQ/QIG/DQIPAC April 27, 2011