Plato BC 2 worlds 1 world Real and Perfect The other world Imaginary and Perceived Aristotle BCE Student of Plato Scala Natura an ordered ladder of things from the simple to the complex. The species were fixed. Were near the top. Carlos Linaeus (Carl von Linn) Father of taxonomy His life goal was to name and classify all the organisms on earth. He did the ground work of binomial nomenclature Lamark Evolution is driven by the innate desire to improve Use caused the growth of a desired trait. Disuse cause the Deterioration of a trait. These acquired traits could then be inherited. Eg. Ducks webbed feet, Snakes hips, a giraffe's neck A blacksmiths muscles, A concert pianists skill. SSir Charles Lyell WWrote G eologia Principia Or Principles of Geology HHe determined that the earth was very old.(This was radicle!!) It was billions of years old instead of the biblical thousands. GGeology is constantly changing slowly SSlow continuous process can bring about a significant change Who was Charles Darwin? Charles was born in 1809 on Feb 12 in Shrewsbury, England. He was the fifth of 6 children. His father and Grandfather were both doctors, very important And to Darwin rather intimidating. Darwins Mother, Susannah died when he was 8 years and he was brought up by his sisters. In his free time he played with insects, identified plants, hiked and hunted and generally liked the outdoors. His father wanted him to become a doctor but he didnt study very hard. So he went to get a BA at Cambridge and where he partied and hiked and collected stuff and he almost failed. As a last resort he was told he had to become a minister of the church. This was the custom in those days. Darwin was spending his last summer Hunting rocks and mountain climbing in Wales before becoming a minister and earning his livelihood. His professor of theology and botany, Henslow, knew he liked Natural History and Geology He recommended him to Fitzroy as an unpaid Naturalist for a three Year voyage to map The coast of South America. Darwin Jumped at the chance against his Fathers will. (Guess who had to pay Darwins expenses?) He was only He failed at most of his studies and didnt know what he wanted from life By 23 Robert Fitzroy was an experienced Sea Captain Who had already sailed to South America and back on the Beagle. He wanted company of his own station. There were mental Health issues in his family. He was afraid loneliness might bring on paranoid tendencies. He was very Christian as was Darwin. His goals were to chart the coast of Patagonia, the worst seas in the world. He hoped Darwins identifying the Flora and Fauna and Geology of the region would help support the Genesis version of Creation. Darwin enthusiastically agreed. Only 90 Feet in length Lyells Principles of Geology, Hot off the press Von Humbolts Personal Narrative (German Naturalist) Miltons Paradise Lost. Bible Tools: Binoculars, geological hammer, magnifying glass, Jars of spirits for preserving specimens. Observations: something sensed or measured generally considered a fact. Inference: an observation + a logical guess Hypothesis : An Educated guess that is testable. If this is true, then this will happen. If the hypothesis is tested and found wrong then its thrown out. If it is supported then its tested again and again. Theory: An Hypothesis that has been supported so many times it is now considered to be true. Often modified in the light of new evidence but rarely thrown out. A theory is a unifying idea that explains observations. In over 150 years this is still the best explanation for all the evidences of evolution. Evolution is a slow change over time. It is based on 4 facts and 3 inferences Since not all offspring survive, there must be a competition for resources like food, water, sunlight, space. Producing more offspring than the environment can support causes struggle for existence. Individuals that have a variation that gives them an advantage in competing for resources will survive longer. Survival is not random it depends inpart on inherited traits Individuals whose traits best fit their environment live longer are more likely to breed and produce more offspring. More of the successful variations will be passed down to the next generation. This unequal ability to reproduce will lead to gradual change. Favorable characteristics will accumulate. In Northern England there is a peppered moths that has two phenotypes. Dark (dominant) Light (recessive) 1848s: before industrial revolution NO POLLUTION! Trees are covered in lichen 1895s: after the industrial revolution1 Pollution kills lichen. Trees covered with soot from factories 98% of moths were white 2% were black 5% of the moths were white 95% were black EEvolution is a slow change over time EEvolution occurs in a population not in an individual. WWe measure evolution by looking at the change in allele frequencies over time. JJust like in the peppered moth. NNow with air pollution under control the lichen is growing back on the tree and the peppered moths have a larger white population again. Moorehead, Alan. Darwin and the Beagle. third. London: Hamish Hamilton, Print. McLaren, James E. et al. Heath Biology. Toronto, Ontario, Lexington, Mass.: DC Heath and Company, Print. "Charles Darwin." Charles Darwin. Wikipedia, 27 March 2011 at 07:56. Web. 27 Mar Kettlewell, Bernard, et al. "Peppered moth evolution." Peppered moth evolution. Wikipedia, 12 March 2011 at 09:36.. Web. 27 Mar ionion